Preparing a synopsis of the history and historical archaeology of New Spain’s northwest frontier, not to mention its Pacific holdings, is not simply daunting, it is a Herculean task. At least hundreds of thousands of pages in thousands of books and articles have been published or are hidden in the “gray literature” on countless subjects relating to the broad historical sweep of this vast region. As a result I will limit my comments more toward generalization, and attempt to direct the reader to other, more-comprehensive sources. Omission, therefore, is not a critique.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abinion, O.V., 1985, Report of the “Nuestra Señora de la Vida” Wreck. Field Report No. 14. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Accion, M., Jr., 1979, Bastion de San Diego Archaeological Project. Field Report No. 2. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Accion, M., Jr., 1982, Nature and Function of the Circular Structure within the Baluarte of Bastion de San Diego. Field Report, No. 7. Manuscript on file, Philippines National Museum, Manila.
Accion, M., Hosillos, H., and Maloles, E., 1982, 18th Century Cistern of Bastion de San Diego. Field Report, No. 37. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Aga-Oglu, K., 1946, Ying Ch’ing Porcelain Found in the Philippines. Art Quarterly Autumn:315–327.
Aga-Oglu, K., 1948, Ming Export Blue and White Jars in the University of Michigan Collection. Art Quarterly Summer:201–217.
Alba, L.A., 1993, Preliminary Analysis of the San Diego (1600) Stoneware. Field Report, No. 26. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Alip, E.M., 1959, Ten Centuries of Philippine-Chinese Relations. Alip & Sons, Manila.
Allen, R., 1998, Native Americans at Mission Santa Cruz, 1791–1834, Interpreting the Archaeological Record. Perspectives in California Archaeology 5. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Arcilla, J.S., 1971, An Introduction to Philippine History. Ateneo de Manila Press, Manila.
Arnold, J.B. III, and Weddle, R.S., 1978, The Nautical Archaeology of Padre Island: The Spanish Shipwrecks of 1554. Academic Press, New York.
Ashley, R., Berkovich, C., Breiner, S, Galindo, R., Hunter, J., Rojas, C., Skowronek, R., Von der Porten, E., and Watters, M., 2003, Informe del reconocimiento arqueológico de la localidad de un naufragio reportado cerca de la Laguna de Guerrero Negro, Baja California, Fase II, Temporada de Campo 2000. Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática/Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Universidad de Santa Clara, Museo Marítimo de San Diego, National Geographic.
Avery, G., 1995, 1995 Annual Report for the Los Adaes Station Archaeology Program. Department of Social Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Avery, G., 1996, 1996 Annual Report for the Los Adaes Station Archaeology Program, Management Unit 1. Department of Social Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Avery, G., 1997, Los Adaes Station Archaeology Program 1997 Annual Report. Department of Social Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Avery, G., 1998, Los Adaes Station Archaeology Program 1998 Annual Report. Department of Social Sciences, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Ayres, J.E., compiler, 1995, The Archaeology of Spanish and Mexican Colonialism in the American Southwest. Guides to the Archaeological Literature of the Immigrant Experience in America, No. 3. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Baccus, E., 1989, Description of Philippine Sites with Non-Asian Ceramics in the Guthe Collection. Manuscript on file, Museum of Anthropology, Oriental Range, Ruthven Museum, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Bannon, J.F., 1970, The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Bannon, J.F., editor, 1964, Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Barker, L.R., Allen, R., and Costello, J.G., 1995, The Archaeology of Spanish and Mexican Alta California. In The Archaeology of Spanish and Mexican Colonialism in the American Southwest, compiled by J.E. Ayres, pp. 3–21. Guides to the Archaeological Literature of the Immigrant Experience in America, No. 3. Society for Historical Archaeology, Tucson.
Barratt, G., 1989, Carolinian Contacts with the Mariana Islands: The European Record. Micronesian Archaeological Report Series, No. 25. Division of Historic Preservation, Saipan, Marianas Protectorate.
Bautista, A.P., 1985, Identification of Biological Remains from Ayuntamiento Site, Intramuros, Manila. Field Report, No. 8. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., 1993, Inter-Agency Archaeological Assessment Project, Progress Report No. 2, Philippine Navy Ready Force Compound Fort Santiago, Intramuros Walls, Manila. Field Report, No. 10. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., 1994, Brief Report on the Inspection of an Archaeological Site in San Andres, Intramuros, Manila (NCR-1982-T6). Field Report, No. 17. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., and de la Torre, A., 1992a, Brief Report on the Inspection of an Archaeological Site in Plaza San Luis, Intramuros, Manila. Field Report, No. 4. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., and de la Torre, A., 1992b, Rescue Archaeology in Plaza San Luis, Intramuros, Manila. Field Report, No. 5. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., and de la Torre, A., 1994, Archaeological Impact Assessment Project of Three Historic Sites within the Intramuros Walls. In Selected Papers of the Annual Conferences of the Manila Studies Association, 1989–1993, edited by B.R. Churchill, pp. 35–49. Manila Studies Association, Manila.
Bautista, A., Dizon, E., de la Torre, A., Garcia, M., Peñalosa, A., Batoon, L., and Navarro, G., 1994, Third Status Report Surigao Archaeological Project, Panhutongan Archaeological Site, Placer, Surigao del Norte. Field Report, No. 1. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., and Penalosa, A.P., 1994, Archaeological Assessment of Spanish Historical Sites at Tukaran, Zamboanga del Sur. Field Report, No. 14. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bautista, A.P., Ronquillo, W.P., and Conese, E., 1994, Archaeological Assessment of Spanish Historical Sites at Camiguin Province. Field Report, No. 33. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Bauzon, L.E., 1977, The Mexican Subsidy. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, vol. 4, pp. 1036–1039. Lahing Pilipino, Manila.
Bayaca, D., Delgado, R.N., Estember, R., Matulac, C., Paredes, C., Paredes, R., Ricacho, N., and Sayago, A., 1994, A Preliminary Report on Archaeological Assessments of Historical Sites in Barangay Militar, Tururan, Zamboanga del Sur. Field Report, No. 51. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines. Archaeological Field School, Department of Sociology-Anthropology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
Bense, J.A., editor, 2004, Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands. Historical Archaeology 38(3).
Bergesen, A., 1995, Let’s Be Frank about World History. In Civilizations and World Systems, edited by S.K. Sanderson, pp.195–205. AltaMira, Walnut Creek, California.
Beyer, H.O., 1946, Manila Ware. Bulletin, No. 1. Museum and Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of the Philippines, Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Beyer, H.O., 1949, Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and Provinces. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Bruseth, J.E., and Turner, T.S., 2005, From a Watery Grave. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.
Bourne, E.G., 1907, Discovery, Conquest, and Early History of the Philippine Islands. Arthur H. Clark, Cleveland, Ohio.
Bustamente, A., 1991, The Matter Was Never Resolved: The Casta System in Colonial New Mexico, 1693–1823. New Mexico Historical Review 66:143–164.
Campa, A.L., 1979, Hispanic Culture in the Southwest. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Carlson, S.B., 1994, Texas Beyond the Periphery: An Archaeological Study of the Spanish Missions during the 18th Century. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Carlson, S.B., and James, W.D., 1995, An Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of 18th Century Lead-Glazed Earthenwares from Four Spanish Missions in Texas. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 196:207–213.
Carrano, P., and Sanchez, P.C., 1964, A Complete History of Guam. Charles E. Tuttle, Rutland, Vermont.
Carrell, T., 1991, Micronesia Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment. Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers, No. 36. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, USDI National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Carrillo, C.M., 1997, Hispanic New Mexico Pottery: Evidence of Craft Specialization, 1790–1890. LPD Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Casiño, E.S., 1982, The Filipino Nation, The Philippines: Lands and Peoples, a Cultural Geography. Grolier International, Philippines.
Chaunu, P., 1960, Les Philippines et la Pacifique des Iberiques (XVIe, XVIIe, XVIIIe siecles). École Practique des Écoles Hautes Etudes, Paris.
Choris, L., 1822, Voyage pittoresque autour du monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d’Amérique, d’Asia, d’Afrique, et des iles du Grand Océan…. Firmin Didot, Paris.
Clark, S.A., 1905, Pioneer Days of Oregon History. J.K. Gill, Portland, Oregon.
Cohen-Williams, A., 1992, Common Maiolica Types of Northern New Spain. In The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods, edited by P. Farnsworth and J.S. Williams, pp. 119–130. Historical Archaeology 26(1).
Cohen-Williams, A., and Williams, J.S., 2004, Reconstructing Maiolica Patterns from Spanish Colonial Sites in Southern California. Paper presented at the California Mission Studies Association Meeting, San Luis Obispo, California.
Constantino, R., 1975, The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Tala, Quezon City, Philippines.
Corpuz, O.D., 1989, The Roots of the Filipino Nation. AKLAHI Foundation, Quezon City, Philippines.
Costello, J.G., 1985, Mission Pottery—Analysis from Feature 1. Appendix G in Report of Phase III Research for Block 1, San Antonio Plaza, San Jose, by D. Fredrickson and V. Bente, n.p. Theodoratus Cultural Research, Fair Oaks, California. Submitted to the Redevelopment Agency, City of San Jose, California.
Costello, J.G., 1997, Brick and Tile Making in Spanish California with Related Old and New World Examples. In Prehistory and the History of Ceramic Kilns, edited by P.M. Rice, pp. 195–217. Ceramics and Civilization, vol. 7. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio.
Crosby, A.W., 1986, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe 900–1900. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cunningham, L.J., 1992, Ancient Chamorro Society. Bess, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Cushner, N.P., 1971, Spain in the Philippines from Conquest to Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.
Cutter, D.C., 1990, California in 1792: A Spanish Naval Visit. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Deagan, K., 1987, Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500–1800. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Deetz, J., 1991, Archaeological Evidence of Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Encounters. In Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective, edited by L. Falk, pp. 1–10. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Degadillo, Y., McGrath, T.B., S.J., and Plaza, F., 1979, Spanish Forts of Guam. Publication Series, No. 7. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
de Jesus, E.C., 1980, The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines: Bureaucratic Enterprise and Social Change, 1766–1880. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Quezon City, Philippines.
de la Costa, H., S.J., 1961, The Jesuits in the Philippines, 1581–1768. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
de la Torre, A.A., 1993a, Assessment of Santa Lucia Site, Intramuros, Manila 23 June 1993. Field Report, No. 21. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
de la Torre, A.A., 1993b, Earthenware Vessels from San Diego Shipwreck. Field Report, No. 25. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
de la Torre, A.A., 1994, Surigao del Norte Archaeological Project: An Archaeological Project: An Archaeological Excavation at Barangay Pahhutongan, Municipality of Placer, Surigao del Norte, N.E. Mindanao, Philippines. Paper presented at the 15th Congress of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, Chiang Mai, Thailand, January 5–12, 1994. Field Report, No. 7. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
de la Torre, A.A., and Tubalado, N.R., 1990, A Report on the Preliminary Investigation of a Blacksmith’s Shop in Barangay Basak-Pardo, Cebu City. Field Report, No. 45. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Delgado, J.P., 2002, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology on the Pacific Coast. In International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, edited by C.V. Ruppe and J.F. Barsted, pp. 221–246. Springer, New York.
Delgado, J.P., editor, 1997, British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology. British Museum Press, London.
Delgado, J.P., and Haller, S.A., 1989, Shipwrecks at the Golden Gate. Lexicos, San Francisco.
del Valle, T., 1991, The Importance of the Mariana Islands to Spain at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Micronesia Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Desroches, J-P., Casal, G., and Goddio, F., 1996, Treasures of the San Diego. Association Francaise d’Action Aristique, Foundation Elf, and Elf Aquitaine International Foundation, Paris and New York.
Diaz Arenas, R., 1979 [1838], Report on the Commerce and Shipping of the Philippine Islands. 1979 facsimile ed. Translated by E. Alzona. National Historical Institute, Manila.
Diaz-Trechuelo Spinola, M.L., 1978, Arquitectura Española en Filipinas, 1565–1800. Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos de Sevilla, Seville.
Dizon, E.M., 1980, The Archaeological Excavation at the Parian Site, Intramuros, Metro Manila (NCR-79-R58). Field Report, No. 14. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Dizon, E.Z., 1994a, A Decade of Archaeological Research in the Philippines, 1982–1992. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 22:197–222.
Dizon, E.Z., 1994b, The Archaeological Excavation at the Parian Site in Intramuros, Metro Manila (NCR-79-R-5B). In Selected Papers of the Annual Conferences of the Manila Studies Association, 1989–1993, edited by B.R. Churchill, pp. 22–34. Manila Studies Association, Manila.
Driver, M.G., editor, 1990, Guam Diary of Naturalist Antonio de Pineda, 1792. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Driver, M.G., 1993a, Fray Juan Pobre in the Marianas 1602. Miscellaneous Series, No. 8. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Driver, M.G., 1993b, Mariana de Austria. In Father San Vitores: His Life, Times, and Martyrdom, edited by E.G. Johnson, pp. 5–12. Publication Series, No. 6. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao.
Driver, M.G., and Brunal-Perry, O., 1994, Architectural Sketches of the Spanish Era Forts of Guam. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Farnsworth, P., and Williams, J.S., editors, 1992, The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods. Historical Archaeology 26(1).
Faulk, O.B., and Faulk, L.E., 1988, Defenders of the Interior Provinces, Presidial Soldiers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain. Albuquerque Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Fenner, B.L., 1985, Cebu under the Spanish Flag (1521–1896). San Carlos Publications, San Carlos University, Cebu City, Philippines.
Flint, R., and Flint, S.C., editors, 1997, The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route across the Southwest. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
Flint, R., and Flint, S.C., editors, 2003, The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Foote, C.J., and Schackel, S.K., 1986, Indian Women of New Mexico, 1536–1680. In New Mexico Women: Intercultural Perspectives, edited by J.M. Jensen and D.A. Miller, pp.17–40. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Ford, R.I., 1987, The New Pueblo Economy. In When Cultures Meet: Remembering San Gabriel del Yunge Oweenge, compiled by H. Agoyo, pp. 73–91. Sunstone, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Foster, G.M., 1960, Culture and Conquest: America’s Spanish Heritage. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 27. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York.
Fournier-García, P., 1997, Tendencias de consumo en México durante los períodos Colonial e Independiente. In Approaches to the Historical Archaeology of Mexico, Central & South America, edited by J. Gasco, G.C. Smith, and P. Fournier-García, pp. 49–58. Monograph 38. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Frank, A.G., 1995, The Modern World System Revisited: Rereading Braudel and Wallerstein. In Civilizations and World Systems, edited by S.K. Sanderson, pp. 195–205. AltaMira, Walnut Creek, California.
Frank, R.H., 1991, The Changing Pueblo Indian Pottery Tradition: The Underside of Economic Development in Late Colonial New Mexico, 1750–1820. Journal of the Southwest 33:282–321.
Fritz, G., 1989, The Chamorro: A History and Ethnography of the Marianas. Translated by E. Craddock, edited by S. Russell. Division of Historic Preservation, Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Saipan. Originally published 1904, Die Chamorrow, eine geschicte und ethnographie der Marianen. Ethnologisches Notizblatt 3(3):25–110. Berlin.
Galvin, J., 1964, Supplies from Manila for the California Missions, 1781–1783. Philippine Studies Quarterly 12:494–510.
Gatbonton, E.B., 1985, Bastión de San Diego. Intramuro Administration, Ministry of Human Settlements, Manila.
Gitlin, J., 1992, On the Boundaries of Empire: Connecting the West to Its Imperial Past. In Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past, edited by W. Cronon, G. Miles, and J. Gitlin, pp. 71–89. W.W. Norton, New York.
Goddio, F., 1988, Discovery and Archaeological Excavation of a 16th Century Trading Vessel in the Philippines. Kyodo, Manila.
Graham, E., 1998, Mission Archaeology. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 27:25–62.
Guerrero, M.C., and Quirino, C., 1977, Old Chinatown: 1570–1770. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, vol. 4, edited by A.R. Roces, pp. 1108–1112. Lahing Pilipino, Manila.
Guthe, C.E., 1927, The University of Michigan Philippine Expedition. American Anthropologist 29:69–76.
Guthe, C.E., 1929, Distribution of Sites Visited by the University of Michigan Philippine Expedition 1922–1925. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 10:79–89.
Hann, J.H., 1988, Apalachee: The Land between the Rivers. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Haynes, D.E., and Wuerch, W.L., 1990, Historical Survey of the Spanish Mission Sites on Guam, 1669–1800. 2nd ed. Educational Series, No. 9. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Higueras Rodríguez, M.D., editor, 1985, Catalogo crítico de los documentos de la Expedicíon Malaspina (1789–1794) del Museo Naval, vol 1. Museo Naval, Madrid.
Higueras Rodríguez, M.D., editor, 1987, Catalogo crítico de los documentos de la Expedicíon Malaspina (1789–1794) del Museo Naval,vol. 2. Museo Naval, Madrid.
Hoover, R.L., 1992, Some Models for Spanish Colonial Archaeology in California. In The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods, edited by P. Farnsworth and J.S. Williams, pp. 37–44. Historical Archaeology 26(1).
Hoover, R.L., and Costello, J.G., editors, 1985, Excavations at Mission San Antonio, 1976–1978. Monograph 26. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Hutterer, K.L., and MacDonald, W.K., 1982, Houses Built on Scattered Poles: Prehistory and Ecology in Negros Oriental, Philippines. University of San Carlos Press, Cebu City, Philippines.
Hylkema, M., 1995, Archaeological Investigation at Mission Santa Clara (CA-SCL-30) for the Re-Alignment of Route 82. California Department of Transportation, District 4, Oakland.
IOTA Partners, 1996, 1996 Annual Report: The Recovery of the Manila Galleon Santa Margarita. IOTA Partners, Bellevue, Washington.
Jackson, R.H., and Castillo, E., 1995, Indians, Franciscan., and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Jocano, F.L., 1975, Philippine Prehistory: An Anthropological Overview of the Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture. Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
Jones, O.L., Jr., 1979, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Junker, L.L., 1990, The Organization of Intra-Regional and Long-Distance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies. Asian Perspectives 29:167–209.
Junker, L.L., 1999, Raiding, Tradin., and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Kealhofer, L., 1996, The Evidence for Demographic Collapse in California. In Bioarchaeology of Native American Adaptation in the Spanish Borderlands, edited by B.J. Baker and L. Kealhofer, pp. 56–92. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Keesing, F., 1962, The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Kessell, J.L., 1987, Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540–1840. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Lambert, D., Reinhart, N., Russel, L., and Von Herzen, G., 1998, A Year in the Life of a Spanish Pueblo, San José de Guadalupe in 1809: Official Correspondence. Research Manuscript Series on the Cultural and Natural History of Santa Clara, No. 9. Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California.
Langdon, R., 1992, Sixteenth Century Spanish Castaways in the Caroline and Marshall Islands. In Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference, edited by D.H. Rubinstein, pp. 7–16. University of Guam and Micronesian Area Research Center, Mangilao, Guam.
Legarda, B., Jr., 1955, Two and a Half Centuries of the Galleon Trade. Philippine Studies 3:345–372.
Legarda, B., Jr., 1967, The Philippine Economy under Spanish Rule. Solidarity 2(10):1–21.
Lewis, K.E., 1984, The American Frontier: An Archaeological Study of Settlement Pattern and Process. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
Lightfoot, K.G., 2005, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontier. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Longacre, W.A., and Skibo, J., editors, 1994, Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Longoria, L.D., 2007, Chinese Export Porcelain in the Missions and Presidios of Eighteenth Century Spanish Texas. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio.
Lueger, R., 1981, Ceramics from Yuquot, British Columbia. In The Yuquot Project, vol. 3, edited by W.J. Folan and J. Dewhirst, pp. 103–170. History and Archaeology, No. 44. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa.
Lyon, E., 1990, Track of the Manila Galleons. National Geographic 178(3):5–38.
Madulid, D.A., 1987, The Philippines in the Year 1792 as Portrayed by the Malaspina Expedition Artists. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 15:219–254.
Majewski, T., and Ayres, J.E., 1997, Toward an Archaeology of Colonialism in the Greater Southwest. Revista de Arqueología Americana 12:55–86. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Mexico City, México.
Mathers, W.M., 1990, Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. National Geographic 178(3):39–52.
Mathers, W.M., Parker, H.S. III, and Copus, K.A., 1990, Archaeological Report: The Recovery of the Manila Galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. Submitted to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Sea Resources, South Dartmouth, Massachusetts.
Mathers, W.M., and Shaw, N., 1993, Treasure of the Concepcíon. APA Publications, Hong Kong.
Mathewson, R.D. III, 1992, The Pilar Project: Monthly Report, July. Manuscript on file, Historic Preservation Office, Agaña, Guam.
McCoy, P.C., Price, S.T., and Craib, J., 1978, Archaeological Review of Orote Historical Complex, Orote Point, Guam. Submitted to the Pacific Division, U.S. Department of the Navy. Manuscript on file, Pacific West Regional Office, U.S. Department of the Navy, Oakland, California.
McGrath, T.B., S.J., 1993, The Proas of the Marianas. In Father Sanvitores: His Life, Times, and Martyrdom, edited by E.G. Johnson, pp. 36–49. Micronesian Area Research Center Publication Series, No. 6. University of Guam, Mangilao.
Milliken, R.T., 1995, A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769–1810. Ballena, Menlo Park, California.
Moorhead, M.L., 1975, The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Moses, B., 1929, Spain Overseas. Hispanic Society of America, New York.
Mudge, J.McC., 1986, Chinese Export Porcelain in North America. Clarkson N. Potter, New York.
Neff, H., and Glascock, M.D., 2002, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Ceramics. In Nuestra Señora del Refugio (41RF1), Refugio County, Texas, edited by C.L. Tennis, Appendix H. Archaeological Survey Report, No. 315. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.
Nehalem Valley Historical Society Treasure Committe., 1991, Tales of the Neahkahnie Treasure. Tillamook County Pioneer Museum, Tillamook, Oregon.
Officer, J.E., 1987, Hispanic Arizona, 1536–1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Olds, D.L., 1976, Texas Legacy from the Gulf: A Report on 16th Century Shipwreck Materials from the Texas Tidelands. Miscellaneous Papers, No. 5. Publication, No. 2. Texas Memorial Museum and Texas Antiquities Committee, Austin.
Orogo, A.B., 1993a, First Status Report, RE: Santa Lucia Archaeological Excavation Project, Intramuros, Manila. Field Report, No. 36. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Orogo, A.B., 1993b, Summary Report RE: Result of the Archaeological Excavation Conducted at Santa Barbara Site in Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila. Progress Report on Inter-Agency Archaeological Project, pt. 3. Field Report, No. 30. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Orogo, A.B., and Alegre, L.A., 1994, Archaeological Investigation conducted at P. Guevarra Elementary School Compound Corner Asuncion and San Fernando Streets, Binondo, Manila 19 July 1994. Field Report, No. 20. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Pearson, C.E., 1981, El Nuevo Constante: Investigations of an Eighteenth Century Spanish Shipwreck off the Louisiana Coast. Anthropological Study, No. 4. Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Baton Rouge.
Pearson, C.E., and Hoffman, P.E., 1995, The Last Voyage of El Nuevo Constante: The Wreck and Recovery of an Eighteenth-Century Spanish Ship off the Louisiana Coast. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
Phelan, J.L., 1967, The Hispanization of the Philippines. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Poyo, G.E., and Hinojosa, G.M., editors, 1991, Tejano Origins in Eighteenth-Century San Antonio. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Rafael, V.L., 1988, Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Manila.
Reed, E.K., 1952, General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam. USDI National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Reyes, J.C., 1981, Preliminary Report on the San Luis Site Excavation in Intramuros. Field Report, No. 22. Manuscript on file, National Museum, Manila, Luzon, Philippines.
Rogers, R.W., 1999, Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island. Pilialoha, Haleiwa, Hawaii.
Ronquillo, W., 1990, Philippine Underwater Archaeology: Present Research Projects and New Developments. Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 14(1):21–24.
Ruth, H.M., Jones, J.B., and Grobins, M.M., 1990, Guidebook to the Architecture of Guam. American Institute of Architects, Guam and Trust Territories of the Pacific Chapter. China Color Print Company, Taipei.
Safford, W.E., 1902, Guam and Its People. American Anthropologist 4:707–729.
Safford, W.E., 1903, The Chamorro Language of Guam. American Anthropologist 5:289–311, 508–529.
Schreurs, P., 1983, The Royal Fort of Tandag (1609–1823). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 11(2–3):107–122.
Schuetz, M.K., 1986, The Archaeology of the Governor’s Palace, Plaza de España, Guam. Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
Schuetz-Miller, M.K., 1994, Building and Builders in Hispanic California, 1769–1850. Southwestern Mission Research Center, Tucson.
Schurz, W.L., 1939, The Manila Galleon. E.P. Dutton, New York.
Scott, W.H., 1994, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Manila.
Shangraw, C., and Von der Porten, E.P., 1981, The Drake and Cermeño Expeditions’ Chinese Porcelains at Drakes Bay, California 1579 and 1595. Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California; and Drake Navigators Guild, Palo Alto, California.
Shangraw, C., and Von der Porten, E.P., 1997, Kraak Plate Design Sequence, 1550–1655. Drake Navigators Guild, San Francisco.
Shoup, L.H., 1995, Inigo of Ranch Posolmi: The Life and Ties of a Mission Indian and His Land. Submitted to Tasman Corridor Archaeological Project, Santa Clara County Transportation Agency, San Jose, California. Archaeological/Historical Consultants, Oakland, California.
Silliman, S.W., 2004, Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology of Rancho Petaluma. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Skowronek, R.K., 1984, Trade Patterns of Eighteenth Century Frontier New Spain: The Flota and St. Augustine. Volumes in Historical Archaeology. South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
Skowronek, R.K., 1987, Ceramics and Commerce: The 1554 Flota Revisited. Historical Archaeology 21(2):101–111.
Skowronek, R.K., 1989, A New Europe in the New World: Hierarchy, Continuity and Change in the Spanish Sixteenth-Century Colonization of Hispaniola and Florida. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Skowronek, R.K., 1992, Empire and Ceramics: The Changing Role of Illicit Trade in Spanish America. In The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods, edited by P. Farnsworth and J.S. Williams, pp. 109–118. Historical Archaeology 26(1).
Skowronek, R.K., 1997, End of the Empire: The Spanish Philippines and Puerto Rico in the Nineteenth Century. Itinerario 21(2):33–50.
Skowronek, R.K., 1998a, Sifting the Evidence: Perceptions of Life at the Ohlone (Costanoan) Missions of Alta California. Ethnohistory 45(4):45–78.
Skowronek, R.K., 1998b, The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Economics and Society. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 2:45–71.
Skowronek, R.K., 1998c, Review of Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by W.A. Longacre and J. Skibo. Historical Archaeology 32(4):100–103.
Skowronek, R.K., 1999, Identifying the First El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe: Some Archaeological, Historica., and Geographical Considerations. Occasional Papers, No. 2. California Mission Studies Association, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California.
Skowronek, R.K., 2002, Global Economics in the Creation and Maintenance of the Spanish Colonial Empire. In Social Dimensions in the Economic Process, edited by N. Dannhaeuser and C. Werner, pp. 295–310. Research in Economic Anthropology 21. JAI/Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
Skowronek, R.K., Blackman, M.J., Bishop, R.L., Ginn, S., and Garcia Heras, M., 2001, Chemical Characterization of Earthenware on the Alta California Frontier. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Nuclear and Related Techniques, edited by R. Padilla Alvarez, pp. 1–19. Havana, Cuba.
Skowronek, R.K., Bishop, R.L., Blackman, M.J., Ginn, S., and García Heras, M., 2003, Chemical Characterization of Earthenware on the Alta California Frontier. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 16:209–219.
Skowronek, R.K., Blackman, M.J., and Bishop, R.L., 2009, To Produce and Consume: Ceramic Composition Variation in the San Francisco Presidio District. Historical Archaeology 43(4), in press.
Skowronek, R.K., Reyes, R., Ginn, S., Greenwalt, K., Blackman, M.J., and Bishop, R.L., 2006, From Science to Humanism: Finding the Pots in the Sherds. In San Diego, Alta California and the Borderlands: Proceedings of the 23th Annual Conference, California Mission Studies Association, San Diego, edited by R.M. Beebe and R. Senkewicz, pp. 155–173. California Mission Studies Association, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California.
Skowronek, R.K., and Thompson, E., 2006, Situating Mission Santa Clara de Asís: 1776–1851, Documentary and Material Evidence of Life on the Alta California Frontier: A Timeline. Academy of American Franciscan History, Berkeley, California.
Skowronek, R.K., and Wizorek, J.C., 1997, Archaeology at Santa Clara de Asís: The Slow Rediscovery of a Moveable Mission. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 33(3):54–92.
Smalley, J., 1995, Life on Board Manila Galleons. Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 19(1):29–32.
Smith, S.B., 1900, Beginning in Oregon. In Proceedings of the Oregon Historical Society, pp. 72–97. W.H. Leeds, State Printer, Portland, Oregon.
Solheim, W.G., I., 1964, The Archaeology of the Central Philippines: A Study of the Iron Age and Its Relationships. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Spicer, E.H., 1962, Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexic., and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533–1960. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Spoehr, A., 1973, Zamboanga and Sulu: An Archaeological Approach to Ethnic Diversity. Ethnology Monographs, No. 1. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Stafford, O.F., 1925, The Wax of Nehalem Beach. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 26(2):24–41.
Stavrianos, L.S., 1981, Global Rift: The Third World Comes of Age. Morrow, New York.
Steffen, J.O., 1980, Comparative Frontiers: A Proposal for Studying the American West. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Thomas, D.H., 1989, Columbian Consequences: The Spanish Borderlands in Cubist Perspective. In Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands West, edited by D.H. Thomas, pp. 1–14. Columbian Consequences, vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Thomas, D.H., series editor, 1991, Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks. Garland, New York.
Thompson, L., 1932, Archaeology of the Mariana Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, No. 100. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Thompson, L., 1947, Guam and Its People. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Tubangui, H.R., Bauzon, L.E., Foronda, M.A. , Jr., and Ausejo, L.U., 1982, The Filipino Nation: A Concise History of the Philippines. Grolier International, Philippines.
Valdes, C.O., 1993, Saga of the San Diego. Concerned Citizens for the National Museum, Vera-Reyes, Manila.
Van Peenen, M.W., 1993, Chamorro Legends on the Island of Guam. MARC Publications Series, No. 4. Micronesia Area Research Center, Mangilao, Guam.
Von der Porten, E.P., 1972, Drake and Cermeño in California: Sixteenth Century Chinese Ceramics. Historical Archaeology 6:1–22.
Von der Porten, E., 2005, The Manila Galleon Trade, 1565–1815: Traces & Treasures. Noticias del Puerto de Monterey 54(1):15–23.
Voss, B.L., 2002, The Archaeology of El Presidio de San Francisco: Culture Contact, Gende., and Ethnicity in a Spanish-Colonial Military Community. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
Voss, B.L., 2008, The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Wade, M.F., 2008, Missions, Missionaries, and Native Americans: Long-Term Processes and Daily Practices. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Wagner, H.R., 1929, Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast of America in the Sixteenth Century. Special Publications 4. California Historical Society, San Francisco.
Wallerstein, I., 1974, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic Press, New York.
Wallerstein, I., 1989, The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of the Great Expansion of The Capitalist World-Economy, 1730–1840s. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Walter, T.L., 2007, Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga: A Frontier Mission in South Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Weber, D.J., 1992, The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
Weber, D.J., editor, 1979, New Spain’s Far Northern Frontier: Essays on Spain in the American West, 1540–1821. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, Texas.
Weigand, P., Ward, S., and Harbottle, G., 1981, Mexican Sherds Recovered from the Archaeological Excavations at Yuquot, British Columbia. In The Yuquot Project, vol. 3, edited by W.J. Folan and J. Dewhirst, pp. 171–178. History and Archaeology Series, No. 44. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
Welch, D., Goodwin, C., and McNeil, J., 1992, The Development of Agaña, Guam, 1500–1991. Paper presented at the 25th Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, Kingston, Jamaica.
Williams, J.S., 1992, The Archaeology of Underdevelopment and the Military Frontier of Northern New Spain. In The Archaeology of the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Republican Periods, edited by P. Farnsworth and J.S. Williams, pp. 7–21. Historical Archaeology 26(1).
Williams, S.S., 2006, A Research Design to Conduct Archaeological Investigations at the Site of the “Beeswax Wreck” of Nehalem Bay, Tillamook County, Oregon. http://www.nagagroup.org/BeesWax/proposal/proposal.htm.
Wolf, E.R., 1982, Europe and the People without History. University of California Press, Berkeley.
World Wide First, 1985, Preliminary Summary Report of the “Nuestra Señora de la Vida” Wreck, Isla Verde, Philippines. Field Report, No. 31. Manuscript on file, Philippine National Museum, Manila.
World Wide First, 1986, Preliminary Report of the San Jose Excavation: Lubang Island. Field Report No. 1. Manuscript on file, Philippine National Museum, Manila.
Zialcita, F.N., and Tinio, M.I., Jr., 1980, Philippine Ancestral Houses (1810–1930). GCF Books, Quezon City, Philippines.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Dr. Teresita Majewski for her editorial comments and leadership in the creation of this book, and, in the Philippines, Dr. Henry Totanes of Ateneo de Manila and Ateneo de Naga Universities, and Mr. Wilfredo Ronquillo and Dr. Eusebio Dizon of the Philippine National Museum in Manila, for their support and assistance with reference materials. Information on Guam was graciously supplied by Dr. Roger Kelly of the Western Regional Office of the U.S. National Park Service and by Mardith Schuetz-Miller. Also, my colleague Dr. George Westermark of Santa Clara University provided a number of references on Spain in the Pacific. Dr. James Delgado of the Vancouver Maritime Museum provided excellent information on a number of Manila Galleon wrecks. I am especially indebted to Jessica Crewse for the creation of the maps found in this chapter. Thanks also to Mr. Elwood Mills of Santa Clara University for digitizing my slides for this publication and to Statistical Research, Inc.’s Graphics Manager Margaret Robbins for making corrections to some of the illustrations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Skowronek, R.K. (2009). On the Fringes of New Spain: The Northern Borderlands and the Pacific. In: Gaimster, D., Majewski, T. (eds) International Handbook of Historical Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72071-5_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72071-5_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72068-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72071-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)