Skip to main content

Scientific Discovery

  • Chapter
Handbook of Epistemology

Abstract

A logic or method for the discovery of new knowledge is an old epistemological dream. Knowledge of general or singular truths of course is not the only possible type of object of discovery. One can discover new things or phenomena, such as sofar undetected quasars or unconquered continents or undescribed species of microorganisms, although it may be argued that such discoveries employ particular classificatory schemes, concepts and some particular language. Technological innovations, especially in the modern information society, occupy a half-way house. Although technology aims at designing (commercially valuable) technical devices and their systems (where systems are in seamless interaction with their human users), these innovations rely heavily on basic and applied research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 509.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achinstein, P.: 1970, ‘Inference to Scientific Laws’, in R. Steuwer (ed.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. V, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, pp. 87–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achinstein, P.: 1971, Law and Explanation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achinstein, P.: 1980, ‘Discovery and Rule-books’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achinstein, P.: 1987, ‘Scientific Discovery and Maxwell’s Kinetic Theory’, Philosophy of Science 54, 409–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achinstein, P.: 1993, ‘How to Defend a Theory Without Testing It: Niels Bohr and the ‘Logic of Pursuit“, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 18, 90–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agassi, J.: 1980, ‘The Rationality of Discovery’, in Nickles (ed.), Scientific Discovery, Logic and Rationality, 1980a, pp. 185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, Francis ([1620] 1994 ): Novum Organum. Translated and edited by Peter Urbach and John Gibson. Chicago and La Salle: Open Court.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batens, D.: 1997, ‘Inconsistencies and beyond. A logical-philosophical discussion’, Revue Internationale de Philosophie 200, 257–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batens, D.: 2000, ‘A survey of inconsistency-adaptive logics’, in D. Batens, C. Mortenson, G. Priest, and J. P. Van Bendegem (eds.): Frontiers of Paraconsistent Logic, Research Studies Press, King’s College Publications, Baldock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, N. D. and T. B. Steel, Jr.: 1976, The Logic of Questions and Answers,New Haven and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden, M.: 1994a. “What is Creativity”. In M. Boden 1994b, pp. 75–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden M. (ed.): 1994b, Dimensions of Creativity. Cambridge, MA, and London: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, R. B.: 1959, Scientifc Explanation. A Study of the Function of Theory, Probability and Law in Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannigan, A.: 1981, The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannigan, A.: 1989, ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Attributional Model of Scientific Discovery’, Social Studies of Science 19, 601–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromberger, S.: 1992, On What We Don’t Know When We Don’t Know Why: Explanation, Theory, Linguistics, and How Questions Shape Them,Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burian, R.: 1980, ‘Why Philosophers Should Not Despair of Understanding Discovery’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T.: 1974a, ‘Evolutionary Epistemology’, in P.A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. 1, Open Court, La Salle, pp. 413–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T.: 1974b, ‘Unjustified Variation and Selective Retention in Scientific Discovery’, in F. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky (eds.), Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, Macmillan, London, pp. 139–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniak, C.: 1986, Minimal Rationality, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collingwood, R. G.: 1939, An Autobiography, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collingwood, R. G.: 1940, Essay on Metaphysics, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H.: 1989, ‘Computers and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge’, Social Studies of Science 19, 613–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curd, M.: 1980, ‘The Logic of Discovery“ in Scientific Discovery, Logic and Rationality’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1981a, pp. 201–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darden, L.: 1990, ‘Diagnosing and Fixing Faults in Theories’, in Shrager and Langley 1990, pp. 319–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darden, L.: 1991, Theory Change in Science: Strategies from Mendelian Genetics, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dear, P.: 1998, ‘Method and the Study of Nature’, in D. Garber and M. Ayers (eds.), The Cambridge History of Seventeeth-Century Philosophy, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Descartes, R.: [ 1637 ] 1968, Discourse on Method, translated by F.E. Sutcliffe, Penguin, Hadmonsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, A., L. Laudan, and R. Laudan (eds.): 1988, Scrutinizing Science: Empirical Studies of Scientific Change, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorling, J.: 1973, ‘Demonstrative Induction: Its Significant Role in the History of Physics’, Philosophy of Science 40, 360–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downes, S.: 1990, ‘Herbert Simon’s Computational Models of Scientific Discovery’, PSA 1990, Vol. 1, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, K.: 1995, ‘How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories’, in R. J. Sternberg and J. Davidson (eds.), Mechanisms of insight, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 365–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, S. C. and R. D. Tweney: 1997, (Abstract). ‘The Problem-Behavior Map as cognitive-historical analysis: The example of Michael Faraday’, Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, p. 901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, B.: 1988, ‘Solving the Problem of Induction Using a Values-Based Epistemology’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 39, 141–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigenbaum, E. A., B. Buchanan, and J. Lederberg: 1971, ‘On generality and problem solving: a case study using the DENDRAL program’, Machine Intelligence 7, 165–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend, P. K.: 1975, Against Method, New Left Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finocchiaro, M.: 1980, ‘Scientific Discoveries as Growth of Understanding’, in T. Nickles (ed.) 1981a, pp. 235–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleck, L.: 1979, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, translated by F. Bradley and T.J.Trenn, foreword by T. Kuhn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbus, K. D.: 1985, ‘Qualitative Process Theory’, in D. G. Bobrow (ed.): Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, S.: 1978, ‘A Prolegomenon to an Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry’, in H. Hiz (ed.), Questions, Dordrecht, Holland, D. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, T.: 1983, ‘The Natural Selection Model of Knowledge: Campbell’s Dictum and its Critics’, Cognition and Brain Theory 6, 353–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giere, R.: 1996, ‘From Wissenschaftliche Philosophie to Philosophy of Science’, in R. N. Giere and A. Richardson (eds.), The Origins of Logical Empiricism, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 16, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gingerich, O. (ed.): 1975, The Nature of Scientific Discovery, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glymour, C.: 1980, Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Pess, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glymour, C.: 1985, ‘Inductive Inference in the Limit’, Erkenntnis 22, 23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Glymour, C., R. Scheines, P. Spirtes, and K. Kelly: 1987, Discovering Causal Structure: Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy of Science, and Statistical Modeling, Academic Press, Orlando.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gower, B.: 1997, Scientific Method: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction, Routledge, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, P. E. and R. D. Gray, ‘Developmental Systems and Evolutionary Explanaton’, Journal of Philosophy XCI,277–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, H.: 1980, ‘The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Scientific Work: Charles Darwin’s Early Thought’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980b, pp. 113–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutting, G.: 1980a, ‘The Logic of Invention’, in T. Nickles (ed.) 1980a, pp. 221–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutting, G.: 1980b, ‘Science as Discovery’, Revue Internationale de Philosophie 131 32: 2648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, C. L.: 1958, ‘Questions’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 36, 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, N. R.: 1958, Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, N. R.: 1961, ‘Is there a logic of scientific discovery’, in H. Feigl and G. Maxwell (eds.), Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harré, R.: 1960, An Introduction to the Logic of the Sciences, St. Martins, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harré, R.: 1970, The Principles of Scientific Thinking, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattiangadi, J. N.: 1978, ‘The Structure of Problems’, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 8, 345–365, and 9, 49–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattiangadi, J. N.: 1980, ‘The Vanishing Context of Discovery’, in Nickles, T (ed.) 1980a, pp. 257–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempel, C. G.: 1966, Philosophy of Natural Science, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempel, C. and P. Oppenheim: 1948, ‘Studies in the Logic of Explanation’, reprinted in C. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, The Free Press, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M.: 1963, Models and Analogies in Science, 2nd enlarged edition, Notre Dame University Press, Notre Dame.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M.: 1964, ‘Francis Bacon’s Philosophy of Science’, in D. J. O’Connor (ed.), A Critical History of Western Philosophy, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M.: 1970, “Hermeticism and Historiography”, in R. Stuewer (ed.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 5, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M.: 1974, The Structure of Scientific Inference, The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1976, The Semantics of Questions and the Questions of Semantics,Acta Philosophica Fennica, Vol. 28, No 4, North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1981a, ‘On the Logic of an Interrogative Model of Scientific Inquiry’, Synthese 47, 69–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1981b ‘The Logic of Information-Seeking Dialogues: A Model’, in W. Becker and K. Essler (eds.), Konzepte der Dialektik, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1981, p. 212–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1984, ‘The Logic of Science As a Model-Oriented Logic’ in P.D. Asquith and P. Kitcher (eds.) PSA 1984 1 The Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, Michigan, pp. 177–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1985, ‘True and False Logics of Scientific Discovery’, Communication and Cognition 18 (1/2), 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1987, ‘The Interrogative Approach to Inquiry and Probabilistic Inference’, Erkenntnis 26, 429–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1992, ‘The Concept of Induction in the Light of the Interrogative Approach to Inquiry’, in J. Earman (ed.), Inference, Explanation and Other Frustrations; University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J.: 1999, Inquiry as Inquiry: A Logic of Scientific Discovery,Selected Papers 5, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J. and U. Remes: 1974, The Method of Analysis: Its Geometrical Origin and Its General Significance, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J. and F. Vandamme (eds.): 1985, The Logic of Discovery and the Logic of Discourse, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.: 1992, ‘Genetic Algorithms’, Scientific American, July issue, p. 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.: 1995, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holton, G.: 1974, G.: 1974, ‘Mainsprings of Scientific Discovery’, in Gingerich (ed.), 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howson, C.: 1984, ‘Bayesianism and Support by Novel Facts’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24, 245–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyningen-Huene, P.: 1987, ‘Context of Discovery and Context of Justification’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 18, 501–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, D. L.: 1988, Science as a Process, Chicago University Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ippolito, M. F. and R. D. Tweney: 1995, The inception of insight, in R.J. Sternberg & J.E. Davidson (eds.), The Nature of Insight, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 433–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F.: 1977, ‘Evolution and Tinkering’, Science 196, 1161–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jardine, L.: 1974, Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art Discourse, Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jardine, N.: 1991, The Scenes of Inquiry: On the Reality of Questions in the Sciences, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jason, G.: 1989, The Logic of Scientific Discovery,NY Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I.: 1968, Critique of Pure Reason, translated by N. Kemp Smith, St Martin’s Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantorovitch, A. and Y. Ne’eman: 1989, ‘Serendipity as a Source of Evolutionar Progress in Science.’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 20, 505–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantorovich, A.: 1993, Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering, State University of New York Press, Albany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantorovich, A.: 1994, ‘Scientific Discovery: A Philosophical Survey’, Philosophia 1–4, 3–23..

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K.: 1987, ‘The Logic of Discovery’, Philosophy of Science 54, 435–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K.: 1994, Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K.: 1996, The Logic of Reliable Inquiry, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiikeri, M.: 1997, ‘On the Logical Structure of Learning Models’, Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 51, 287–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitcher, P.: 1993, The Advancement of Science. New York, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S. A.: 1970, ‘Erotetic Logic and the Structure of Scientific Revolution’, British Journal for Philosophy of Science 21,149–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S. A.: 1983, ‘A New Look at Kepler and Abductive Argument’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 14, 279–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S A • 1988a, ‘The Logic of Discovery and Darwin’s Pre-Malthusian Researches’, Biology and Philosophy 3, 293–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S. A.: 1988b, ‘Erotetic Logic and Scientific Inquiry’, Synthese 74, 19–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S. A.: 1993, The Logic of Discovery: A Theory of the Rationality of Scientific Research, Kluwer Adademic Press, Boston MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleiner, S. A.: 1997, The Structure of Inquiry in Developmental Biology’, in M. Sintonen (ed.), Knowledge and Inquiry. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of Science and the Humanities 51, Rodopi, Amsterdam-Atlanta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koertge, N.: 1980, ‘Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980, pp. 139–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koertge, N.: 1982, ‘Explaining Scientific Discovery’, in PSA 1982 1, 14–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koestler, A.: 1960, The Watershed, Anchor Books, New York NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kordig, C.: 1978, ‘Discovery and Justification’, Philosophy of Science 45, 110–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koza, J.: 1992, Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, vol. 1 MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass..

