Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dioxin Formation from Waste Incineration

  • Chapter
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 190))

Abstract

Adverse effects of dioxins—polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—on human health have been known for many years. In particular, PCDDs and PCDFs have received much attention recently, not only from environmental scientists but also by the public because they are formed during the incineration of industrial wastes (Coulston and Pocchiari 1983). Consequently, there is a pressing need to find the formation mechanisms or reaction pathways of these chlorinated chemicals to reduce their environmental contamination. However, the formation mechanisms of these chlorinated chemicals are not yet completely understood because their reaction mechanisms are extremely complex (Huang and Buekens 1995; Fängmark et al. 1994).

Communicated by Ronald S. Tjeerdema.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Addink R, Olie AJ (1995) Mechanisms of formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems. Environ Sci Technol 29:1425–1435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Zoller W, Buchert H (1985) Th. Class Fresenius Z. Anal Chem 322:587–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham AG, Edmunds CJ, Graham BWL, Jones MT (1989) Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in car exhaust. Chemosphere 19:669–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Cooper KR, Cristini A, Rappe C, Bergqvist P-A (1994) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Mya arenaria in the Newark/Raritan Bay Estuary. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:523–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll WF, Jr (2001) The relative contribution of wood and poly (vinyl chloride) to emissions of PCDD and PCDF from house fires. Chemosphere 45: 1173–1180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudry GG, Hutzinger O (1983) Mechanistic Aspects of the Thermal Formation of Halogenated Organic Compounds Including Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins. Gordon and Breach, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christmann W, Kasiske D, Kloeppel KD, Partscht H, Rotard W (1989) Combustion of polyvinylchloride. An important source for the formation of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 19:387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulston F, Pocchiari F (1983) Accidental Exposure to Dioxins: Human Health Aspects. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fängmark I, Strömberg B, Berge N, Rappe C (1994) Influence of small fly ash particles on the post-combustion formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and CPs in a pilot incinerator. Chemosphere 29:1903–1909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukunaga I (1998) Technical trend of municipal solid waste treatment in Europe. Waste Manag Res 9:487–495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giugliano M, Cernuschi S, Ghezzi U (1989) The emission of dioxins and related compounds from the incineration of municipal solid wastes with high contents of organic chlorine (PVC). Chemosphere 19:407–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gullett BK, Bruce KR, Beach LO (1990) The effect of metal catalysts on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran precursors. Chemosphere 20:1945–1952.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gullett BK, Bruce KR, Beach LO, Drago AM (1992) Mechanistic steps in the production of PCDD and PCDF during waste combustion. Chemosphere 25:1387–1392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gullett BK, Lemieux PM, Lutes CC, Winterrowd CK, Winters DL (2001) Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning. Chemosphere 43:721–725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka T, Imagawa T, Takeuchi M (2000) Formation of PCDD/Fs in artificial solid waste incineration in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor: influence of contents and forms of chlorine sources in high-temperature combustion. Environ Sci Technol 34:3920–3924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka T, Imagawa T, Kitajima A, Takeuch M (2001a) Effects of combustion temperature on PCDD/Fs formation in laboratory-scale fluidized-bed incineration. Environ Sci Technol 35:4936–4940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka T, Imagawa T, Kitajima A (2001b) PCDD/Fs formation in laboratory-scale fluidized-bed incineration: influence of chlorine content in low-temperature combustion. Organohalogen Compd 50:430–433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka T, Kitajima A, Takeuchi M (2005) Role of chlorine in combustion field in formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during waste incineration. Environ Sci Technol 39:9452–9456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Buekens A (1995) On the mechanisms of dioxin formation in combustion processes. Chemosphere 31:4099–4117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iino F, Imagawa T, Takeuchi M, Sadakata M (1999) De novo synthesis mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzofurans from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the characteristic isomers of polychlorinated naphthalenes. Environ Sci Technol 33:1038–1043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iino F, Imagawa T, Gullett BK (2000) Dechlorination-controlled polychlorinated dibenzofuran isomer patterns from municipal waste incinerators. Environ Sci Technol 34:3143–3147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeguchi T, Tanaka M (2001) Dioxin emissions from industrial wood waste incinerators. Organohalogen Compd 50:390–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inui T, Otowa T, Tsutchihashi K, Takegami Y (1982) Complete oxidation of active carbon at low temperatures by composite catalysts. Carbon 20:213–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jay K, Stieglitz L (1991) On the mechanism of formation of polychlorinated aromatic compounds with copper(II) chloride. Chemosphere 22:987–996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JESC (2001) Fact Book: Waste Management & Recycling in Japan. Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo, Japan, p 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • JMHW (1997) Standard method for determination of dioxins in waste management. Notification no. 234, Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanters MJ, van Nispen R, Louw R, Mulder P (1996) Chlorine input and chlorophenol emission in the lab-scale combustion of municipal solid waste. Environ Sci Technol 30:2121–2126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katami T, Ohno N, Yasuhara A, Shibamoto T (2000) Formation of dioxins from sodium chloride-impregnated newspapers by combustion. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:372–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katami T, Yasuhara A, Okuda T, Shibamoto T (2002) Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs from polyvinyl chloride during combustion in an incinerator. Environ Sci Technol 36:1320–1324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katami T, Yasuhara A, Shibamoto T (2004a) Formation of dioxins from incineration of fallen leaf. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72:114–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katami T, Yasuhara A, Shibamoto T (2004b) Formation of dioxins from incineration of foods found in domestic garbage. Environ Sci Technol 38:1062–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumata H, Yabuuchi M, Kaneco S, Suzuki T, Ohta K (2003) Formation of dioxins from newspaper combustion in the presence of sodium chloride and polyvinylidene chloride. Fresenius Environ Bull 12:406–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawabata H, Usui T, Marukawa K, Hara S, Nakazato H, Tanaka T (2002) Effect of chlorine sources and forms on formation of dioxins/furans in the combustion process. J Jpn Soc Waste Manag Expert 13:184–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawabata H, Usui T, Marukawa K, Hara S, Nakazato H, Tanaka T, Ono-Nakazato H (2003) Mechanism of dioxins/furans formation at high temperature in combustion processes. ISIJ Int 43:461–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K-S, Hong K-H, Ko Y-H, Kim M-G (2004) Emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and PAHs from polyvinylchloride combustion at various temperatures. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 54:555–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleopfer RD, Greenall RL, Viswanathan TS, Kirchmer CJ, Gier A, Muse J (1989) Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in environmental samples using high resolution mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 18:109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolenda J, Gass H, Wilken M, Jager J, Zeschmar-Lahl B (1994) Determination and reduction of PCDD/F emissions from wood burning facilities. Chemosphere 29:1927–1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzuhara S, Sato H, Kasai E, Nakamura T (2003) Influence of metallic chlorides on the formation of PCDD/Fx during low-temperature oxidation of carbon. Environ Sci Technol 37:2431–2435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luijk R, Akkerman DM, Slot P, Olle K, Kapteljn F (1994) Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon. Environ Sci Technol 28:312–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lustenhouwer JWA, Olite K, Hutzinger O (1980) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds in incinerator effluents. A review of measurements and mechanisms of formation. Chemosphere 9:501–522.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luthe C, Karidio I, Uloth V (1998) Dioxins formation in salt-laden power boilers: a mass balance. Chemosphere 36:231–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marquis PJ, Hackett M, Holland LG, Larsen ML, Butterworth B, Kuehl DW (1994) Analytical methods for a national study of chemical residues in fish. Chemosphere 29:495–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata K (1992) State-of-the-art of PCDD/PCDF emission control for municipal waste incinerators. Waste Manag Res 3:217–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme M, Kirschmer P (1984) Isomer-selective determination of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins using hydroxyl negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with high-resolution gas chromatography. Anal Chem 56:2764–2769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta M, Oshima S, Iwasa T, Osawa N, Kumatoriya K, Yamazaki A, Takasuga T, Matsushita M, Umedzu N (2001) Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs during the combustion of polyvinylidene chloride. Chemosphere 44:1389–1394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta M, Oshima S, Osawa N, Iwasa T, Nakamura T (2004) Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs during the combustion of polyvinylidene chloride and other polymers in the presence of HCl. Chemosphere 54:1521–1531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandompatam B, Kumar Y, Guo I, Linen AJ (1997) Comparison of PCDD and PCDF emissions from hog fuel boilers and hospital waste incinerators. Chemosphere 34:1065–1073.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Procaccini C, Bozzelli JW, Longwell JP, Sarofim AF, Smith KA (2003) Formation of chlorinated aromatics by reactions of Cl·, Cl2, and HCL with benzene in the cool-down zone of a combustor. Environ Sci Technol 37:1684–1689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Buser HR (1980) Chemical properties and analytical methods. In: Kimbrough RD (ed) Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, and Related Products. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, New York, pp 48–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safe S, Bandiera S, Sawyer T, Robertson L, Sate L, Parkinson A, Thomas PE, Ryan DE, Reik LM, Levin W, Denomme MA, Fujita T (1985) PCBs: structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. Environ Health Perspect 60:47–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salthammer T, Klipp H, Peek R, Marutzky R (1995) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) during the combustion of impregnated wood. Chemosphere 30:2051–2060.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samaras P, Skodras G, Sakellaropoulos GP, Blumenstock M, Schramm K-W, Kettrup A (2001) Toxic emissions during co-combustion of biomass-waste wood-lignite blends in an industrial boiler. Chemosphere 43:751–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schatowitz B, Brandt G, Gafner F, Schlumpe E, Buhler R, Hasler P, Nussbaumer T (1994) Dioxin emissions from wood combustion. Chemosphere 29: 2005–2013.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinkkonen S, Mäkelä R, Vesterinen R, Lahtiperä M (1995) Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzothiphenes in fly ash samples from combustion of peat, wood chips, refuse derived fuel and liquid packaging boards. Chemosphere 31:2629–2635.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanmore BR (2004) The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combust Flame 136:398–427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stieglitz L, Vogg H (1987) On formation conditions of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash from municipal waste incinerators. Chemosphere 16:1917–1922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stieglitz L, Jay K, Hell K, Wilhelm J, Polzer J, Buekens A (2003) Investigation of the formation of polychlorodibenzodioxins l-furans and of other organochlorine compounds in thermal indusrial processes. Wissenschaf Be-Forsch Karlsr i–v:1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takasugi T, Makino T, Tsubota K, Takeda N (2000) Formation of dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) by dioxin-free fly ash as a catalyst and relation with several chlorinesources. Chemosphere 40:1003–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiernan TO, Garrett JH, Solch JG, Wagel DJ, Van Ness GF, Taylor NL (1989) Improved separations procedures for isolating 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF from chemically-complex aqueous and solid sample matrices and for definative quantitation of these isomers at ppq to ppt concentrations. Chemosphere 18:93–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong HY, Monson SJ, Gross ML, Bopp RF, Simpson HJ, Deck BL, Moser FC (1990) Analysis of dated sediment samples from the Newark Bay area for selected PCDD/Fs. Chemosphere 20:1497–1502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuppurainen K, Halonen I, Ruokojärvi P, Tarhanen J, Ruuskanen J (1998) Formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal waste incineration and its inhibition mechanisms: a review. Chemosphere 36:1493–1511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld ATC, Brunström B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanberg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T, Larsen J, Rolaf van Leeuwen FX, Djien Liem AK, Nolt C, Peterson RE, Poellinger L, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tillitt D, Tysklind M, Younes M, Wærn F, Zacharewski T (1998) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ Health Perspect 106:775–792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vikelsoe J, Madsen H, Hansen K (1994) Emission of dioxins from Danish woodstoves. Chemosphere 29:2019–2027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JC, Green AES (1993) Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinated organic input. Chemosphere 26:2039–2054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wikström E, Marklund S (2000) Secondary formation of chlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, benzenes, and phenols during MSW combustion. Environ Sci Technol 34:604–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikström E, Löfvenius G, Rappe C, Marklund S (1996) Influence of level and form of chlorine on the formation of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans, and benzenes during combustion of an artificial fuel in a laboratory reactor. Environ Sci Technol 30:1637–1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams LL, Giesy JP (1995) Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in eggs of double-crested cormorants from a colony near Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 29:327–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirts M, Lorenz W, Bahadir M (1998) Does co-combustion of PVC and other plastics lead to enhanced formation of PCDD/F? Chemosphere 37:1489–1500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Okuda T, Ohno N, Shibamoto T (2001) Formation of dioxins during the combustion of newspapers in the presence of sodium chloride and poly(vinyl chloride). Environ Sci Technol 35:1373–1378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Okuda T, Shibamoto T (2002) Role of inorganic chloride in formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs from combustion of plastics, newspaper, and pulp in an incinerator. Environ Sci Technol 36: 3924–3927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2003) Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs from incineration of various woods in the presence of chlorides. Environ Sci Technol 37:1563–1567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2004) Formation of dioxins from incineration of foods found in domestic garbage. Environ Sci Technol 38:1062–1065.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2005a) Dioxin formation during combustion of nonchloride plastic, polystyrene and its product. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:899–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Tanaka Y, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2005b) The role of metals in dioxin formation from combustion of newspapers and polyvinyl chloride in an incinerator. Chemosphere 58:891–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2005c) A role of alkaline elements in formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs during combustion of various paper samples. J Environ Sci Health 40:991–1001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Katami T, Shibamoto T (2006) Formation of dioxins from combustion of polyvinylidene chloride in a well-controlled incinerator. Chemosphere 62: 1899–1906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneda K, Ikeguchi T, Yagi Y, Tamade Y, Omori K (2002) A research on dioxin generation from the industrial waste incineration. Chemosphere 46:1309–1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Takayuki Shibamoto

  2. Environmental Preservation Center, Tokyo University of Science, 12-1 Funagawara-machi, Ichigaya, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0826, Japan

    Akio Yasuhara

  3. Gifu Prefectural Institute of Health and Environmental Science, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kagamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838, Japan

    Takeo Katami

Authors
  1. Takayuki Shibamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Akio Yasuhara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Takeo Katami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. 5794 E. Camino del Celador, Tucson, Arizona, 85750, USA

    George W. Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shibamoto, T., Yasuhara, A., Katami, T. (2007). Dioxin Formation from Waste Incineration. In: Ware, G.W., Whitacre, D.M., Gunther, F.A. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 190. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36903-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation