Abstract
Spray application takes input from a wide range of disciplines, from the traditional crop protection disciplines of entomology,weedscience, and plant pathology, formulation chemistry, and agricultural engineering, to those of fluid dynamics, meteorology, and others. In general, spray application is either largely ignored–one just sprays a crop with a microbial control agent (MCA)–or it is seen as a panacea for all ills, increasing the efficacy and effectiveness of an MCA to the point of commercial viability. Spray application is neither.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, A. J., Chapple, A. C., and Hall, F. R. 1990. Droplet spectra for some agricultural fan nozzles, with respect to drift and biological efficiency. In “Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Tenth Symposium.” ASTM STP 1078. (E. Bode, J.L Hazen, and D. G. Chasin eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 156–169.
Arnold, A. J., Cayley, G. R., Dunne, Y., Etheridge, P., Greenaway, A. R., Griffiths, D. C., Phillips, F. T., Pye, B. J., Rawlinson, C. J., and Scott, G. C. 1984a. Biological effectiveness of electrostatically charged rotary atomisers. III. Trials on arable crops other than cereals, 1982. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105, 369–377.
Arnold, A. J., Cayley, G. R., Dunne, Y., Etheridge, P., Griffiths, D. C., Jenkyn, J. F., Phillips, F. T., Pye, B. J., Scott, G. C., and Woodcock, C. M. 1984b. Biological effectiveness of electrostatically charged rotary atomisers. II. Trials with cereals, 1982. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105, 361–367.
Arnold, A. J., Cayley, G. R., Dunne, Y., Etheridge, P., Griffiths, D. C., Phillips, F. T., Pye, B. J., Scott, G. C., and Vojvodic, P. R. 1984c. Biological effectiveness of electrostatically charged rotary atomisers. I. Trials on field beans and barley. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105, 353–359.
Bache, D. H. and Johnstone, R. J. 1992. “Microclimate and Spray Dispersion.” Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK. 238 pp.
Bals, E. J. 1969. The principles of and new developments in Ultra Low Volume spraying. Proc. of the 5th. British Insecticide and Fungicide Conf., pp.189–193.
Bateman, R. P. 1993. Simple, standardised methods for recording droplet measurements and estimation of deposits from controlled droplet applications. Crop Prot. 12, 201–206.
Bateman, R., Carey, M., Moore, D., and Prior, C. 1993. The enhanced infectivity of M. flavoviride in oil formulations to desert locusts at low humidities. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122, 145–152.
Bateman, R. P. 1997. Methods of application of microbial pesticide formulations for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 171, 67–79.
Bryant, J. E. and Yendol, W. G. 1988. Evaluation of the influence of droplet size and density of Bacillus thuringiensis against gypsy moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81, 130–134.
Chapple, A. C. 1996. Application of Biological Control Agents: Some Theoretical Considerations of Dispersal. In: “Proc. 5th European Meeting of the International Organisation of Biological Control, West and East Palearctic Regions: Microbial Control of Pests.” Poznan, Poland. pp. 24–28.
Chapple, A. C., Taylor, R. A. J., Hall, F. R, and Downer, R. A. 1994. Understanding the dose transfer process as a prerequisite to a more predictable lab-to-field performance correlation. In: “Comparing Laboratory and Field Pesticide Performance II.” BCPC Monograph No. 59: Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the University of Kent 12–14, April, 1994 pp. 267–272.
Chapple, A. C. and Bateman, R. P. 1997. Application systems for microbial pesticides: necessity not novelty. In: “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” H. F. Evans, Ed., BCPC Monograph No. 68 pp. 181–190.
Chapple, A. C., Downer, R. A., Hall, F. R., and Wolf, T. M. 1997. Application of biological pesticides: limitations and a practical solution. Entomophaga 41: 465–474.
Cooke, B. K., Hislop, E. C., Herrington, P. J., Western, N. M., Jones, K. G., Woodley, S. E., and Chapple, A. C. 1985. The physical, chemical, and biological appraisal of alternative spray techniques in cereals. Crop Prot. 5, 155–164.
Copping L G 2004 (Ed.) The Manual of Biocontrol Agents (3rd Edition, The BioPesticide Manual). BCPC, Alton, Hants. 702 pp.
Ebert, T. A., Taylor, R. A. J., Downer, R. A., and Hall, F. R. 1999a. Deposit structures and efficacy of pesticide application: 1 Interaction between deposit size, toxicant concentration, and deposit number. Pestic. Sci. 55, 783–792.
Ebert, T. A., Taylor, R. A. J., Downer, R. A., and Hall, F. R. 1999b. Deposit structures and efficacy of pesticide application: 2. Trichoplusioa ni control on cabbage with fipronil. Pestic. Sci. 55, 793–798.
Evans, H. F. 1997. (Ed.) “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” Symposium Proceedings 68, British Crop Protection Council. BCPC, Farnham, UK. 301 pp.
Frick, E. L. 1970. The effects of volume, droplet size, and concentration, and their interaction on the control of apple powdery mildew by Dinocap. British Crop Protection Council Monogram 2, pp. 23–33.
Hall, F. R. and Adams, A. J. 1990. Microdroplet application for determination of comparative topical and residual efficacy of formulated permethrin to two populations of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). Pestic. Sci. 28, 337–343.
Hall, F. R., Chapple, A. C., Downer, R. A., Kirchner, L. M, and Thacker, J. R. M. 1993. Pesticide application as affected by spray modifiers. Pestic. Sci. 38, 123–133.
Hall, F. R. and Barry, J. W. (Eds.) 1994. “Biorational Pest Control Agents: Formulation and Delivery.” ACS Symposium Series 595, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.
Hall, F. R., Chapple, A. C., Taylor, R. A. J., and Downer, R. A. 1995. Modelling the dose acquisition process of Bacillus thuringiensis: the influence of feeding pattern on survival. In: “Biorational Pest Control Agents: Formulation and Delivery.” Eds. Hall F. R. and Barry J. ACS Symposium Series 595, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 68–78.
Hall, F. R. and Menn, J. 1999. “Biopesticides: Use and Delivery.” Humana Press Inc. NJ, USA. 626 pp.
Hewitt, H. G., Casely, J., Copping, L. G., Grayson, B. T., and Tyson, D. (Eds.) 1994. “Comparing Laboratory and Field Pesticide Performance II.” BCPC Monograph No. 59 Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the University of Kent 12–14, April, 1994. 323 pp.
Himel, C. M. 1969. The optimum droplet size for insecticide spray droplets. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 919–925.
Hislop, E. C. 1987. Can we define and achieve optimum pesticide deposits? Asp. Appl. Biol. 14, 153–165.
Hofstein, R. and Chapple, A. C. 1999 Commercial Development of Biofungicides. In “Biopesticides: Use and Delivery.” pp. 77–102 Eds. J. Menn and F. R. Hall. Humana Press Inc. NJ, USA. 626 pp.
Klein, M. G. and Georgis, R. 1994. Application techniques for entomopathogenic nematodes. Proc. IV Int. Coll. on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Montpelier, France, pp. 483–484.
LeFebvre, A. H. 1989. “Atomization and Sprays.” Hemisphere Pub. Co. NY., London, UK. 421 pp.
Lisansky, S. G. and Coombs, J. 1994. Developments in the market for biopesticides. Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases – 1994 Vol.3. pp. 1049–1060.
Maczuga, S. A. and Mierzejewski, K. J. 1995. Droplet size and density effects of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1376–1379.
Matthews, G. A. 2000. “Pesticide Application Methods.” Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 432 pages.
Mowlam, M. D., Nyirenda, G. K. C. and Tunstall, J. P. 1975. Ultra low volume application of water-based formulations of insecticides to cotton. Cotton Growers Rev., 52, 360–370.
Nilsson, U. and Gripwall, E. 1999. Influence of application technique on the viability of the biological control agents Verticillium lecannii and Steinernema feltiae. Crop Prot. 18, 53–59.
Pittis, J. E. and Russell, P. E. 1994. Factors affecting disease expression by plant pathogens. In: “Comparing Glasshouse and Field Pesticide Performance II.” BCPC Monograph No. 59, pp. 57–66.
Potts, S. F. 1946 Particle size of insecticides and its relation to application, distribution, and deposit. J. Econ. Entomol. 39, 716–720.
Rayleigh, Lord 1882. On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity. Phil. Mag. Series 5 14, 184–186.
Salt, D. W. and Ford, M. G. 1996. Deterministic models to simulate the movement of pesticide from discrete deposits and to predict optimum deposit characteristics on leaf surfaces for control of sedentary crop pests. Pestic. Sci. 48, 77–87.
Southcombe, E. S. E, Miller, P. C. H., Ganzelmeier, H., Zande, J. C. van de, Miralles, A., and Hewitt, A. J. 1997. The international (BCPC) spray classification system including a drift potential factor. Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. – Weeds 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 371–380.
Waage, J. K. 1997. Biopesticides at the crossroads: IPM products or chemical clones? In: “Microbial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity?” H. F. Evans, Ed., BCPC Monograph No. 68, pp. 11–19.
Young, B. W. 1986. The need for greater understanding in the application of pesticides. Outlook on Agriculture 15, 80–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chapple, A.C., Downer, R.A., Bateman, R.P. (2007). Theory and practice of microbial insecticide application. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5931-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5933-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)