    Google Scholar 

  • Koza, J.: 1994, Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S.: 1957, The Copernican Revolution, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S.: 1970 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,2nd edition, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkami, D. and H. A. Simon: 1988, ‘The Processes of Scientific Discovery: The Strategy of Experimentation’, Cognitive Science 12, 139–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I.: 1970, ‘Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes’, in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I.: 1976, Proofs and Refutations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, P., H. A. Simon, G. Bradshaw, and J. Zytkow: 1987, Scientific Discovery, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1970, ‘Thomas Reid and the Newtonian Turn of British Methodological Thought’, in R. E. Butts and J. W. Davis (eds.), The Methodological Heritage of Newton, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 103–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1977, Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth,London and Henley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1980, ‘Why Was the Logic of Scientific Discovery Abandoned?’, in T. Nickles (ed.) 1980a, pp. 173–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1981, Science and Hypothesis, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1983, ‘Invention and Appraisal’ (reply to McLaughlin), Philosophy of Science 50, 320–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan, L.: 1984, Science and Values, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon, R.: 1978, ‘Newton’s Experimentum Crucis and the Logic of Idealization Theory Refutation’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 9, 51–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon, R.: 1994, ‘Demonstrative Induction, Old and New Evidence and the Accuracy of the Electrostatic Inverse Square Law’, Synthese 99, 23–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenat, D.: 1977, ‘The Ubiquity of Discovery’, Artificial Intelligence 9, 257–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leplin, J.: 1980, ‘The Role of Models in Theory Construction’ in T. Nickles (ed.) 1980a, pp. 267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lycan, W. G.: 1985, ‘Epistemic Value’, Synthese 64, 137–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnani, L., N. Nercessian, and P. Thagard (eds.): 1999, Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, R.: 1982a, ‘Invention and Appraisal’, in R. McLaughlin (ed.), What? Where? When? Why?, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, R.: 1982b, ‘Invention and Induction: Laudan, Simon, and the Logic of Discovery’, Philosophy of Science 49, 198–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meheus, J.: 1993, ‘Adaptive Logic in Scientific Discovery: The Case of Clausius’, Logique et Analyse 143–144, 359–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meheus, J.: 1999, ‘Deductive and Ampliative Adaptive Logics as Tools in the Study of Creativity’, Foundations of Science 4, 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M.: 1979, Dicouverte et Justification en Science, Editions Klincksieck, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M.: 1980, ‘Science as a Questioning Process: A Prospect for a New Type of Rationality’, Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1980, 49–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M.: 1994, Rhetoric, Language and Reason. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, A. I.: 1986, Imagery in Scientific Thought, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monk, R.: 1977, ‘The Logic of Discovery’, Philosophy Research Archives 3, 1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monk, R.: 1980, ‘Productive Reasoning and the Structure of Scientific Research’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980a, 337–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musgrave, A.: 1974, ‘Logical versus Historical Theories of Confirmation’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 25, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäenpää, P.: 1993, The Art of Analysis: Logic and History of Problem Solving, Academic Dissertation, Limes, Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nersessian, N. J.: 1985, ‘Faraday’s field concept,’ in D. Gooding and F James (eds.), Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and World of Michael Faraday, 1791–1867, Macmillan, London, pp. 175–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nersessian, N. J.: 1984, Faraday to Einstein: Constructing the Meaning in Scientific Theorie, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nercessian, N.: 1987a, N.: 1987a, ‘A Cognitive-Historical Approach to Meaning in Scientific Theories’, in N. J. Nercessian 1987b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nercessian, N. (ed.): 1987b, The Process of Science, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nersessian, N.: 1992, ‘How Do Scientists Think? Capturing the Dynamics of Conceptual Change in Science’, in R. Giere (ed.): Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. XV: Cognitive Models of Science,University of Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis, pp. 3–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nersessian, N.: 1993, ‘Opening the black box: Cognitive science and history of science’, Osiris 10, 194–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. and H. A. Simon: 1972, Human Problem Solving, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. and H. A. Simon: 1976: ‘Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and Search’, Communications of the ACM 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T. (ed.): 1980a, Scientific Discovery, Logic, and Rationality, D. Reidel, Dordrecht. Nickles, T.: 1980b, Scientific Discovery: Case Studies, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1980c, ‘Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science’, in T. Nickles (ed.), 1980a, pp. 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1981, ‘What is a Problem That We May Solve It?’, Synthese 47, pp. 85–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1984, ‘Positive Science and Discoverability’, in PSA 1984, Vol. 1, Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, pp. 13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1985, ‘Beyond Divorce: Current Status of the Discovery Debate’, Philosophy of Science 52, 177–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1987, ‘Lakatosian Heuristics and Epistemic Support’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38, 181–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1988, ‘Truth or Consequences? Generative Versus Consequential Justification in Science’, in A. Fine and J. Leplin (eds.), PSA 1988, Vol. 2., Philosophy of Science Association, Lansing, pp. 393–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1990, ‘Discovery logics’, Philosophica 45, 7–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1992a, ‘Good Science as Bad History: From Order of Knowing to Order of Being’, in E. McMullin (ed.), The Social Dimensions of Science, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, pp. 85–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1992, Epistemic Amplification: Toward a Bootstrap Methodology of Science, in J. Brzezinski, F. Coniglione, and T. Marek (eds.), Science: Between Algorithm and Creativity, Eburon, Delft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1995, ‘History of Science and Philosophy of Science’, Osiris 10, 139–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickles, T.: 1997 ‘Methods of Discovery’ Biology and Philosophy 12, 127–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niiniluoto, I.: 1980, ‘The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach’, in Proceedings of the Second International Congress for History and Philosophy of Science, Pisa, 1978, Dordrecht, pp. 3–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niiniluoto, I.: 1980b, ‘Scientific Progress’, Synthese 45, 427–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, J.: 1994, ‘Science and Certainty’, Synthese 99, 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, J.: 1995, ‘Eliminative Induction as a Method of Discovery: How Einstein Discovered General Relativity’, in Leplin 1995, pp. 29–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peirce, C.: 1931–35, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. I-VI, reprinted by the Belnap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peirce, C.: 1931–58, Collected Papers,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pera, M.: 1981, ‘Inductive Method and Scientific Discovery’, in M. Grmek, R. S. Cohen, and G. Cimino (eds.), On Scientific Discovery, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M.: 1958, Personal Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polya, G.: 1945, How to Solve It, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R.: 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Basic Books, New York; trans. with revisions of Logik der Forschung, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R.: 1972, Objective Knowledge,Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach, H.: 1938, Experience and Prediction, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, W.: 1964, ‘Heuristics, Decision Procedures, Open Constraints, and the Structure of Ill-defined Problems’, in M. W. Shelly and G. L. Bryan (eds.), Human Judgments and Optimality, John Wiley, New York, pp. 282–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescher, N.: 1990, ‘Luck’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 64, 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz, R. D.: 1977, Inference, Method and Decision: Towards a Bayesian Philosophy of Science, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruse, M.: 1985, ‘Evolutionary Epistemology: Can Sociobiology Help?’, in J. H. Fetzer (ed.), Sociobiology and Epistemology, D. Reidel, Dordrecth, pp. 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, W.: 1966, The Foundations of Scientific Inference, Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, W.: 1970, W.: 1970, ‘Bayes’s Theorem and the History of Science’, in R. Stuewer (ed.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 5, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Press, 1970, pp. 68–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, S.: 1986, ‘Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural Philosophy’, Social Studies of Science 16, 387–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, S.: 1990, ‘Genius in Romantic Natural Philosophy’, in A. Cunningham and N. Jardine (eds.): Romanticism and the Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, S.: 1994, ‘Making Up Discovery’, in M. Boden (ed.), Dimensions of Creativity, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner, K.: 1985, Logic of Discovery and Diagnosis in Medicine, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, G. N.: 1987, ‘Accommodation and Prediction’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 65, 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlick, M.: 1974, General Theory of Knowledge second edition, translated by A. E. Blumberg. Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York; originally published in 1925 as Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrager, J. and P. Langley: 1990, Computational Models of Scientific Discovery and Theory Formation, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapere, D.: 1977, ‘Scientific Theories and Their Domains’, in F. Suppe (ed.), The Structure of Scientific Theories, 2nd Edition, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapere, D.: 1980, ‘The Character of Scientific Change“ in Scientific Discovery, in T. Nickles, 1980a, pp. 63–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapere, D.: 1982, ‘The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy’, Philosophy of Science 49, 485–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapin, S.: 1992, ‘Discipline and Bounding: The History and Sociology of Science as Seen through the Externalism-Internalism Debate’, History of Science, 333–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrager, J. and P. Langley: 1990, Computational Models of Scientific Discovery and Theory Formation, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, H.: 1980, ‘Justification, Discovery, and the Naturalizing of Epistemology’, Philosophy of Science 47, 297–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A, 1973, ‘Does Scientific Discovery Have a Logic?’, Philosophy of Science 40, 