Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent in recent years that many of the small polypeptide hormones arise as products of structural genes that evidently are considerably larger than the secreted hormones (Steiner et al., submitted for publication; Tager and Steiner, 1974). These observations have stimulated considerable research activity in efforts to learn more about the biosynthetic mechanisms leading to the production of the small peptide hormones and to seek explanations for the existence of their larger precursor forms. On the basis of the evidence presently available it may be concluded tentatively that there are probably many explanations for these forms rather than any single or pre-eminent one. In this report I will briefly review current information regarding these hormonal precursor forms, their structures and cleavage mechanisms, and then attempt to come to grips with the difficult question as to why these occur.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adelson, J. W. (1971). Nature, 229, 321
Arey, L. B. (1974). Developmental Anatomy, 7th edn., Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 226
Bisset, G. V. (1976). This volume, p. 145
Blundell, T. L., Dodson, G. G., Dodson, E., Hodgkin, D. C. and Vijayan, M. (1971). Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 27, 1
Butterworth, B. E., Hall, L., Stoltzfus, C. M. and Rueckert, R. R. (1971). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 68, 3083
Chance, R. E. (1971). Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Diabetes Federation (ed. R. R. Rodriguez and J. Vallance-Owen), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p. 292
Chance, R. E., Ellis, R. M. and Bromer, W. W. (1968). Science, 161, 165
Chreitien, M. and Li, C. H. (1967). Can. J. Biochem., 45, 1163
Clark, J. L. (1969). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago
Clark, J. L., Cho, S., Rubenstein, A. H. and Steiner, D. F. (1969). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 35, 456
Clark, J. L. and Steiner, D. F. (1969). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 62, 278
Cohn, D. V., MacGregor, R. R., Chu, L. L. H., Kimmel, J. R. and Hamilton, J. W. (1972). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 69, 1521
Dayhoff, M. O.(1972). Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure 5
Dayhoff, M. O. (1973). Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure 5 Suppl. 1
Falkmer, S. (1971). Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Diabetes Fed-ration (ed. R. R. Rodriguez and J. Vallance-Owen), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
Falkmer, S., Emdin, S., Havu, N., Lundgren, G., Marques, M., Ostberg, Y., Steiner, D. F. and Thomas, N. W. (1973). Am. Zool., 13, 625
Frank, B. H. and Veros, A. J. (1970). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 38, 284
Frank, B. H., Veros, A. J. and Pekar, A. H. (1972). Biochemistry, 11, 4926
Frazier, W. A., Angeletti, R. H. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1972). Science, 176, 482
Grant, P. T. and Coombs, T. L. (1971). Essays in Biochemistry, 6, 69
Grant, P. T., Coombs, T. L. and Frank, B. H. (1972). Biochem. J., 126, 433
Grant, P. T., Coombs, T. L., Thomas, N. W. and Sargent, J. R. (1971). Subcellular Organization and Function in Endocrine Tissues. Memoirs Soc. Endocrinology vol. 19, Cambridge University Press, p. 481
Grant, P. T. and Reid, K. B. M. (1968). Biochem. J., 110, 281
Gregory, R. A. and Tracy, H. J. (1972). Lancet, II, 797
Grieder, M. H., Howell, S. L. and Lacy, P. E. (1969). J. Cell Biol. 41, 162
Habener, J. F., Kemper, B., Potts, J. T., Jr. and Rich, A. (1972). Science, 178, 630
Hamilton, J. W., MacGregor, R. R., Chu, L. L. H. and Cohn, D. V. (1971). Endocrinology, 89, 1440
