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Preliminary estimates of the export of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DHA) from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems

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Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract

In recent decades polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have come to be recognized as compounds with considerable physiological importance for animals at all taxonomic levels, including humans. Animals do not have the enzymes necessary to insert double bonds in fatty acid molecules in positions closer than the 7th carbon (designated n-7 or ω7) from the methyl end of the molecule; therefore, 18-carbon-long PUFA such as linoleic acid (LIN; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) are essential dietary nutrients (Fig. 8.1). These two essential PUFA are primarily synthesized by plants (both vascular plants and algae) and by some fungi (Fig. 8.1). These PUFA are the biochemical precursors of the most physiologically active PUFA: arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Higher plants cannot desaturate and elongate ALA to EPA and DHA; however, many algae can perform these reactions (Fig. 8.1, and see Sect. 8.2 for details).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The two long chain highly unsaturated fatty n-3 fatty acids (i.e. EPA and DHA) will be referred to in this chapter as n-3 HUFA or, for brevity, simply as HUFA.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dan Baumgardt (Science and Operations Officer, National Weather Service, La Crosse, Wisconsin) for providing the Doppler radar images of mayfly emergence from the upper headwaters of the Mississippi River. The work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and Krasnoyarsk Science Foundation grant # 07-04-96803-r_yenisei and by RFBR grant # 07-05-00076 (M.I.G. and N.N.S) and by the National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada (M.T.A.). We are grateful to Drs. M. Kainz and M.T. Brett for useful comments on previous drafts of this chapter and to our anonymous reviewer whose insightful comments greatly improved our chapter.

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  1. Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, Russia, 660036

    M.I. Gladyshev

  2. National Water Research Institute, Environment, 5050, Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario Canada, L7R 4A6

    M.T. Arts

  3. Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, Russia

    N.N. Sushchik

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  1. M.I. Gladyshev
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    Gladyshev, M., Arts, M., Sushchik, N. (2009). Preliminary estimates of the export of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DHA) from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. In: Kainz, M., Brett, M., Arts, M. (eds) Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89366-2_8

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