Abstract
Taking into account the shortcomings of R&D and patents mentioned in the introductory chapter, new indicators have been developed for the output side of the innovation process. Three of these new output indicators will be analyzed in this chapter, using data from The Netherlands. These indicators consist of:
-
(i)
a collection of new product announcements in 1989 from a large number of trade journals in The Netherlands; and
-
(ii)
the share of innovative products in a firm’s total sales, the latter being subdivided into:
-
products ‘new to the sector’ (that is, not introduced earlier by a competitor); and
-
products ‘new to the firm’ (that is, already known in the sector).
-
While products new to the sector may be conceived of as being ‘true’ innovations, products new to the firm will often be based on imitation of products introduced earlier by competitors. These two new indicators were obtained by asking innovative firms to subdivide their total product range into three types of product, namely:
-
(i)
products essentially unchanged during 1990–2;
-
(ii)
products incrementally improved during 1990–2; and
-
(iii)
products radically changed or newly introduced during 1990–2.
Firms were then asked to report the percentages of their 1992 sales which were related to each of the three categories of product named.
In this chapter we have drawn on the SEO databases on ‘Innovation in Dutch Manufacturing and Service Industries’ and on ‘Literature-based Innovation Output Indicators’. Our research has been supported by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, and by DG 12 and DG 13 of the European Commission. We wish to thank Kees Burger, Hans van Ophem and Geert Ridder for econometric advice, as well as participants of the workshop on innovation indicators, organised by DG 12 of the European Commission on 14 December 1994 at Brussels. The usual disclaimers apply.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (1993) ‘Analyzing Innovation Output Indicators: The US Experience’, in A. Kleinknecht and D. Bain (eds), New Concepts in Innovation Output Measurement (London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin’s Press) pp. 10–41.
Amemiya, T. (1985) Advanced Econometrics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
Brouwer, E. and A. Kleinknecht (1994) ‘Innovation in Dutch Manufacturing and Service Industries (1992)’ (in Dutch), SEO Report to the Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Hague, Beleidsstudies Technologie Economie, vol. 27.
Dosi, G. (1988) ‘Sources, Procedures and Micro-economic Effects of Innovation’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 26, pp. 1120–71.
Geroski, P. A. and C. F. Walters (1995) ‘Innovative Activity Over the Business Cycle’, Economic Journal, vol. 105, pp. 916–28.
Griliches, Z. (1990) ‘Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 28, pp. 1661–707.
Judge, G. G., W. E. Griffiths, R. Carter Hill, H. Lütkepohl and T.-C. Lee (1985) The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd edn (New York: John Wiley).
Hughes, K. (1986) Export and Technology (Cambridge University Press).
Kleinknecht, A. and D. Bain (eds) (1993) New Concepts in Innovation Output Measurement (London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin’s Press).
Kleinknecht, A. and J. O. N. Reijnen (1991) ‘New Evidence on the Undercounting of Small Firm R&D’, Research Policy, vol. 20, pp. 579–87.
Kleinknecht, A. and B. Verspagen (1990) ‘Demand and Innovation: Schmookler Re-examined’, Research Policy, vol. 19, pp. 387–94.
Kleinknecht, A., J. O. N. Reijuen and J. J. Verweij (1990) ‘Innovation in Dutch Manufacturing and Service Industries’ (in Dutch) SEO Report to the Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Hague, Beleidsstudies Technologic Economic, vol. 6.
Kleinknecht, A., T. P. Poot and J. O. N. Reijnen (1991) ‘Formal and Informal R&D and Firm Size: Survey Results from The Netherlands’, in Z. J. Acs and D. B. Audretsch, Innovation and Technological Change. An International Comparison. (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf) pp. 84–108.
Maddala, G. S. (1983) Limited-dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics, (Cambridge University Press).
Manshanden, W. (1996) Commercial Services in a Regional Context (in Dutch), Ph. D. thesis, University of Amsterdam; Institute for Economic Geography.
Meyer-Krahmer, F. (1984) ‘Recent Results in Measuring Innovation Output’, Research Policy, vol. 13, pp. 175–82.
Mullahy, J. (1986) ‘Specification and Testing of Some Modified Count Data Models’, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 33, pp. 341–65.
Pavitt, K. (1984) ‘Sectoral Patterns of Technological Change. Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory’, Research Policy, vol. 13, pp. 343–73.
Scherer, F. M. (1982) ‘Demand-pull and Technological Invention: Schmookler Revisited’, Journal of Industrial Economics, vol. 30, pp. 225–37.
Schmookler, J. (1966) Invention and Economic Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
Teece, D. (1988) ‘Technological Change and the Nature of the Firm’, in G. Dosi et al. (eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory (London: Pinter) pp. 256–81.
Walsh, V. (1984) ‘Invention and Innovation in the Chemical Industry: Demand-pull or Discovery-push?’, Research Policy, vol. 13, pp. 211–34.
Windmeijer, F. A. G. (1992) Goodness of Fit in Linear and Qualitative-choice Models, Ph. D. thesis, University of Amsterdam (Tinbergen Institute Research Series No. 29).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1996 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brouwer, E., Kleinknecht, A. (1996). Determinants of Innovation: A Microeconometric Analysis of Three Alternative Innovation Output Indicators. In: Kleinknecht, A. (eds) Determinants of Innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13917-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13917-0_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-13919-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-13917-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)