471–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A.: 1977, Models of Discovery, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A.: 1996, The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge; originally published in 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A.: 1992, ‘Scientific Discovery as Problem Solving’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 6, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. and A. Ericsson: 1984, Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A., P. W. Langley, and G. L. Bradshaw: 1981, ‘Scientific Discovery as Problem Solving’, Synthese 47, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonton, D. K.: 1988, Scientific genius: A psychology of science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1984, ‘On the Logic of Why-Questions’, in P. D. Asquith and P. Kitcher (eds.), PSA 1984, Volume One The Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, Michigan, pp. 168–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1985, ‘Separating Problems from their Backgrounds: A Question-Theoretic Proposal’, Communication and Cognition 18, No1/2, pp. 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1989, ‘Explanation: In Search of the Rationale’, in P. Kitcher and W. C. Salmon (eds.), Scientific Explanation, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1990, ‘How to Put Questions to Nature’, in D. Knowles (ed.), Explanation and Its Limits, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 267–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1993, ‘In Search of Explanations: From Why-Questions to Shakespearean Questions’, Philosophica 51, 55–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, M.: 1996, “‘Structuralism and the Interrogative Model of Inquiry’, in W. Balzer and C. Ulises-Moulines (eds.), Structuralist Theory of Science, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 45–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, L.: 1997, ‘Discoverers’ Induction’, Philosophy of Science 64, 580–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sober, E.: 1981, ‘The Evolution of Rationality’, Synthese 46, 95–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R.: 1981, Introducing the German Idealists, Hackett, Indianapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H.: 1991, “‘From the Phenomena of Motions to the Forces of Nature”: Hypothesis or Deduction?’, in PSA 1990 Vol. 2, pp. 209–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. and J. Davidson (eds.): 1995, Mechanisms of Insight, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, A. K.: 1974, ‘Working Backwards and Proving by Synthesis’, Appendix I, Hintikka and Remes 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thagard, P.: 1992, Conceptual Revolutions, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, S.: 1972, Human Understanding, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tursman, R.: 1987, Peirce’s Theory of Scientific Discovery. A System of Logic Conceived as Semiotic, Indiana University Press, Bloomingston and Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweney, R. D.: 1989, ‘A framework for the cognitive psychology of science’, in B. Gholson, A. Houts, R. A. Neimeyer, and W. Shadish (eds.), Psychology of Science and Metascience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 342–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweney, R. D.: 1996, ‘Presymbolic processes in scientific creativity’, Creativity Research Journal 9, 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbach, P.: 1987, Francis Bacon’s Philosophy of Science: An Account and a Reappraisal, Open Court, La Salle, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, A. R.: 1905, My Life, A Record of Events and Opinions London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whewell, W.: 1847, Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences 2nd ed., 2 vols., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitt, L. A.: 1990, ‘Theory Pursuit: Between Discovery and Acceptance’, PSA 1990, Vol. 1, The Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, Michigan, pp. 467–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B.: 1976, ‘Moral Luck’, reprinted in his Moral Luck, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winston, P. H.: 1992. Artificial Intelligence, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley Reading, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, L. G. (ed.): 1970, Sir Charles Lyell’s Scientific Journals on the Species Question, New Haven, Connecticutt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wistliewski, A.: 1994, ‘Erotetic Implications’, Journal of Philosophical Logic 23, 173–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, A.: 1995, The Posing of Questions: Logical Foundations of erotetic Inferences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrechtl/ Boston/ London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, A., ‘The logic of questions as a theory of erotetic arguments’, Synthese 109, 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolgar, S.: 1976, ‘Writing an Intellectual History of Scientific Development: The Use of Discovery Accounts’, Social Studies of Science 6, 395–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolgar, S.: 1988, Science: The Very Idea, Tavistock, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall, J.: 2000, ‘The Scope, Limits, and Distinctiveness of the Method of “Deduction from the Phenomena”. Some Lessons from Newton’s “Demonstrations” in Opticks’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 51, 45–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahar, E.: 1983, ‘Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Invention?’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 34, 243–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zytkow, J.: 1993, ‘Cognitive Autonomy in Machine Discovery’, Machine Learning 12, 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sintonen, M., Kiikeri, M. (2004). Scientific Discovery. In: Niiniluoto, I., Sintonen, M., Woleński, J. (eds) Handbook of Epistemology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-1986-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-1986-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-6969-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-1986-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics