Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, J.R. 1991. Introduction and classification of viruses of invertebrates. In “Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses” (Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R., Eds.) pp. 1–8. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Ali, M.I., Felton, G.W., Meade, T. and Young, S.Y. 1998. Influence of interspecific and intraspecific host plant variation on the susceptibility of heliothines to a baculovirus. Biol. Control 12, 42–49.
Ali, M.I, Young, S.Y., Felton, G.W and New, R.W. 2002. Influence of host plant on occluded virus productivity and lethal infectivity of a baculovirus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81, 158–165.
Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M. 1980. Infectious disease and population cycles of forest insects. Science 210, 658–661.
Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M. 1981. The population dynamics of microparasites and their invertebrate hosts. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. B 291, 451–524.
Argauer, R. and Shapiro, M. 1997. Fluorescence and relative activities of stilbene optical brighteners as enhancers for the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) baculovirus. J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 416–420.
Arif, B.M. 1984. The Entomopoxviruses. Adv.Vir.Res. 29, 195–213.
Arthurs, S.P., Lacey, L.A. and Fritts, R. 2005. Optimizing use of codling moth granulovirus: Effects of application rate and spraying frequency on control of codling moth larvae in Pacific Northwest apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 1459–1468.
Barker, R.E. 1968. The availability of solar radiation below 290 nm and its importance in photomodification of polymers. Photochem. Photobiol. 7, 275–295.
Beisner, B.E. and Myers, J.H. 1999. Population density and transmission of virus in experimental populations of the western tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Environ. Entomol. 28, 1107–1113.
Bianchi, F.F.J.A, Joosten, N. N., Vlak, J. M. and van der Werf, W. 2000. Greenhouse evaluation of dose- and time-mortality relationships of two nucleopolyhedroviruses for the control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on chrysanthemum. Biol.. Control 19, 252–258.
Bianchi, F.F.J.A, van der Werf, W and Vlak, J.M. 2002a. Validation of a comprehensive process-based model for the biological control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, with baculoviruses in greenhouses. Biol. Control 23, 47–55.
Bianchi, F.F.J.A, Vlak, J.M., Rabbinge, R. and van der Werf, W. 2002b. Biological control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, with baculoviruses in greenhouses: Development of a comprehensive process-based model. Biol. Control 23, 35–46.
Bianchi, F.F.J.A, van der Werf, W and Vlak, J.M. 2002c. Evaluation of the control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, with baculoviruses in greenhouses using a process-based simulation model. Biol.. Control 24, 277–284.
Bourner, T.C. and Cory, J.S. 2004. Host range of an NPV and a GV isolated from the common cutworm, Agrotis segetum: pathogenicity within the cutworm complex. Biol. Control 31, 372–379.
Bryant, J.E. 1994. Commercial production and formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 49, 31–35.
Burden, J.P., Griffiths, C.M., Cory, J.S., Smith, P. and Sait, S.M. 2002. Vertical transmission of sublethal granulovirus infection in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Mol. Ecol. 11: 547–555.
Burden, J.P., Nixon, C.P., Hodgkinson, A.E., Possee, R.P. Sait, S.M., King, L.A., and Hails, R.S. 2003. Covert infections as a mechanism for long-term persistence of baculoviruses. Ecol. Letts. 6, 524–531.
Burges, H.D. (ed.). 1998. “Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, Beneficial Micro-organisms and Nematodes.” Kluwer Academic. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Carruthers, W.R., Cory, J.S. and Entwistle, P.F. 1988. Recovery of pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) nuclear polyhedrosis virus from pine foliage. J. Invertbr. Pathol. 52, 27–32.
Chapple, A.C. and Bateman, R.P. 1997. Application systems for microbial pesticides: Necessity not novelty. In “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” (Evans, H.F., Ed.) pp. 181–190. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham.
Cherry, A.J., Rabindra, R.A., Parnell, M.A., Geetha, N., Kennedy, J.S. and Grzywacz, D. 2000. Field evaluation of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus formulations for control of the chickpea pod-borer, H-armigera (Hubn.), on chickpea (Cicer arietinum var. Shoba) in southern India. Crop Protect. 19, 51–60.
Christian, P.D. Murray, D., Powell, R., Hopkinson, J., Gibb, N.N. and Hanzlik, T.N. 2005. Effective control of a field population of Helicoverpa armigera by using the small RNA virus Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (Tetraviridae: Omegatetravirus). J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 1839–1847.
Cooper, D., Cory, J.S. and Myers, J.H. 2003b. Hierarchical spatial structure of genetically variable nucleo-polyhedroviruses infecting cyclic populations of western tent caterpillars. Mol. Ecol. 12, 881–890.
Cooper, D., Cory, J.S., Theilmann, D.A. and Myers, J.H. 2003a. Nucleopolyhedroviruses of forest and western tent caterpillars: cross-infectivity and evidence for activation of latent virus in high density field populations. Ecol. Entomol. 28, 41–50.
Cory J.S. 2000. Assessing the risks of releasing genetically modified virus insecticides; progress to date. Crop Protect. 19, 779–785.
Cory J.S. 2003. Ecological impacts of virus insecticides: host range and non-target organisms. In “Environmental impacts of microbial insecticides”. (H. Hokkanen and A. Hajek, Eds.), pp. 73–91. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Drodrecht.
Cory, J.S., Green, B.M., Paul, R.K. and Hunter-Fujita, F.R. 2005. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of a baculovirus population within an individual insect host. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89, 101–111.
Cory, J.S., Hails, R.S. and Sait, S.M. 1997. Baculovirus ecology. In “The Baculoviridae” (L. K. Miller, Ed.), pp. 301–339, Plenum Press, New York.
Cory, J.S. and Hoover, K. 2006 Plant-mediated effects in insect-pathogen interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 278–286.
Cory, J.S. and Myers, J.H. 2003. The ecology and evolution of insect baculoviruses. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol.Syst. 34, 239–272.
Cory, J.S. and Myers, J.H. 2004. Adaptation in an insect host-plant pathogen interaction. Ecol. Letts. 7, 632–639.
Cross J.V., Solomon M.G., Chandler D., Jarrett P., Richardson P.N., Winstanley D., Bathon H., Huber J., Keller B., Langenbruch G.A., Zimmerman G. 1999. Biocontrol of pests of apples and pears in northern and central Europe: 1. Microbial agents and nematodes. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 9, 125–149.
Cutchins, P. 1982. A formula for comparing annual damaging ultra-violet (DUV) radiation doses at tropical and mid-latitude sites. In “NATO Conference Series No. IV: The Role of Solar Ultra-Violet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems” (Calkins, J., Ed.) pp. 213–228. Plenum Press, New York.
D’Amico, V. and Elkinton, J.S. 1995. Rainfall effects of transmission of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Environ. Entomol. 24, 1144–1149.
D’Amico, V., Elkinton, J.S., Dwyer, G., Burand, J.P. and Buonaccorsi, J.P. 1995. Virus transmission in gypsy moths is not a simple mass action process. Ecology 77, 201–206.
Duffey, S.S, Hoover, K., Bonning, B.C. and Hammock, B.D. 1995. The impact of host-plant on the efficacy of baculoviruses. In “Reviews in Pesticide Toxicology” (Roe, M. and Kuhr, R., ed.) pp. 137–275. CTI Toxicology Communications.
Dwyer, G. 1991. The roles of density, stage and patchiness in the transmission of an insect virus. Ecology 72, 559–574.
Dwyer, G., Dushoff, J., Elkinton, J.S and Levin, S.A 2000. Pathogen-driven outbreaks in forest defoliators revisited: building models from experimental data. Am. Nat. 156, 105–120.
Dwyer, G., Elkinton, J. and Buonaccorsi, J.P. 1997. Host heterogeneity in susceptibility and disease dynamics: tests of a mathematical model. Am. Nat. 150, 685–707.
England, L.T., Holmes, S.B. and Trevors, J.T. 1998. Review: persistence of viruses and DNA in soil. World J. Micro. Biotech. 14, 163–169.
