Skip to main content

Part of the book series: International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship ((IHSE,volume 3))

7. Concluding Remarks

While we knew next to nothing about nascent entrepreneurs ten years ago, thanks to the joint effort of a group of researchers, most of whom are affiliated with the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, we now have reliable information on the share of nascent entrepreneurs in the population of a large number of countries; the reason for differences in this share across space and time, however, is less well understood. Furthermore, we have a sound knowledge about the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in certain sub-groups (like males and females, or people with various educational backgrounds). Less is known about precisely what nascent entrepreneurs are doing and about the timing of the activities. The same conclusion holds with respect to factors that are important for becoming a nascent entrepreneur and for crossing the threshold between nascent and infant entrepreneurship: But a lack of comparability among the numerous empirical studies for different countries makes it impossible to draw any definite conclusions.

Stylized facts that could be most valuable for entrepreneurship researchers, policy makers and, last but not least, nascent entrepreneurs, need to be based on results from a number of studies using large, comprehensive longitudinal data bases that are comparable across countries and that can be accessed by researchers for replication and extension of former studies. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) projects and the data collected within these projects, are important steps toward this aim. The importance of new firms for economic dynamics and of nascent entrepreneurs for new firms, points to the need for further steps in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Arenius, P., Hay, M. and Minniti, M. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2004 Executive Report. Babson College and London Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsos, G. A. and Ljunggren, E. (1998). Does the Business Start-Up Process Differ by Gender? A Longitudinal Study of Nascent Entrepreneurs. In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson College, Wellesley, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armington, C. and Acs, Z. J. (2002). The Determinants of Regional Variation in New Firm Formation. Regional Studies 36: 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B. and Fritsch, M. (1994). The Geography of Firm Births in Germany. Regional Studies 28: 359–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahß, C., Lehnert, N. and Reents, N. (2003). Warum manche Gründungen nicht zustande kommen. KfW-Research, Nr. 10, Oktober, 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beesley, M. E. and Hamilton, R. T. (1984). Small Firms’ Seedbed Role and the Concept of Turbulence. Journal of Industrial Economics 33: 217–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, H., Japsen, A. and Támasy, C. (2002). Regionaler Entrepreneurship Monitor (REM). Gründungsaktivitäten und Rahmenbedingungen in zehn deutschen Regionen. Universität zu Köln, Universität Lüneburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchflower, D. G. (2004). Self-employment: More may not be Better. Swedish Economic Policy Review 11(2): 15–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchflower, D. G., Oswald, A. and Stutzer, A. (2001). Latent Entrepreneurship across Nations. European Economic Review 45: 680–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carree, M. and Thurik, R. (2005). Understanding the Role of Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth. Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, MPI Jena, #1005, February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N. M. and Kolvereid, L. (1998). Women Starting New Businesses: The Experience in Norway and the United States. In Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises, pp. 185–202. OECD, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B. and Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring Start-up Event Sequences. Journal of Business Venturing 11: 151–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P. (2004). Researching Entrepreneurship. Springer, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P. and Honig, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 18: 301–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delmar, F. and Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they Come From? Prevalence and Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 12: 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V. and Gasse, Y. (2003). Insight into the Dynamics of Canadian Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Start-up Effort and the Role Individual Factors Play in the Process. Mimeo, St. Francis Xavier University, Brock University and Université Laval.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diochon, M., Gasse, Y., Menzies, T. and Garand, D. (2001). From Conception to Inception: Initial findings from the Canadian Study on Entrepreneurial Emergence. Proceedings of the. Administrative Science Association of Canada, Entrepreneurship Division 22(21): 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. and Carter, N. M. (2003). Entrepreneurial Behavior and Firm Organizing Processes. In Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Z. J. Acs and D. B. Audretsch (Eds), pp. 195–221. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M. and Reynolds, P. D. (Eds) (2004). Handbook of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. The Process of Business Creation. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gelderen, M., Bosma, N. and Thurik, R. (2001). Setting up a Business in the Netherlands: Who Starts, Who Gives up, Who Is Still Trying. Paper presented at the Babson 2001 Entrepreneurship Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R. and Bosma, N. (2003). Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-start-up Phase. Mimeo, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach, K. and Wagner, J. (1994). Regional Differences in Small Firm Entry in Manufacturing Industries: Lower Saxony, 1979–1991. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 6: 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. S. (1986). New Firms: An Economic Perspective. Allen and Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. A. (1990). Longitudinal Analysis of Self-employment Follow-through. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 2: 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, A. and Frank, H. (2004). Nascent Entrepreneurship in Longitudinal Perspective—The Impact of Personality, Environment, Resources and the Founding Process on the Decision to Start Business Activity: Results from the Vienna Entrepreneurship Studies. Paper presented at Babson Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BKERC) 2004, June 3–5, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E. and Keister, L. A. (2003). If I Where Rich? The Impact of Financial and Human Capital on Becoming a Nascent Entrepreneur. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Ohio State University, draft mimeo, January.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazear, E. P. (2002). Entrepreneurship. Working Paper #9109, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazear, E. P. (2004). Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship. American Economic Review—Papers and Proceedings 94(2): 208–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lückgen, I. and Oberschachtsiek, D. (2004). Regionaler Entrepreneurship Monitor (REM II 2003/2004). Zur Dynamik von Gründungsaktivitäten in Deutschland: Ausmaß und Ursachen. Universität zu Köln, Universität Lüneburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. (1991). Spatial Variations in Enterprise: The Geography of New Firm Formation. In Deciphering the Enterprise Culture. Entrepreneurship, Petty Capitalism and the Restructuring of Britain, R. Burrows (Ed.). Routledge, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minniti, M. and Arenius, P. (2003). Women in Entrepreneurship. Paper presented at The Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium, United Nations Headquarters, April 29, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C. (2004). The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E. and Stern, S. (2002). National Innovative Capacity. In The Global Competitiveness Report 2001–2002, M. E. Porter et al. (Eds), pp. 102–118. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. (1997). Who Starts New Firms?—Preliminary Explorations of Firms-in-Gestation. Small Business Economics 9: 449–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. (2000). National Panel Study of U.S. Business Start-ups: Background and Methodology. In Databases for the Study of Entrepreneurship, J. A. Katz (Ed.), pp. 153–227. JAI Press, Amsterdam.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. and White, S. B. (1997). The Entrepreneurial Process. Economic Growth, Men, Women and Minorities. Quorum Books, Westport, Connecticut and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Storey, D. and Westhead, P. (1994). Regional Variations in New Firm Formation. Regional Studies 28: 443–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M. and Camp, S. M. (1999). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 1999 Executive Report. Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership at the Ewing Kaufman Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D., Camp, S. M. and Autio, E. (2000). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2000 Executive Report. Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership at the Ewing Kaufman Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E. and Hay, M. (2001). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Summary Report. London Business School and Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W. and Hay, M. (2002a). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2002 Executive Report. Babson College, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and London Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Greene, P. G. and Cox, L. W. (2002b). The Entrepreneur Next Door. Characteristics of Individuals Starting Companies in America. An Executive Summary of the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B. and Greene, P. G. (2004a). The Prevalence of Nascent Entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics 23: 263–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Bygrave, W. D. and Autio, E. (2004b). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2003 Executive Report. Babson College, London Business School and Kauffman Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B. and Reynolds, P. D. (2001). Who is a Nascent Entrepreneur? Decision Rules for Identifying and Selecting Entrepreneurs in the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED). Paper presented at the Babson College Kaufman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Jönköping, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Stel, A., Wennekers, S., Thurik, R., Reynolds, P. D. and de Wit, G. (2003). Explaining Nascent Entrepreneurship across Countries. SCALES-paper N200301, EIM Business and Policy Research, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. (2000). Entrepreneurship in Deutschland. Das Gründungsgeschehen im internationalen Vergleich. Edition Sigma, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhlaner, L. and Thurik, A. R. (2004). Post-Materialism: A Cultural Factor Influencing Total Entrepreneurial Activity Across Nations. Mimeo, Erasmus University Rotterdam, February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheul, I. and Thurik, A. R. (2003). Explaining the Entrepreneurial Activity Rate of Women: A Macro-level Perspective. SCALES Paper N200304, EIM Business and Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivarelli, M. (2004). Are All the Potential Entrepreneurs so Good? Small Business Economics 23: 41–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (1997). Firm Size and Job Quality: A Survey of the Evidence from Germany. Small Business Economics 9: 411–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2003a). Testing Lazear’s Jack-of-All-Trades View of Entrepreneurship with German Micro Data. Applied Economics Letters 10: 687–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2003b). Are Nascent Entrepreneurs Jacks-of-All-Trades? A Test of Lazears’s Theory. of Entrepreneurship with German Data. Institute for the Study of Labor IZA Discussion Paper No. 911 (forthcoming, Applied Economics).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2003c). Taking a Second Chance: Entrepreneurial Re-starters in Germany. Applied Economics Quarterly 49: 255–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2004a). What a Difference a Y Makes: Female and Male Nascent Entrepreneurs in Germany. Discussion Paper No. 1134, Institute for the Study of Labor, IZA, Bonn, Germany (forthcoming, Small Business Economics).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2004b). Are Young and Small Firms Hothouses for Nascent Entrepreneurs? Evidence from German Micro Data. Applied Economics Quarterly 50: 379–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. and Sternberg, R. (2004). Start-up Activities, Individual Characteristics and the Regional Milieu: Lessons for Entrepreneurship Support Policies from German Micro Data. Annals of Regional Science 38: 219–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welter, F. (2001). Nascent Entrepreneurship in Germany. RWI, Essen.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wagner, J. (2006). Nascent Entrepreneurs. In: Parker, S. (eds) The Life Cycle of Entrepreneurial Ventures. International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32313-8_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics