Abstract
Since 1990, federal officials in the United States have used increasingly so- phisticated preventive fault standards for assessing corporate criminal liability. Under these standards, the scope of corporate efforts to prevent offenses, usually as reflected in the presence of substantial corporate law compliance programs, is considered in determining whether corporations should be charged with of- fenses undertaken by employees for corporate gain and, if they are so charged and convicted, in determining what sorts of penalties and compelled reforms the corporations should bear.
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Gruner, R.S. (2007). Preventive Fault and Corporate Criminal Liability: Transforming Corporate Organizations into Private Policing Entities. In: Pontell, H.N., Geis, G. (eds) International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34111-8_13
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