Definition of the Subject
Human–robot interaction (HRI) is the interdisciplinary study of interaction dynamics between humans and robots. Researchers and practitionersspecializing in HRI come from a variety of fields, including engineering (electrical, mechanical, industrial, and design), computer science(human–computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural language understanding, and computer vision), social sciences (psychology,cognitive science, communications, anthropology, and human factors), and humanities (ethics and philosophy).
Introduction
Robots are poised to fill a growing number of roles in today's society, from factory automation to service applications to medical care andentertainment. While robots were initially used in repetitive tasks where all human direction is given a priori, they are becoming involved inincreasingly more complex and less structured tasks and activities, including interaction with people required to...
Abbreviations
- Anthropomorphic:
-
Resembling, or having the attributes, human form. Human qualities have been ascribed to inanimate objects, computer‐animated characters, and mechanical objects, among others. When referring to a robot, anthropomorphism refers to how human-like that robot is.
- AR:
-
Assistive Robotics refers to robot systems that are designed to give aid or support to a human user. Traditionally, the assistance has been physical. However, AR has more recently expanded to encompass other types of assistance, including social, motivational, and cognitive. AR thus includes socially assistive robotics (defined below), rehabilitation robots, wheelchair robots and other mobility aids, companion robots, and educational robots.
- Autonomy:
-
The ability to exert independent control, to self‐direct. When referring to robotics, autonomy is used to indicate how much control of a robot results from the robot itself (based on its sensory inputs and internal computation), and how much is exerted by a human operator through tele‐operation (defined below).
- Benchmarks:
-
A standard used to measure performance. In the robotics context, benchmarks can be practical, relating to the safety and task performance of a system, or more abstract, relating to the ethical and other aspects of the system.
- Embodied:
-
Having physical form, a body. Robots are inherently embodied, having physical form and existing in the physical world. In contrast, computer characters may or may not be embodied. Some animated characters have three‐dimensional bodies with simulated physics, thereby satisfying the condition of being embodied, but not being in the physical world.
- GSR:
-
Galvanic Skin Response. Measure of electrodermal activity (EDA), or skin conductance, a function of the eccrine gland. GSR has been shown to be related to emotional stimuli, making it a potential sensor for determining user state.
- HCI:
-
Human–Computer Interaction. HCI is the study of interaction between humans and computers. HCI includes interface design, issues with usability, ethics, interaction, and hardware and software design.
- HRI:
-
Human–Robot Interaction. HRI is the study of interaction dynamics between humans and robots. In contrast to HCI, which addresses human‐computer interaction, HRI addresses the dynamics of interaction between humans and physical, embodied robots.
- SAR:
-
Socially Assistive Robotics is the study of robots capable of providing assistance through social rather than physical interaction. SAR is the intersection of SIR (defined below) and AR (defined above). SAR work is focused on addressing societal needs, such as eldercare, education, and cognitive, physical, and social therapy.
- SIR:
-
Socially Interactive Robotics describes robots that interact with humans through social interaction rather than through tele‐operation. SIR is a subset of HRI that addresses the challenges of social interaction between humans and robots. SIR can also be referred to as social robotics.
- Robot:
-
A mechanical system that takes inputs from sensors, processes them, and acts on its environment to perform tasks.
- Tele‐Operation:
-
The act of controlling a device (such as a robot) remotely. The use of tele‐operation for a robot decreases the autonomy of that robot.
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Feil-Seifer, D., Matarić, M.J. (2009). Human Robot Interaction . In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_274
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