Hamilton, J. W., Niall, H. D., Keutmann, H. T., Potts, J. T., Jr. and Cohn, D. V. (1973). Fed. Proc., 32, 269
Howell, S. L. (1972). Nature New Biol., 235, 85
Howell, S. L., Kostianovsky, M. and Lacy, P. E. (1969). J. Cell Biol., 42, 695
Jacobson, M. F. and Baltimore, D. (1968). J. Molec. Biol., 33, 369
Kemmler, W., Peterson, J. D. and Steiner, D. F. (1971). J. Biol. Chem., 246, 6786
Kemmler, W. and Steiner, D. F. (1970). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 41, 1223
Kemmler, W., Steiner, D. F. and Borg, J. (1973). J. Biol. Chem., 248, 4544
Kemper, B., Habener, J. F., Potts, J. T., Jr and Rich, A. (1972). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 69, 643
Kiehn, E. D. and Holland, J. J. (1970). J. Virol., 5, 358
Ko, S. C., Smyth, D. G., Markussen, J. and Sundby, F. (1971). Eur. J. Biochem., 20, 190
Lange, R. H., Boseck, S. and Ali, S. S. (1972). Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat., 131, 559
Lazarus, N. R., Tanese, T., Gutman, R. and Recant, L. (1970). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 30, 273
Lin, B. J. and Haist, R. E. (1973). Endocrinology, 92, 735
Logothetopoulos, J., Maneko, M., Wrenshall, G. A. and Best, C. H. (1964). The Structure and Metabolism of the Pancreatic Islets (ed. S. E. Brolin, B. Hellman and H. Knutson), Wenner-Gren Center Int. Symp. Series, vol. 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 333
Low, B. W., Fullerton, W. W. and Rosen, L. S. (1974). Nature, 248, 339
Markussen, J. and Sundby, F. (1972). Eur. J. Biochem., 25, 153
Markussen, J. and Sundby, F. (1973). Eur. J. Biochem., 34, 401
Melani, F., Ryan, W. G., Rubenstein, A. H. and Steiner, D. F. (1970). New. Eng. J. Med., 283, 713
Munger, B. L. (1958). Am. J. Anat., 103, 275
Neurath, H., Walsh, K. A. and Winter, W. P. (1968). Science, 158, 1638
Niall, H. D. (1976). This volume, p. 9
Noe, B. D. and Bauer, G. E. (1971). Endocrinology, 89, 642
Noe, B. D. and Bauer, G. E. (1973). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 142, 210
Nolan, C., Margoliash, E., Peterson, J. D. and Steiner, D. F. (1971). J. Biol. Chem., 246, 2780
Orci, L., Lambert, A. E., Kanazawa, Y., Amherdt, M., Rouiller, C. and Renold, A. E. (1971). J. Cell Biol., 50, 565
Oyer, P. E., Cho, S., Peterson, J. D. and Steiner, D. F. (1971). J. Biol. Chem., 246, 1375
Pearse, A. G. E. (1976). This volume, p. 33
Permutt, M. A. and Kipnis, D. M. (1972a). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 69, 506
Permutt, M. A. and Kipnis, D. M. (1972b). J. Biol. Chem., 247, 1194
Permutt, M. A. and Kipnis, D. M. (1972c). J. Biol. Chem., 247, 1200
Peterson, J. D., Nehrlich, S., Oyer, P. E. and Steiner, D. F. (1972). J. Biol. Chem., 247, 4866
Peterson, J. D., Steiner, D. F., Emdin, S. O., Ostberg, Y. and Falkmer, S. (1973). Fed. Proc., 32, 577
Pipeleers, D. G., Marichal, M. and Malaisse, W. J. (1973). Endocrinology, 93, 1012
Potts, J. T., Jr. (1973). Mount Sinai J. Med. XL 448
Potts, J. T., Jr. (1976). This volume, p. 119
Rubenstein, A. H., Clark, J. L., Melani, F. and Steiner, D. F. (1969). Nature, 224, 697
Rubenstein, A. H., Melani, F. and Steiner, D. F. (1972). Handbook of Physiology—Endocrinology I (ed. D. F. Steiner and N. Freinkel), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 515
Rutter, W. J., Clark, W. R., Kemp, J. D., Bradshaw, W. S., Sanders, T. G. and Ball, W. D. (1968). Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 114
Sachs, H., Fawcett, P., Takabatake, Y. and Portanova, R. (1969). Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 25, 447
Sando, H., Borg, J. and Steiner, D. F. (1972). J. Clin. Invest., 51, 1476
Scott, A. P., Ratcliffe, J. G., Rees, L. H., Bennett, H. P. J., Lowry, P. J. and McMartin, C. (1973). Nature New Biol., 244, 65
Sherman, B. M., Pek, S., Fajans, S. S., Floyd, J. C., Jr. and Conn. J. W. (1971). Diabetes, 20, 334
Smith, L. F. (1966). Am. J. Med., 40, 662
Smyth, D. G., Markussen, J. and Sundby, F. (1974). Nature, 248, 151
Steiner, D. F. (1967). Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci, Ser. II, 30, 60
Steiner, D. F. (1973). Nature, 243, 528
Steiner, D. F., Cho, S., Oyer, P. E., Terris, S., Peterson, J. D. and Rubenstein, A. H. (1971). J. Biol. Chem., 246, 1365
Steiner, D. F. and Clark, J. L. (1968). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 60, 622
Steiner, D. F., Clark, J. L., Nolan, C., Rubenstein, A. H., Margoliash, E., Melani, F.and Oyer, P. E. (1970). The Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Nobel Symposium (ed. E. Cerasi and R. Luft), Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, p. 123
Steiner, D. F., Cunningham, D. D., Spigelman, L. and Aten, B. (1967). Science, 157, 697
Steiner, D. F., Kemmler, W., Clark, J. L., Oyer, P. E. and Rubenstein, A. H. (1972). Handbook of Physiology—Endocrinology I (ed. D. F. Steiner and N. Freinkel), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 175
Steiner, D. F., Kemmler, W., Tager, H. S. and Peterson, J. D. Fed. Proc. submitted for publication
Steiner, D. F. and Oyer, P. E. (1967). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 57, 473
Steiner, D. F., Peterson, J. D., Tager, H. S., Emdin, S., and Falkmer, S. (1973a). Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the International Diabetes Federation, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
Steiner, D. F., Peterson, J. D., Tager, J., Emdin, S., Ostberg, Y. and Falkmer, S. (1973b). Am. Zool., 13, 591
Summers, D. F., Shaw, E. N., Stewart, M. L. and Maizel, J. V., Jr. (1972). J. Virol., 10, 880
Sun, A. M., Lin, B. J. and Haist, R. E. (1973). Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 51, 175
Sundby, F. and Markussen, J. (1970). Horm. Metab. Res., 2, 17
Sundby, F. and Markussen, J. (1972). Eur. J. Biochem., 25, 147
Tager, H. S., Emdin, S. O., Clark, J. L. and Steiner, D. F. (1973). J. Biol. Chem., 248, 3476
Tager, H. S. and Steiner, D. F. (1972). J. Biol. Chem., 247, 7936
Tager, H. S. and Steiner, D. F. (1973). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 70, 2321
Tager, H. S. and Steiner, D. F. (1974). Ann. Rev. Biochem., 43, 509
Tijoe, T. O. and Kroon, A. M. (1973). FEBS Letters, 33, 225
Trakatellis, A. C. and Schwartz, G. P. (1970). Nature, 225, 548
Tung, A. K. and Zerega, F. (1971). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 45, 387
Weinstein, B. (1972). Experientia, 28, 1517
Wessells, N. K. and Evans, J. (1968). Develop. Biol., 17, 413
Yalow, R. S. and Berson, S. A. (1971). Gastroenterology, 60, 203
Yalow, R. S. and Berson, S. A. (1972). Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Endocrinology (ed. R. O. Scow), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p. 585
Yalow, R. S. and Berson, S. A. (1973). Metabolism, 22, 703
Yamaji, K., Tada, K. and Trakatellis, A. C. (1972). J. Biol. Chem., 247, 4080
Abita, J. P., Moulin, A., Lazdunski, M., Hage, G., Palasciano, G., Brasca, A. and Tiscornia, O. (1973). FEBS Letters, 34 251–255
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1976 Institute of Biology Endowment Trust Fund
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steiner, D.F. (1976). Peptide hormone precursors: biosynthesis, processing and significance. In: Parsons, J.A. (eds) Peptide Hormones. Biological Council. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02718-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02718-7_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-02720-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-02718-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)