Skip to main content

Agricultural Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1946–76

  • Chapter
Rural Development in Tropical Africa

Abstract

Government is taking an ever-increasing part in stimulating development; the old idea that Colonial governments exist solely to maintain law and order with the addition of social services is fast giving way to a more active conception … John Wakefield, Planner of the Groundnuts Scheme (1946).

This article was written as part of a research project on the political economy of Tanzania, which will be published in 1981 as Tanzania 1800–1980: A Political Economy (Oxford University Press).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Austen, R. A. (1968), North-western Tanzania under German and British Rule, Yale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awiti, A. (1972a), ‘Ismaili and the rise of capitalism’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Awiti, A. (1972b), ‘The development of ujamaa in Ismani’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, R. S. (1963), An Economic Study of Coffee-Banana Farms in the Machame Central Area, 1961, USAID, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belshaw, D and Hall, M. (1972), ‘The analysis and use of agricultural experimental data’. East African Journal of Rural Development, 5, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesen, J. (1976), Tanzania: From Ujamaa to Villagisation, Institute for Development Research, Paper A76.7, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bomani, P (1966), ‘Planning for rural development,’ Mbioni 2, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, B. (1976), ‘Export crops and underdevelopment in Tanganyika 1929–1961’, Utafiti (Dar es Salaam) 1, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. (1964, postscript 1970), ‘Nationalism and the reaction to enforced agricultural change in Tanganyika during the colonial period’, in Cliffe and Saul (eds) (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. and Cunningham, G. (1968a), ‘Ideology, organisation and the settlement experience in Tanzania’, in Cliffe and Saul, (eds) (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. et al. (1968b), An Interim Report on the Evaluation of Agricultural Extension, Rural Development Paper No. 5, Rural Development Research Committee, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. and Saul, J. (eds) (1972), Socialism in Tanzania: An Interdisciplinary Reader, Vol. 1, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. and Saul, J. (eds) (1973), Socialism in Tanzania: An Interdisciplinary Reader, Vol. 2, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliffe, L. et al. (eds) (1975), Rural Co-operation in Tanzania, Dares Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. (1972), ‘The working of Tanzania’s Rural Development Fund: A problem in decentralisation’, East African Journal of Rural Development 5, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collinson, M. (1963), Farm Management Survey Report No. 3, Western Research Centre, Ukiriguru, Tanzania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collinson, M. (1970), ‘An example of farm survey work directed towards the solution of a policy problem: the comparative economics of growing aromatic or Virginia tobacco on small family farms in the Tabora area of Tanzania’, Economic Research Bureau Paper 70.7, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, A. (1975), ‘Peasants and bureaucrats’, Review of African Political Economy, No. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, A. (1977), ‘Crop priorities for the Lowlands of Tanga Region’, Tanzania Notes and Records, 81–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, A (ed.) (1979), African Socialism in Practice: The Tanzian Experience, Nottingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desfosses, H. and Levesque, J. (eds) (1975), Socialism in the Third World, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wilde J. C. (1967), Experiences with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa, vol. II, The Case Studies (chap. 6: ‘Tanzania: Agricultural Development in Sukumaland’ is attributed to P. McLoughlin ), Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, R. (1974), ‘Intercropping soyabeans with cereals’, Regional Soyabean Conferences, Addis Ababa, Oct. 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, S. H. (1950). H. (1950), ‘The Kongwa experiment: lessons of the East African Groundnuts Scheme’, The Times, Oct. 4 and 5 1950 (reprinted in Frankel, 1953 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, S. H. (1953), The Economic Impact on Underdeveloped Countries, Harvard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyhold, M. von (1972), ‘Government staff and ujamaa villages’, East African Social Science Conference, Nairobi, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freyhold, M. von (1979), Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuggles-Couchman, N. R. (1964), Agricultural Change in Tanganyika 1945–1960, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnes, A. J. (1975), Appendix 6, Minutes of the Research/Extension Seminar held in Iringa, 24–25 Feb. 1975 (available from Ministry of Agriculture Research and Training Institute, Mbeya).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geografrska Annaler (1972). Special Issue on ‘Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania’, 54, 3–4, Uppsala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottleib, M. (1973), ‘The extent and characterisation of differentiation in Tanzanian agricultural and rural society, 1967–69’, African Review 3, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groeneveld, S. (1968), ‘Traditional farming and cattle-coconut schemes in Tanga Region’, in Ruthenberg (ed.) (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, F. (1975), ‘Ujamaa: African socialist productionism in Tanzania’, in Des-fosses and Levesque (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulls, R. H. (1971), ‘An assessment of agricultural extension in Sukumaland, Western Tanzania’, Economic Research Bureau Paper 71.13, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, G. (1975), ‘Ujamaa, villagisation and rural development in Tanzania’, ODI Review, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, G. (ed.) (1976), Co-operatives in Tanzania, Studies in Political Science No. 4, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibbott, R. (n.d.), ‘The Ruvuma Development Association’, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iliffe, J. (1972), Agricultural Change in Modern Tanzania, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawawa, R. (1966), ‘New approaches to rural development’, Mbioni. 2, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjekshus, H. (1977), Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesel, H. et al. (1970), Agricultural Marketing in Tanzania, USAID, Dar es Salaam and Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, D. (1976), ‘Bureaucracy, class and inequality in Kenya and Tanzania’, Conference on Inequality in Africa, Mount Kisco, New York, Oct. 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leys, C. (1972), Underdevelopment in Kenya, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lugard, Lord (1933), Foreword to Strickland (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luring, H. A. and Venema, L. B. (1969), An Evaluation of the Agricultural Extension Service, Rungwe District Research Project, Leyden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, A. (1969), Towards ‘Uhuru’ in Tanzania, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migot-Adholla, S. A. (1969a), ‘The politics of a growers’ co-operative organisation’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Migot-Adholla, S. A. (1969b), ‘Power, differentiation and resource allocation: The co-operative tractor project in Maswa District’, in Hyden (ed.) (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Molloy, J. (1971), Political Communication in Lushoto District, Tanzania, Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, A. (1970), ‘A report on a farm economic survey of tea small-holders in Bukoba District’, Economic Research Bureau Paper 70.8, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutaha, A. Z. (1968), ‘The political impact of the co-operative union in Dodoma District’, in Hyden (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwapachu, J. V. (1976), ‘Operation planned villages in rural Tanzania: A revolutionary strategy for development’, African Review, 6, 1. Reprinted in Coulson (ed.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newiger, N. (1968), ‘Village settlement schemes: The problems of cooperative farming’, in Ruthenberg (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1958), ‘National property’, in Nyerere (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1962a), ‘Ujamaa — the basis of african socialism’, in Nyerere (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1962b), ‘President’s Inaugural Address’, in Nyerere (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1966) Freedom and Unity: A Collection from Writings and Speeches, 1952–65, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1967a), ‘The Arusha Declaration’, in Nyerere (1968a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1967b), ‘Education for Self-Reliance’, in Nyerere (1968a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1967c), ‘Socialism and Rural Development’, in Nyerere (1968a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1968a), Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965–1967, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1968b), ‘Freedom and Development’, in Nyerere (1973b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1969), ‘Presidential Circular No. 1 of 1969’, in Cliffe et al. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1971), ‘Ten years after Independence’, in Nyerere (1973b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1972), ‘Decentralisation’, in Nyerere (1973b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1973a), ‘The rational choice’, in Nyerere (1973b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1973b), Freedom and Development: A Selection from Writings and Speeches 1969–1973, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1975), ‘Report to the TANU Conference’, Daily News, Sept. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. K. (1977), The Arusha Declaration Ten Years After, Dar es Salaam. Reprinted in Coulson (ed.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Overseas Food Corporation (OFC) (1956), Annual Report and Statement of Accounts for the Year ended 31 Mar. 1955, HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkipuny, L. (1976), L. (1976), ‘Some crucial aspects of the Maasai predicament’, IDEP Seminar on Environment and ‘Poorly Integrated’ Societies in Africa, Mauritius, Apr. 1976. Reprinted in Coulson (ed.) (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. (1974), ‘The need for the development of the food industry in Tanzania through small-scale production’, Dar es Salaam, mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, C. (1976), The Critical Phase in Tanzania 1945–68, Nyerere and the Emergence of a Socialist Strategy, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raikes, P. (1971), ‘Wheat production and the development of capitalism in North Iraq’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raikes, P. (1976a), ‘Coffee production in West Lake Region, Tanzania’, Institute for Development Research, Paper A.76.9) Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raikes, P. (1976b), ‘Sugar production in West Lake Region, Tanzania, Institute for Development Research,’ Paper A.76.10. Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raikes, P. (1976c), ‘Tea production in West Lake Region, Tanzania’, Institute for Development Research, Paper A.76.11, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, P. (1976), ‘The NMCMU and tobacco production in Songea’, Tanzania Notes and Records, 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, S. F. (1974), ‘The Kilimanjaro Native Planters’ Association’, Transafrican Journal of History, 4, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotenham, D. von (1968), ‘Cotton Farming in Sukumaland’, in Ruthenberg (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rounce, N. V. (1946), The Agriculture of the Cultivation Steppe, Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruthenberg, H. (1964), Agricultural Development in Tanganyika, Munich.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ruthenberg, H. (ed.) (1968), Small-holder Farming and Small-holder Development in Tanzania, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, A. (1974), ‘The impact of the Steigler’s Gorge dam on Rufiji flood plain’, Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land-Use Planning, University of Dar es Salaam, Service Paper 74.2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saul, J. (1971), ‘Marketing co-operatives in a developing country: The Tanzanian case’, in Saul and Cliffe (eds) (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, G. (1970a), ‘Variation in Sukumaland cotton yields and the extension Service’, Economic Research Bureau, Paper 70.15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, G. (1970b) ‘An opinion survey of “Bwana Shambas” in Tanzania’, Economic Research Bureau Paper, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, G. (1971), ‘A social cost/benefit analysis of agricultural extension and research services among small-holder coffee producers in Kilimanjaro District’, Economic Research Bureau seminar paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, G. (1974), ‘Farm level cotton yields-and the research and extension services in Tanzania’, East African Journal of Rural Development, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffler (1968), ‘Tobacco schemes in the Central Region’, in Ruthenberg (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sender, J. (1974), ‘Some preliminary notes on the political economy of rural development in Tanzania’, Economic Research Bureau, Paper 74.5, University of Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivji, I. (1976), Class Struggles in Tanzania, London and Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, D. (1976), ‘Village trial experience of Tanzanian maize research programme’, Ilonga Research Station, Tanzania, mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, C. (1933), Co-operation in Africa, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanganyika see Tanzania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanganyika African National Union (1972), Siasa ni Kilimo (‘Politics is Agriculture’), Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, (before 1964: Tanganyika), Annual Reports of the Agricultural Department, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, The Economic Survey (1967/8 Background to the Budget), (annually), Dares Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, (1964). First Five Year Development Plan 1964/5–1968/9, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, (1966a). Report of the Special Committee of Enquiry into the Co-operative Movement and the Marketing Boards, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, (1966b), Rural Settlement Commission. A Report on the Village Settlement Programme… to 31st December 1965, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania, United Republic of, (1969), Second Five Year Development Plan 1969/70–1973/4, Dar es Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turok, B. (1971), ‘The Problem of agency in Tanzania’s rural development: Rufiji Ujamaa scheme’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Velsen, H. U. Thoden (1973), ‘Staff, kulaks and peasants’, in Cliffe and Saul (eds) (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, A. J. (1946), ‘Tanganyika Territory and native uplife’, Journal of the Royal Africa Society 39, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westergaard, P. (1974). ‘Analysis of the accounts of the co-operative societies of Tanzania for the years 1967–1969’, East African Journal of Rural Development, 7, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrand, C. G. (ed.) (1970), Co-operatives and Rural Development in East Africa, Scandinavian Institute of Africa Studies, Uppsala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widstrand, C. G. (ed.) (1972), African Co-operatives and Efficiency, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisner, B., Kassami, A and Nuwagaba, A. (1971), ‘Mbambara: The long road to ujamaa’, in Cliffe et al. (eds) (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, Alan (1950), The Groundnut Affair, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1961), The Economic Development of Tanganyika, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. and Fosbrooke, H. (1960), Land and Politics among the Luguru of Tanganyika, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1981 Andrew Coulson

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coulson, A. (1981). Agricultural Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1946–76. In: Heyer, J., Roberts, P., Williams, G. (eds) Rural Development in Tropical Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05318-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics