Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adachi M, Murata Y, Harada M, Yoshikawa S (2000) Formation of titania nanotubes with high photocatalytic activity. Chem Lett 29:942–943
Chu SZ, Inoue S, Wada K, Li D, Haneda H, Awatsu S (2003) Highly porous (TiO2-SiO2-TeO2)/Al2O3/TiO2) composite nanostructures on glass with enhanced photocatalysis fabricated by anodization and sol-gel process. J Phys Chem B 107: 6586–6589
Mor GK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) Enhanced photocleavage of water using titania nanotube arrays. Nano Lett 5:191–195
de Taconni NR, Chenthamarakshan CR, Yogeeswaran G, Watcharenwong A, de Zoysa RS, Basit NA, Rajeshwar K (2006) Nanoporous TiO2 and WO3 films by anodization of titanium and tungsten substrates: Influence of process variables on morphology and photoelectrochemical response. J Phys Chem B 110: 25347–25355
Varghese OK, Paulose M, Shankar K, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2005) Water-photolysis properties of micron-length highly-ordered titania nanotube-arrays. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:1158–1165
Uchida S, Chiba R, Tomiha M, Masaki N, Shirai M (2002) Application of titania nanotubes to a dye-sensitized solar cell. Electrochem 70:418–420
Adachi M, Murata Y, Okada I, Yoshikawa Y (2003) Formation of titania nanotubes and applications for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Electrochem Soc 150:G488 –G493
Mor GK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2006) Use of highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 6:215–218
Paulose M, Shankar K, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Hardin B, Grimes CA (2006) Backside illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells based on titania nanotube array electrodes. Nanotechnol 17:1446–1448
Hoyer P (1996) Formation of a titanium dioxide nanotube array. Langmuir 12:1411–1413
Lakshmi BB, Dorhout PK, Martin CR (1997) Sol-gel template synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures. Chem Mater 9:857–862
Imai H, Takei Y, Shimizu K, Matsuda M, Hirashima H (1999) Direct preparation of anatase TiO2 nanotubes in porous alumina membranes. J Mater Chem 9:2971–2972
Michailowski A, Al Mawlawi D, Cheng GS, Moskovits M (2001) Highly regular anatase nanotubule arrays fabricated in porous anodic templates. Chem Phys Lett 349:1–5
Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC, Shinkai S, Shimizu T (2002) Creation of novel helical ribbon and double-layered nanotube TiO2 structures using an organogel template. Chem Mater 14:1445–1447
Kobayashi S, Hamasaki N, Suzuki M, Kimura M, Shirai H, Hanabusa K (2002) Preparation of helical transition-metal oxide tubes using organogelators as structure-directing agents. J Am Chem Soc 124:6550–6551
Tian ZR, Voigt JA, Liu J, McKenzie B, Xu H (2003) Large oriented arrays and continuous films of TiO2-based nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 125:12384–12385
Kasuga T, Hiramatsu M, Hoson A, Sekino T, Niihara K (1998) Formation of titanium oxide nanotube. Langmuir 14:3160–3163
Chen Q, Zhou WZ, Du GH, Peng LM (2002) Trititanate nanotubes made via a single alkali treatment. Adv Mater 14:1208–1211
Yao BD, Chan YF, Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Yang ZY, Wang N (2003) Formation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 82:281–283
Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu W, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC (2001) Titanium oxide nanotubes array prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Mukherjee N, Grimes CA (2003) Fabrication of tapered, conical-shaped titania nanotubes. J Mater Res 18:2588–2593
Cai Q, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) The effect of electrolyte composition on the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 20:230–236
Ruan CM, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2005) Fabrication of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays using an organic electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 109:15754–15759
Paulose M, Shankar K, Yoriya S, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Latempa TJ, Fitzgerald A, Grimes CA (2006) Anodic growth of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays to 134 μ m in Length. J Phys Chem B 110:16179–16184
Yoriya S, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Mor GK, Latempa TJ, Grimes CA (2006) Initial studies on the hydrogen gas sensing properties of highly-ordered high aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube-arrays 20 to 222 μ m in length. Sens Lett 4:334–339
Shankar K, Mor GK, Fitzgerald A, Grimes CA (2007) Cation effect on the electrochemical formation of very high aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube arrays in formamide-water mixtures. J Phys Chem C 111:21–26
Prakasam HE, Shankar K, Paulose M, Grimes CA (2007) A new benchmark for TiO2 nanotube array growth by anodization. J Phys Chem B (in press)
Serpone N, Pelizzetti E (1989) Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York
Schiavello M, Dordrecht H (1985) Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis, and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA
Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT (1995) Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:735–758
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37–38
Yamashita H, Harada M, Misaka J, Takeuchi M, Neppolian B, Anpo M (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds diluted in water using visible light-responsive metal ion-implanted TiO2 catalysts: Fe ion-implanted TiO2. Catal Today 84:191–196
Wang C, Bahnemann DW, Dohrmann JK (2000) A novel preparation of iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 16:1539–1540
Wang Y, Hao Y, Cheng H, Ma H, Xu B, Li W, Cai S (1999) The photoelectrochemistry of transition metal-ion-doped TiO2 nanocrystalline electrodes and higher solar cell conversion efficiency based on Zn2 +-doped TiO2 electrode. J Mater Sci 34:2773–2779
Coloma F, Marquez F, Rochester CH, Anderson JA (2000) Determination of the nature and reactivity of copper sites in Cu–TiO2 catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2:5320–5327
Umebayashi T, Yamaki T, Itoh H, Asai K (2002) Analysis of electronic structures of 3d transition metal-doped TiO2 based on band calculations. J Phys Chem Solids 63:1909–1920
Yamashita H, Ichihashi Y, Takeuchi M, Kishiguchi S, Anpo M (1999) Characterization of metal ion-implanted titanium oxide photocatalysts operating under visible light irradiation. J Synchrotron Radiat 6:451–452
Karakitsou KE, Verykios XE (1993) Effects of altervalent cation doping of TiO2 on its performance as a photocatalyst for water. J Phys Chem 97:1184–1189
Choi W, Termin A, Hoffmann MR (1994) The role of metal ion dopants in quantum-sized TiO2: Correlation between photoreactivity and charge carrier recombination dynamics. J Phys Chem 98:13669–13679
Lee DH, Cho YS, Yi WI, Kim TS, Lee JK, Jung HJ (1995) Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of TiO2:N anatase thin film on Si substrate. Appl Phys Lett 66:815–816
Saha NC, Tompkins HG (1992) Titanium nitride oxidation chemistry: an X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy study. J Appl Phys 72:3072–3079
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 293:269–271
Morikawa T, Asahi R, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Band-gap narrowing of titanium dioxide by nitrogen doping. Jpn J Appl Phys 40:L561-L563
Irie H, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto K (2003) Nitrogen-concentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 - x Nx powders. J Phys Chem B 107:5483–5486
Subbarao SN, Yun YH, Kershaw R, Dwight K, Wold A (1979) Electrical and optical-properties of the system TiO2 - x Fx. Inorg Chem 18:488–492
Hattori A, Yamamoto M, Tada H, Ito S (1998) A promoting effect of NH4F addition on the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel TiO2 films. Chem Lett 27:707–708
Yamaki T, Sumita T, Yamamoto S (2002) Formation of TiO2 - xFx compounds in fluorine-implanted TiO2. J Mater Sci Lett 21:33–35
Hoyer P (1996) Formation of a titanium dioxide nanotube array. Langmuir 12:1411–1413
Lakshmi BB, Dorhout PK, Martin CR (1997) Sol-gel template synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures. Chem Mater 9:857–862
Imai H, Takei Y, Shimizu K, Matsuda M, Hirashima H (1999) Direct preparation of anatase TiO2 nanotubes in porous alumina membranes. J Mater Chem 9:2971–2975
Michailowski A, Al-Mawlwai D, Cheng GS, Moskovits M (2001). Highly regular anatase nanotubule arrays fabricated in porous anodic templates. Chem Phys Lett 349:1–5
Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC, Shinkai S, Shimizu T (2002) A novel method for preparation of nanocrystalline rutile TiO2 powders by liquid hydrolysis of TiCl4. Chem Mater 14:1445–1447
Kobayashi S, Hamasaki N, Suzuki M, Kimura N, Shirai H, Hanabusa K (2002) Preparation of helical transition-metal Oxide tubes using organogelators as structure-directing agents. J Am Chem Soc 124:6550–6551
Tian ZR, Voigt JA, Liu J, McKenzie B, Xu HF (2003) Large oriented arrays and continuous films of TiO2-based nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 125:12384–12385
Kasuga T, Hiramatsu M, Hoson A, Sekino T Niihara K (1998) Formation of titanium oxide nanotubes. Langmuir 14:3160–3163
Chen Q, Zhou WZ, Du GH, Peng LH (2002) Trititanate nanotubes made via a single alkali treatment Adv Mater 14:1208–1211
Yao BD, Chan YF, Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Yang ZY, Wang N (2003) Formation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 82:281–283
Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu W, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC (2001) Titanium oxide nanotubes array prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Mukherjee N, Grimes CA (2003) Fabrication of tapered, conical-shaped titania nanotube. J Mater Res 18:2588–2593
Cai QY, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) The effect of electrolyte composition on the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotubes array by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 20:230–236
Ruan CM, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2005) Fabrication of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array using an organic electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 109:15754–15759
Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P (2005) High-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44:2100–2102
Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Taveira L, Aldabergerova S, Schmuki P (2005) Smooth anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:7463–7466
Paulose M, Shankar K, Yoriya S, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Latempa TA, Fitzgerald A, Grimes CA (2006) Anodic growth of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays to 134 μ m in length. J Phys Chem 110:16179–16184
Yoriya S, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Mor GK, Latempa TA, Grimes CA (2006) Initial studies on the hydrogen gas sensing properties of highly ordered high aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube-arrays 20 μ m to 222 μ m in length. Sensor Lett 4:334–339
Liu SM, Gan LM, Liu LH, Zhang WD, Zeng HC (2002) Synthesis of single-crystalline TiO2 nanotubes. Chem Mater 14:1391–1397
Lee S, Jeon C, Park Y (2004) Fabrication of TiO2 tubules by template synthesis and hydrolysis with water vapor. Chem Mater 16:4292–4295
Cheng B, Samulski ET (2001) Fabrication and characterization of nanotubular semiconductor oxides In2O3 and Ga2O3. J Mater Chem 11:2901–2902
Wang Y, Lee JY, Zeng HC (2005) Polycrystalline SnO2 Nanotubes Prepared via Infiltration Casting of Nanocrystallites and Their Electrochemical Application. Chem Mater 17:3899–3903
Zhu W, Wang W, Xu H, ShiJ (2006) Fabrication of ordered SnO2 nanotube arrays via a template route. Mater Chem Phys 99:127–130
Nakamura H, Matsui Y (1995) The preparation of novel silica gel hollow tubes. Adv Mater 7:871–872
Ono Y, kanekiyo Y, Inoue K, Hojo J, Shinkai S (1999) Evidence for the Importance of a cationic charge in the formation of hollow fiber silica from an organic gel system. Chem Lett 28:23–24
Jung JH, Ono Y, Hanabusa K, Shinkai S (2000) Creation of both right-handed and left-handed silica structures by sol-gel transcription of organogel fibers comprised of chiral diaminocyclohexane derivative. J Am Chem Soc 122:5008–5009
Tamaru S, Takeuchi M, Sano M, Shinkai S (2002) Sol-gel transcription of sugar-appended porphyrin assemblies into fibrous silica: unimolecular stacks versus helical bundles as templates. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:853–856
Kobayashi S, Hanabusa K, Hamasaki N, Kimura M, Shirai H (2000) Preparation of TiO2 hollow-fibers using supramolecular assemblies. Chem Mater 12:1523–1525
Hanabusa K, Numazawa T, Kobayashi S, Suzuki M, Shirai H (2006) Preparation of metal oxide nanotubes using gelators as structure-directing agents. Macromol Symp 235:52–56
Gundiah G, Mukhopadhyay S, Tumkurkar UG, Govindaraj A, Maitra U, Rao CNR (2003) Hydrogel route to nanotubes of metal oxides and sufates. J Mater Chem 13:2118–2122
Ogihara H, Sadakane M, Nodasaka Y, Ueda W (2006) Shape-controlled synthesis of ZrO2, Al2O3 and SiO2 nanotubes using carbon nanofibers as templates. Chem Mater 21:4981–4983
Adachi M, Harada T, Harada M (1999) Formation of huge length silica nanotubes by a templating mechanism in the laurylamine/tetraethoxysilane System. Langamuir 15:7097–7100
Wang L, Tomura S, Ohashi F, Maeda M, Suzuki, Inukai K (2001) Synthesis of single silica nanotubes in the presence of citric acid J Mater. Chem. 11:465–468
Ajayan PM, Stephane O, Redlich P, Colliex C (1995) Carbon nanotubes as removable templates for metal oxide nanocomposites and nanostructures. Nature 375:564–566
Satishkumar BC, Govindaraj AG, Vogl EM, Basumallick L, Rao CNR (1997) Oxide nanotubes prepared using carbon nanotubes as templates. J Mater Res 12:604–606
Rao CNR, Nath M (2003) Inorganic nanotubes. Dalton Trans 1–24
Archibald DD, Mann S (1993) Template mineralization of self-assembled anisotropic lipid microstructures. Nature 364:430–432
Chen J, Xu L, Li W, Gou X (2005) α -Fe2O3 nanotubes in gas sensor and lithium ion battery applications. Adv Mater 17:582–586
Sun Z, Yuan H, Liu Z, Han B, Zhang X (2005) A highly efficient chemical sensor material for H2S: α -Fe2O3 nanotubes fabricated using carbon nanotube templates. Adv Mater 17:2993–2997
Liu L, Kou HZ, Mo W, Liu H, Wang Y (2006) Surfactant assisted synthesis of α -Fe2O3 nanotubes and nanorods with shape dependent magnetic properties. J Phys Chem B 110:15218–15223
Liu Z, Zhang D, Han S, Li C, Lei B, Lu W, Fang J, Zhou C (2005) Single crystalline magnetite nanotube. J Am Chem Soc 127:6–7
Seo DS, Lee JK, Kimb H (2001) Preparation of nanotube-shaped TiO2 powder. J Crys Gro 229:428–432
Du GH, Chen Q, Che RC, Yuan ZY, Peng LM (2001) Preparation and structural analysis of titanium oxide nanotubes. Apl Phys Lett 79:3702–3704
Yuan ZY, Zhou W, Su BL (2002) Hierarchical interlinked structure of titanium oxide nanofibers. Chem Commun 1202–1203
Zhang Q, Gao L, Sun J, Zheng S (2002) Preparation of long TiO2 nanotubes from ultrafine rutile crystals. Chem Lett 31:226–227
Tsai CC, Teng H (2004) Regulation of the Physical Characteristics of Titania Nanotube Aggregates Synthesized from Hydrothermal Treatment. Chem Mater 16:4352–4358
Bavykin DV, Parmon VN, Lapkin AA, Walsh FC (2004) The effect of hydrothermal conditions on the mesoporous structure of TiO2 nanotubes. J Mater Chem 14:3370–3377
Jia CJ, Sun LD, Yan ZG, You LP, Luo F, Han XD, PangYC, Zhang Z, Yan CH (2005) Single-crystalline iron oxide nanotubes. Angew Chem Int ed 44:4328–4333
Li Q, Kumar V, Li Y, Zhang H, Marks TJ, Chang RPH (2005) Fabrication of ZnO nanorods and nanotubes in aqueous solutions. Chem Mater 17:1001–1006
Shankar K, Paulose M, Mor GK, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2005) A study on the spectral photoresponse and photoelectrochemical properties of flame-annealed titania nanotube-arrays. J Phys D 38:3543–3549
Shankar K, Tep KC, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2006) An electrochemical strategy to incorporate nitrogen in nanostructured TiO2 thin films: Modification of bandgap and photoelectrochemical properties. J Phys D 39:2361–2366
Mor GK, Carvalho MA, Varghese OK, Pishko MV, Grimes CA (2004) A room-temperature TiO2-nanotube hydrogen sensor able to self-clean photoactively from environmental contamination. J Mater Res 19:628–634
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Grimes CA (2003) A Self-cleaning room temperature titania-nanotube hydrogen gas sensor. Sens Lett 1:42–46
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Shankar K, Grimes CA (2006) A review on highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: fabrication, material properties, and solar energy applications. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90:2011–2075
Ruan C, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2006) Enhanced photoelectrochemical response in highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays anodized in boric acid containing electrolyte. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90:1283–1295
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Grimes CA (2005) Transparent highly-ordered TiO2 nanotube-arrays via anodization of titanium thin films. Adv Funct Mater 15:1291–1296
Paulose M, Mor GK, Varghese OK, Shankar K, Grimes CA (2006) Visible light photoelectrochemical and water-photoelectrolysis properties of titania nanotube arrays. J Photochem Photobiol A 178:8–15
Zwilling V, Darque-Ceretti E, Boutry-Forveille A, David D, Perrin MY, Aucouturier M (1991) Structure and physicochemistry of anodic oxide filmes on titanium and TA6V alloy. Surf Interface Anal 27:629–637
Delplancke JL, Winand R (1998) Galvanostatic anodization of titanium. II. Reactions efficiencies and electrochemical behaviour model. Electrochim Acta 33:1551–1559
Sul YT, Johansson CB, Jeong Y, Albrektsson T (2001) The electrochemical oxide growth behaviour on titanium in acid and alkaline electrolytes. Med Eng Phys 23:329–346
Hwang BJ, Hwang JR (1993) Kinetic model of anodic oxidation of titanium in sulphuric acid. J Appl Electrochem 23:1056–1062
Parkhutik VP, Shershulsky VI (1992) Theoretical modelling of porous oxide growth on aluminium. J Phys D 25:1258–1263
Thompson GE (1997) Porous anodic alumina: fabrication, characterization and applications. Thin Solid Films 297:192–201
Chen S, Paulose M, Ruan C, Mor GK, Varghese OK, Kouzoudis D, Grimes CA (2006) Electrochemically synthesized CdS nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube-array photoelectrodes: Preparation, characterization, and application to photoelectrochemical cells. J Photochem Photobiol 177:177–184
Melody B, Kinard T, Lessner P (1998) The non-thickness-limited growth of anodic oxide films on valve metals. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett 1:126–129
Li YM, Young L (2001) Non-thickness-limited growth of anodic oxide films on tantalum. J Electrochem Soc 148:B337-B342
Izutsu K (2002) Electrochemistry in nonaqueous solutions, Wiley-VCH
Khan SUM, Al-Shahry M, Ingler WB (2002) Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2.Science 297:2243–2245
Noworyta K, Augustynski J (2004) Spectral photoresponses of carbon-doped TiO2 film electrodes. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 7:E31-E33
Lee JY, Park J, Cho JH (2005) Electronic properties of N- and C-doped TiO2. Appl Phys Lett 87:011904–3
Chen XB, Lou YB, Samia ACS, Burda C, Gole JL (2005) Formation of oxynitride as the photocatalytic enhancing site in nitrogen-doped titania nanocatalysts: Comparison to a commercial nanopowder. Adv Funct Mater 15:41–49
Wu PG, Ma CH, Shang JK (2005) Effects of nitrogen doping on optical properties of TiO2 thin films. Appl Phys A 81:1411–1417
Suda Y, Kawasaki H, Ueda T, Ohshima T (2005) Preparation of nitrogen-doped titanium oxide thin film using a PLD method as parameters of target material and nitrogen concentration ratio in nitrogen/oxygen gas mixture. Thin Solid Films 475: 337–341
Liu Y, Alwitt RS, Shimizu K (2000) Cellular porous anodic alumina grown in neutral organic electrolyte-I. Structure, composition, and properties of the films. J Electrochem Soc 147:1382–1387
Gerischer H, Lubke M (1986) A particle-size effect in the sensitization of TiO2 electrodes by a CdS deposit. J Electroanal Chem 204:225–227
Vogel R, Hoyer P, Weller H (1994) Quantum-sized PbS, CdS, AgzS, Sb&, and Bi& particles as sensitizers for various nanoporous wide- bandgap semiconductors. J Phys Chem 98:3183–3188
Pandey RK, Sahu SN, Chandra S (1996) Handbook of Semiconductor Electrodeposition, Marcel Decker, New York
Varghese OK, Gong DW, Paulose M, Grimes CA, Dickey EC (2003) Crystallization and high-temperature structural stability of titanium oxide nanotube arrays. J Mater Res 18: 156–165
Marino CEB, Nascente PAP, Biaggio SR, Rocha-Filho RC, Bocchi N (2004) XPS characterization of anodic titanium oxide films grown in phosphate buffer solutions. Thin Solid Films 468:109–112
Yakovleva NM, Anicai L, Yakovlev AN, Dima L, Khanina EY, Buda M, Chupakhina EA (2002) Structural study of anodic films formed on aluminum in nitric acid electrolyte. Thin Solid Films 416:16–23
Augustynski J, Berthou H, Painot J (1976) XPS study of interactions between aluminum metal and nitrate ions. Chem Phys Lett 44:221–224
Parhutik VP, Makushok IE, Kudriavtsev E, Sokol VA, Khodan AN (1987) An X-ray electronic study of the formation of anodic oxide films on aluminium in nitric acid. Electrochemistry (Elektrokhymia) 23:1538–1544
Kundu M, Khosravi AA, Kulkarni SK (1997) Synthesis and study of organically capped ultra small clusters of cadmium sulphide. J Mater Sci 32:245–258
Ong KG, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2005) Numerical simulation of light propagation through highly-ordered titania nanotube arrays: Dimension optimization for improved photoabsorption. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:1801–1808
Mor GK, Shankar K, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2004) Photoelectrochemical properties of titania nanotubes. J Mater Res 19:2989–2996
Asanuma T, Matsutani T, Liu C, Mihara T, Kiuchi M (2004) Structural and optical properties of titanium dioxide films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in pure oxygen plasma. J Appl Phys 95:6011–6016
Manifacier JC, Gasiot J, Fillard JP (1976) A simple method for the determination of the optical constants n, k and the thickness of a weakly absorbing thin film. J Phys E 9:1002–1004
Vogel R, Meredith P, Kartini I, Harvey M, Riches JD, Bishop A, Heckenberg N, Trau M, Dunlop HR (2003) Mesostructured dye-doped titanium dioxide for micro-optoelectronic applications. Chem Phys Chem 4:595–603
Yoldas BE, Partlow PW (1985) Formation of broad band antireflective coatings on fused silica for high power laser applications. Thin Solid Films 129:1–14
Tauc J (1970) Absorption edge and internal electric fields in amorphous semiconductors. Mater Res Bull 5:721–729
Sant PA, Kamat PV (2002) Interparticle electron transfer between size-quantized CdS and TiO2 semiconductor nanoclusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 4:198–203
Kokai J, Rakhshani AE (2004) Photocurrent spectroscopy of solution-grown CdS films annealed in CdCl2 vapour. J Phys D 37:1970–1975
Lubberhuizen WH, Vanmaekelbergh D, Van Faassen E (2000) Recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in nanoporous gallium phosphide. J Porous Mater 7:147–152
Marin FI, Hamstra MA, Vanmaekelbergh D (1996) Greatly enhanced sub-bandgap photocurrent in porous GaP photoanodes. J Electrochem Soc 143:1137–1142
Vanmaekelbergh D, de Jongh PE (1999) Driving force for electron transport in porous nanostructured photoelectrodes. J Phys Chem B 103:747–750
Hamnett A (1980) General discussions. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 70:124–127
Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M (1995) Light-induced redox reactions in nanocrystalline systems. Chem Rev 95:49–68
Ong KG, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2007) Application of finite-difference time domain to dye-sensitized solar cells: The effect of nanotube-array negative electrode dimensions on light absorption. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 91:250–257
Aroutiounian, V.M.; Arakelyan, V.M.; Shannazaryan, G.E.; Stepanyan, G.M.; Turner, J.A.; Khaselev, O. (2002) Investigation of ceramic Fe2O3photoelectrodes for solar energy photoelectrochemical converters. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27:33–38
Beermann, N.; Vayssieres, L.; Lindquist, S.-Eric; Hagfieldt, A. (2000) Photoelectrochemical studies of oriented nanorod thin films of hematite. J. Electrochem. Soc. 147:2456–2461
Morin, F.J. (1954) Electrical properties of α - Fe2O3. Phys. Rev. 93:1195–1199
Gardner, R.F.G.; Sweett, F.; Tanner, D.W. (1963) The electrical properties of alpha ferric oxide—II. Ferric oxide of high purity. J. Phys.Chem. Solids 24:1183–1186
Sato, N. (1998) Electrochemistry at Metal and Semi-conductor Electrodes; Elsevier; Amsterdam, pg 34
Murphy, A.B.; Barnes, P.R.F.; Randeniya, L.K.; Plumb, I.C.; Grey, I.E.; Horne, M.D.; Glasscock, J.A. (2006) Efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 31:1999–2017
Grätzel, M. (2001) Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 414:338–344
Kennedy, J. H.; Frese, J. K. W. (1978) Photooxidation of water at α - Fe2O3electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 125: 709–714
Paulose, M.; Varghese, O. K.; Mor, G. K.; Grimes, C. A.; Ong, K. G.(2006) Unprecedented ultra-high hydrogen gas sensitivity in undoped titania nanotubes. Nanotechnology 17:398–402. Varghese, O. K.; Yang, X.; Kendig, J.; Paulose, M.; Zeng, K.; Palmer, C.; Ong, K. G.; Grimes, C. A. (2006) A transcutaneous hydrogen sensor: From design to application. Sensor Letters 4:120–128
Varghese, O. K.; Gong, D.; Paulose, M.; Ong, K. G.; Grimes, C. A. (2003) Hydrogen sensing using titania nanotubes. Sensors Actuators B, 93:338–344
Mor, G. K.; Varghese, O. K.; Paulose, M.; Grimes, C. A. (2003) A self-cleaning, room-temperature titania nanotube hydrogen gas sensor. Sensor Letters 1:42–46
Mor, G. K.; Carvalho, M. A.; Varghese, O. K.; Paulose, M.; Pishko, M. V.; Grimes, C. A. (2004) A room-temperature TiO2 nanotube hydrogen sensor able to self-clean photoactively from environmental contamination. J. Materials Research 19:628–634
Varghese, O. K.; Mor, G. K.; Grimes, C.A.; Paulose, M.; Mukherjee, N. (2004) A titania nanotube array room-temperature sensor for selective detection of hydrogen at low concentrations. J. Nanosci. Nanotechn. 4:733–737
Mor, G. K.; Shankar, K.; Paulose, M.; Varghese, O. K.; Grimes, C. A. (2006) Use of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Letters 6:215–218
Zhu, K.; Neale, N. R.; Miedaner, A.; Frank, A. J. (2007) Enhanced charge-collection efficiencies and light scattering in dye-sensitized solar cells using oriented TiO2 nanotubes arrays. Nano Letters 7:69–74
Melody, B.; Kinard, T.; Lessner, P. (1998) The non-thickness-limited growth of anodic oxide films on valve metals. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 1:126–129
Krembs, G.M. (1963) Residual tritiated water in anodized tantalum films. J. Electrochem. Soc. 110:938–940
Varghese, O. K.; Paulose, M.; Gong, D.; Grimes, C. A.; Dickey, E. C. (2003) Crystallization and high temperature structural stability of titanium oxide nanotube arrays. J. Materials Research 18:156–165
Gennari, F.C.; Pasquevich, D.M. (1998) Kinetics of the anatase rutile transformation in TiO2 in the presence of Fe2O3. J. Mater. Sci. 33:1571–1578
Wang, R.; Sakai, R.; Fujishima, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hashimoto, K. (1999) Studies of surface wettability conversion on TiO2 single-crystal surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. B 103:2188–2194
Dghoughi, L.; Elidrissi, B.; Berne‘de, C.; Addou, M.; Lamrani, M.A.; Regragui, M.; Erguig H. (2006) Physicochemical, optical and electrochemical properties of iron oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253:1823–1829
Heimer, T.A.; Heilweil, E.J.; Bignozzi, C.A.; Meyer, G.J. (2000) Electron injection, recombination, and halide oxidation dynamics at dye-sensitized metal oxide interfaces. J. Phys. Chem. A 104:4256–4262
Grimes, C. A. (2007) Synthesis and application of highly ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubes. J. Mater. Chemistry 17:1451–1457
Mor, G. K.; Prakasam, H. E.; Varghese, O. K.; Shankar, K.; Grimes, C. A. (2007) Vertically Oriented Ti-Fe-O Nanotube Array Films: Towards a Useful Material Architecture for Solar Spectrum Water Photolysis. Nano Letters DOI: 7:2356–2364
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grimes, C.A., Varghese, O.K., Ranjan, S. (2008). Oxide Semiconductors Nano-Crystalline Tubular and Porous Systems. In: Grimes, C.A., Varghese, O.K., Ranjan, S. (eds) Light, Water, Hydrogen. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68238-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68238-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-33198-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-68238-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)