Entwistle, P.F., Adams, P.H.W. and Evans, H.F. 1978. Epizootiology of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae): the rate of passage of infective virus through the gut of birds during cage tests. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 31, 307–312.
Entwistle, P.F., Adams, P.H.W. and Evans, H.F. 1983. Employing defensive regurgitation to estimate levels of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection in Gilpinia hercyniae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) larvae. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 41, 262–264.
Entwistle, P.F. and Evans, H.F. 1985. Viral control. In “Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology” (Kerkut, I. and Gilbert, L.I., Eds.) pp. 347–412. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Entwistle, P.F., Evans, H.F., Cory, J.S. and Doyle, C.J. 1990. Questions on the aerial application of microbial pesticides to forests. Proc. Vth Int. Coll. Invertebr. Pathol. 159–163.
Entwistle, P.F., Forkner, A.C., Green, B.M. and Cory, J.S. 1993. Avian dispersal of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses after induced epizootics in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biol. Control 3, 61–69.
Evans, H.F. 1994a. Laboratory and field results with viruses for the control of insects. In “BCPC Monograph No 59: Comparing Glasshouse and Field Pesticide Performance II” (Hewitt, H.G., Caseley, J., Copping, L.G., Grayson, B.T. and Tyson, D., Eds.) pp. 285–296. BCPC, Farnham.
Evans, H.F. 1994b. The Control Window: A conceptual approach to using baculoviruses for forest pest control. Proc. VI Int. Colloq. Invertbr. Pathol. Microb. Control 380–384.
Evans, H.F. 1986. Ecology and epizootiology of baculoviruses. In “Biology of Baculoviruses Vol.2. Practical Application for Insect Pest Control” (Granados, R.R. and Federici, B.A., Eds.) pp. 89–132. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Evans, H.F. 1998. Principles of dose acquisition for bioinsecticides. In “Biopesticides: Use and Delivery” (Hall, F.R. and Menn, J., Eds.) pp. 553–573. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
Evans, H.F. and Allaway, G.P. 1983. Dynamics of baculovirus growth and dispersal in Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval populations introduced into small cabbage plots. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 45, 493–501.
Evans, H.F. and Shapiro, M. 1997. Viruses. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” (Lacey, L.A., Ed.) pp. 17–53. Academic Press, London.
Federici, B. A. and Stern, V. M. 1990. Replication and occlusion of a granulosis virus in the larval and adult midgut epithelium of the western grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56, 401–414.
Fleming, S.B., Kalmakoff, J., Archibald, R.D. and Stewart, K.M. 1986. Density-dependent virus mortality in populations of Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48, 193–198.
Fuxa, J.R. and Richter, A.R. 1994. Distance and rate of spread of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus released into soybean. Environ. Entomol. 23, 1308–1316.
Fuxa, J.R. and Richter, A.R. 1998. Host insect survival time and disintegration in relation to population density and dispersion of recombinant and wild-type nucleopolyhedroviruses. Biol. Control 12, 143–150.
Fuxa, J.R. and Richter, A.R. 2001. Quantification of soil-to-plant transport of recombinant nucleopolyhedrovirus: effect of soil type and moisture, air currents and precipitation. Appl. Environ. Micro., 67, 5166–5170.
Fuxa, J.R. and Tanada, Y. 1987. “Epizootiology of Insect Diseases.” John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Georgis, R. 1997. Commercial prospects of microbial insecticides in agriculture. In “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” (Evans, H.F., Ed.) pp. 243–252. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham.
Goodwin, R.H., Milner, R.J. and Beaton, C.D. 1991. Entomopoxvirinae. In “Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses” (Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R., Eds.) pp. 259–285. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Goulson, D. and Cory, J.S. 1995. Responses of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to crowding: interactions with disease resistance, colour phase and growth. Oecologia 104, 416–423.
Graham, R.I., Rao, S.J., Possee, R.D., Sait, S.M., Mertens, P..P.C. and Hails, R.S. 2006. Detection and characterisation of three novel species of reovirus (Reoviridae), isolated from geographically separate populations of the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on Orkney. J. Invertebr. Pathol, 91, 79–87.
Granados, R.R. and Federici, B.A. 1986a. “The Biology of Baculoviruses: Volume 1 – Biological Properties and Molecular Biology.” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Granados, R.R. and Federici, B.A. 1986b. “The Biology of Baculoviruses: Volume 2 – Practical Application for Insect Control.” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Hails, R.S., Hernández-Crespo, P., Sait, S.M., Donnelly, C.A., Green, B.M. and Cory, J.S. 2002. Transmission patterns of natural and recombinant baculoviruses. Ecology 83, 906–916.
Harper, J.D. 1973. Food consumption by cabbage loopers infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 21, 191–197.
Hitchman, R.B., Hodgson, D.J., King, L.A., Hails, R.S., Cory, J.S. and Possee, R.D. 2007. Host mediated selection of pathogen genotypes as a mechanism for the maintenance of baculovirus diversity in the field. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94, 153–162.
Hodgson D.J., Hitchman R.B., Vanbergen A.J., Hails R.S., Possee R.D. and Cory J.S. 2004. Host ecology determines the relative fitness of virus genotypes in mixed-genotype nucleopolyhedrovirus infections. J. Evol. Biol. 17, 1018–1025.
Hodgson, D.J., Vanbergen, A.J., Hartley, S.E., Hails, R.S. and Cory J.S. 2002. Differential selection of baculovirus genotypes mediated by different species of host food plant. Ecol. Lett. 5, 512–518.
Hodgson, D.J., Vanbergen, A.J., Watt, A.D., Hails, R.S. and Cory, J.S. 2001. Phenotypic variation between coexisting genotypic strains of a lepidopteran baculovirus. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3, 687–701.
Hofman, O. 1891. Die Schlaffsucht (Flacherie) der Nonne (Liparis monacha) nebst einem Anhang. In “Insektentotende Pilze mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Nonne” pp. 31–31. P. Weber, Frankfurt.
Huger, A.M. 2005. The Oryctes virus: its detection, identification, and implementation in biological control of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera:Scarabidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 89, 78–84.
Hughes, D.S., Possee, R.P. and King, L.A. 1997. Evidence for the presence of a low-level persistent baculovirus infection of Mamestra brassicae insects. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1801–1805.
Hukuhara, T. and Bonami, J.R. 1991. Reoviridae. In “Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses” (Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R., Eds.) pp. 393–434. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Hunter, M.D. and Schultz, J.C. 1993. Induced plant defenses breached? Phytochemical induction protects an herbivore from disease. Oecologia 94, 195–203.
Hunter-Fujita, F.R., Entwistle, P.F., Evans, H.F. and Crook, N.E. 1998. “Insect Viruses and Pest Management.” John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.
Ignoffo, C.M., Garcia, C. and Saathoff, S.G. 1997. Sunlight stability and rainfastness of formulations of Baculovirus heliothis. Environ. Entomol. 26, 1470–1474.
Ignoffo, C.M., Hostetter, D.L., Sikorowski, P.P., Sutter, G. and Brooks, W.M. 1977. Inactivation of representative species of entomopathogenic viruses, a bacterium, fungus, and protozoan by an ultraviolet light source. Environ. Entomol. 6, 411–415.
Inceoglu, A.B., Kamita, S.G., Hinton, A.C., Huang, Q.H., Severson, T.F., Kang, K.D. and Hammock, B.D. 2001. Recombinant baculoviruses for insect control. Pest Manage. Sci. 57, 981–987.
Jackson, D.M., Brown, G.C., Nordin, G.L. and Johnson, D.W. 1992. Autodissemination of a baculovirus for management of tobacco budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tobacco. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 710–719.
Jehle, J.A, Blissard, G. W., Bonning B. C., Cory, J. S., Herniou, E. A, Rohrmann, G. F., Theilmann, D. A., Thiem, S. A. and Vlak,. J. M. 2006. On the classification and nomenclature of baculoviruses: a proposal for revision. Arch. Virol. 151, 1257–1266.
Jones, K.A., Cherry, A.J., Grzywacz, D. and Burges, H.D. 1997. Formulation: Is it an excuse for poor application? In “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” (Evans, H.F., Ed.) pp. 173–180. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham.
Killick, H.J. and Warden, S.J. 1991. Ultraviolet penetration of pine trees and insect virus survival. Entomophaga 36, 87–94.
Kukan, B. 1999. Vertical transmission of nucelopolyhedrovirus in insects. J. Invertbr. Pathol. 74, 103–111.
Labatte, J.M., Meusnier, S., Migeon, A., Chaufaux, J., Couteaudier, Y., Riba, G. and Got, B. 1996. Field evaluation of and modeling the impact of three control methods on the larval dynamics of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 852–862.
Laird, M., Lacey, L.A. and Davidson, E.W. (Eds.) 1990. “Safety of Microbial Insecticides.” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Leckner, B. 1978. The spectral distribution of solar radiation at the Earth’s surface - elements of a model. Solar Energy 20, 143–150.
Lee, K.P., Cory, J.S., Wilson, K., Raubenheimer, D. and Simpson, S.J. 2006. Flexible diet choice offsets protein costs of pathogen resistance in a caterpillar. Proc. R. Soc. London B, 273, 823–829.
Lopez-Ferber, M., Simon, O., Williams, T. and Caballero, P. 2003. Defective or effective? Mutualistic interactions between virus genotypes. Proc. R. Soc. B. 270, 2249–2255.
Martignoni, M.E. and Iwai, P.J. 1977. Thermal inactivation characteristics of two strains of nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus subgroup A) pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 30, 255–262.
Matthews, G.A. 1992. “Pesticide application methods.” Longman, London.
Matthews, H.J., Smith, I. and Edwards, J.P. 2002. Lethal and sublethal effects of a granulovirus on the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 80, 73–80.
Matthews, H.J., Smith, I., Bell, H.A and Edwards, J.P. 2004. Interactions between the parasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and a granulovirus in Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 33, 949–957.
Milks, M.L., Burnstyn, I. and Myers, J.H. 1998. Influence of larval age on the lethal and sublethal effects on the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Trichoplusia ni in the cabbage looper. Biol. Control 12, 119–126.
Miller, L.K. 1995. Genetically engineered insect virus pesticides: present and future. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 65, 211–216.
Miller, L.K. 1997. “The Baculoviruses”. 447 pp Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
Morris, O.N. 1977. Relationship between microbial numbers and droplet size in aerial spray application. Can.Entomol. 109, 1319–1323.
Moscardi, F. 1999. Assessment of the application of baculoviruses for the control of Lepidoptera. Annu. Rev Entomol. 44, 257–289.
Munoz, D. and Caballero, P. 2000. Persistence and effects of parasitic genotypes in a mixed population of the Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus. Biol. Control 19, 259–264.
Murray, K.D. and Elkinton, J.S. 1989. Environmental contamination of egg masses as a major component of transgenerational transmission of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53, 324–334.
Olofsson, E. 1989. Transmission of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the European pine sawfly from adult to offspring. J.Invertebr.Pathol. 54, 322–330.
Otvos, I.S., Cunningham, J.C. and Alfaro, R.I. 1987. Aerial application of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudosugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymrantriidae): II. Impact 1 and 2 years after application. Can. Entomol. 119, 707–716.
Parnell, M.A., King, W.J., Jones, K.A., Ketunuti, U. and Wetchakit, D. 1999. A comparison of motorised knapsack mistblower, medium volume application, very low volume application of Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus on cotton in Thailand. Crop Protect. 18, 259–265.
Payne, C.C., Tatchell, G.M. and Williams, C.F. 1981. The comparative susceptibilities of Pieris brassicae and P. rapae to a granulosis virus from P. brassicae. J.Invertebr.Pathol. 38, 273–280.
Picot, J.J.C. and Kristmanson, D.D. 1997. “Forestry Pesticide Aerial Spraying: Spray Droplet Generation, Dispersion, and Deposition.” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Raymond, B., Hartley, S.E., Cory, J.S. and Hails, R.S. 2002. Host plant species can influence the fitness of herbivore pathogens: the winter moth and its nucleopolyhedrovirus. Oecologia 131, 533–541.
Raymond, B., Hartley, S.E., Cory, J.S. and Hails, R.S. 2005. The role of food plant and pathogen-induced behaviour in the persistence of a nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 88, 49–57.
Reeson, A.F., Wilson, K., Gunn, A., Hails, R.S. and Goulson, D. 1998. Baculovirus resistance in the noctuid Spodoptera exempta is phenotypically plastic and responds to population density. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B 265, 1787–1791.
Reeson, A.F., Wilson, K., Cory, J.S., Hankard, P., Weekes, J.M., Goulson, D. and Hails, R.S. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity in a noctuid caterpillar affects pathogen transmission in the field. Oecologia 124, 373–380.
Ribeiro, H.C.T., Pavan, O.H.O. and Muotri, A.R. 1997. Comparative susceptibility of two different hosts to genotypic variants of Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 83, 233–237.
Richards, A.R, Cory, J., Speight, M. and Williams, T. 1999. Foraging in a pathogen reservoir can lead to local host population extinction: a case study of Lepidoptera-virus interaction. Oecologia. 118, 29–38.
Ridout, M.S., Fenlon, J.S. and Hughes, P.R. 1993. A generalized one-hit model for bioassays of insect viruses. Biometrics 49, 1136–1141.
Room, P.M. 1979. A prototype ‘on-line’ system for management of cotton pests in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales. Protect. Ecol. 1, 245–264.
Rothman, L.D. and Myers, J.H 1996. Debilitating effects of viral diseases on host Lepidoptera. J.Invertebr.Pathol. 61, 1–10.
Sait, S.M, Begon, M., Thompson, D.J. and Harvey, J.A 1996. Parasitism of baculovirus-infected Plodia interpunctella by Venturia canescens and subsequent virus transmission. Funct. Ecol. 10, 586–591.
Shapiro, M. 1992. Use of optical brighteners as radiation protectants for gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 1682–1686.
Shapiro, M. 1995. Radiation protection and activity enhancement of viruses. In “Biorational Pest Control Agents: Formulation and Delivery” (Hall, F.R. and Barry, J.W., Eds.) pp. 153–164. American Chemical Society Symposium 595, Washington, DC.
Shapiro, M. and Dougherty, E.M. 1994. Enhancement in activity of homologous and heterologous viruses against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) by an optical brightener. J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 361–365.
Sikorowski, P.P., Andrews, G.L. and Broome, J.R. 1973. Transovum transmission of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J.Invertebr.Pathol. 21, 41–45.
Simon, O., Williams, T., Lopez-Ferber, M and Caballero, P. 2004. Genetic structure of a Spodoptera frugiperda nuclopolyhedrovirs population: high prevalence of deletion genotypes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 5579–5588.
Small, D.A., Moore, N.F. and Entwistle, P.F. 1986. Hydrophobic interactions involved in attachment of a baculovirus to hydrophobic surfaces. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 220–223.
Smirnoff, W.A. 1972. Promoting virus epizootics in populations of the Swaine Jack Pine sawfly by infected adults. BioScience 22, 662–663.
Smith C.R., Heinz K.M., Sansone C.G. and Flexner J.L. 2000. Impact of recombinant Baculovirus applications on target heliothines and nontarget predators in cotton. Biol. Control 19, 201–214.
Steinhaus, E.A. 1956. Microbial control. The emergence of an idea. A brief history of insect pathology through the nineteenth century. Hilgardia 26, 107–160.
Sun X.L, Wang H.L., Sun X.C., Chen X.W., Peng C.M., Pan D.M., Jehle J.A., van der Werf W., Vlak J.M. and Hua Z. 2004. Biological activity and field efficacy of a genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing an insect-selective toxin from a chimeric promoter. Biol. Control 29, 124–137.
Tamez-Guerra, P., McGuire, M.R., Behle, R.W., Hamm, J.J., Sumner, H.R. and Shasha, B.S. 2000a. Sunlight persistence and rainfastness of spray-dried formulations of baculovirus isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 210–218.
Tamez-Guerra, P., McGuire, M.R., Behle, R.W., Shasha, B.S. and Pingel, R.L. 2000b. Storage stability of Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus in spray-dried formulations. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 79, 7–16.
Tatchell, G.M. 1981. The effects of a granulosis virus infection and temperature on the food consumption of Pieris rapae (Lep.: Pieridae). Entomophaga 26, 291–299.
Taylor, L.R. 1984. Assessing and interpreting the spatial distributions of insect populations. Annu. Rev.Entomol. 29, 321–357.
Thorpe, K.W., Ridgway, R.L. and Webb, R.E. 1992. A computerized data management and decision support system for gypsy moth management in suburban parks. Computers Electronics Agric. 6, 333–345.
Vail, P.V., Hoffmann, D.F. and Tebbets, J.S. 1993. Autodissemination of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) granulosis virus by healthy adults. J. Stored Prod. Res. 29, 71–74.
Vasconcelos, S.D.V. 1996. Alternative routes for the horizontal transmission of a nucleopolyhedrovirus. J.Invertebr. Pathol. 68, 269–274.
Vasconcelos S.D.V., Cory J.S., Wilson K.R., Sait S.M. and Hails R.S. 1996b. The effect of baculovirus infection on the mobility of Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae at different developmental stages. Biol. Control 7, 299–306.
Vasconcelos S.D.V., Williams T., Hails R.S. and Cory J.S. 1996a. Prey selection and baculovirus dissemination by carabid predators of Lepidoptera. Ecol. Entomol. 21, 98–104.
Vilaplana, L., Wilson, K., Redman, E.M. and Cory, J.S. High levels of persistent, vertically-transmitted baculovirus infection in field populations of the migratory African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta. Mol. Ecol. submitted.
Washburn, J.O., Kirkpatrick, B.A., Haas-Stapleton, E. and Volkman, L.E. 1998. Evidence that the stilbene-derived optical brightener M2R enhances Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of Trichoplusia ni and Heliothis virescens by preventing sloughing of infected midgut epithelial cells. Biol. Control 11, 58–69.
Webb, R.E., Dill, N.H., McLaughlin, J.M., Kershaw, L.S., Podgwaite, J.D., Cook, S.P., Thorpe, K.W., Farrar, R.R., Ridgway, R.L., Fuester, R.W., Shapiro, M., Argauer, R.J., Venables, L. and White, G.B. 1996. Blankophor BBH as an enhancer of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in arborist treatments against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 957–962.
Webb, R.E., Shapiro, M., Podgwaite, J.D., Ridgway, R.L., Venables, L., White, G.B., Argauer, R.J., Cohen, D.L., Witcosky, J., Kester, K.M. and Thorpe, K.W. 1994. Effect of optical brighteners on the efficacy of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus in forest plots with high or low levels of natural virus. J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 134–143.
Williams T. and Cory J. S. 1993. DNA restriction fragment polymorphism in iridovirus isolates from individual blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Med. Vet. Entomol. 7, 199–201.
Williams, T. Goulson, D., Caballero, P., Cisneros, J., Martinez, A.M., Chapman, J.W., Roman, D.X. and Cave, R.D. 1999. Evaluation of a baculovirus bioinsecticide for small-scale maize growers in Latin America Biol. Control 14, 67–75.
Wilson, K. and Reeson, A.F. 1998. Density-dependent prophylaxis: evidence from Lepidoptera-baculovirus interactions. Ecol. Entomol. 23, 100–101.
Wood, H.A., Hughes, P.R. and Shelton, A. 1994. Field studies of the co-occlusion strategy with a genetically altered isolate of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Environ. Entomol. 23, 211–219.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cory, J.S., Evans, H.F. (2007). Viruses. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5931-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5933-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)