Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Congenital Craniofacial Deformities: Ophthalmologic Considerations

  • Chapter
Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery

Abstract

Congenital craniofacial disorders frequently affect the eye and ocular adnexa, presenting major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the ophthalmic consultant. Appropriate management of these patients requires recognition of the major craniofacial syndromes and their ophthalmic features. An understanding of the embryogenic basis of these deformities is essential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Smith DW, Tondury G. Origin of the calvaria and its sutures. Am J Dis Child. 1978; 132: 662–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Virchow R. Uber den crestinismus, namentlick in franken, and uber pathologische Schadelformen. Verh Phys Med Ges Warsburg. 1851; 2: 230–251.

    Google Scholar 

  3. van der Meulen JCH, et al. Classification of craniofacial malformations. In: Stricker et al, eds. Craniofacial Malformations. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Moore GE. Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human craniofacial dysmorphologies. Int Rev Cytol. 1995; 158: 215–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Le Merrer M, Ledinot V, Renier D, et al. Genetic counseling in craniostenosis: results of a prospective study performed with a group of studies on craniofacial malformations. J Genet Hum. 1988; 36: 295–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. White RA, Dowler LL, Angeloni SV, et al. Assignment of FGF8 to human chromosome 10q25-q26: mutations in FGF8 may be responsible for some types of acrocephalosyndactyly linked to this region. Genomics. 1995; 30: 109–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Preston RA, Post JC, Keats BJ, et al. A gene for Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis maps to the long arm of chromosome 10. Nat Genet. 1994; 7: 149–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Reardon W, Winter RM, Rutland P, et al. Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene cause Crouzon syndrome. Nat Genet. 1994; 8: 98–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Jabs EW, Li X, Scott AF, et al. Jackson-Weiss and Crouzon syndromes are allelic with mutations in fibroblast growth factor 2. Nat Genet. 1994; 8: 275–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wilkie AO, Slaney SF, Oldridge M, et al. Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nat Genet. 1995; 9: 165–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen MM Jr, Kreiborg S. Birth prevalence studies of Crouzon syndrome: comparison of direct and indirect methods. Clin Genet. 1992; 41: 12–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ma HW, Lajeunie E, Le Merrer M, et al. No evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis. Hum Genet. 1995; 96: 731–735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kolar JC, Munro IR, Farkas LG: Patterns of dysmorphology in Crouzon syndrome: an anthropometric study. Cleft Palate J. 1988; 25: 235–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Atkinson FRB. Hereditary cranio-facial dysostosis or Crouzon’s disease. Med Press. 1937; 195: 118.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kreiborg S. Crouzon syndrome: a clinical and roentgencephalometric study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg (Suppl). 1981; 18: 28.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Proudman TW, Moore MH, Abbott AH, David DJ. Noncraniofacial manifestations of Crouzon’s disease. J Cranio fac Surg. 1994; 5: 218–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Miller MT. Ocular abnormalities in craniofacial malformations. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1984; 24: 143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hertle RW, et al. Visual loss in patients with craniofacial synostosis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991; 28: 344–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Perlman JM, Zaidman GW. Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon’s syndrome. Cornea. 1994; 13: 80–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bertelson TI. The premature synostosis of the cranial sutures. Arch Opthalmol (Copenhagen). 1958; 5 (suppl): 47–66.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Diamond GR, Whitaker LA. Ocular motility in craniofacial reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984; 73: 31–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Diamond GR, Katowitz JA, Whitaker LA, et al. Ocular alignment after craniofacial reconstruction. Am J Opthalmol. 1980; 90: 248–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Parks MM, Costenbader FO. Craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon’s disease). Am J Ophthalmol. 1950; 33: 77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cohen MM Jr, Kreiborg S, Lammer EJ, et al. Birth prevalence study of the Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1992; 42: 655–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Park WJ, Theda C, Maestri NE, et al. Analysis of phenotypic features and FGFR2 mutations in Apert syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1995; 57: 321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cohen MM, Kreigorg S. Unusual cranial aspects of Apert syndrome. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1994; 14: 48–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Murovic JA, Posnick JC, Drake JM, et al. Hydrocephalus in the Apert syndrome: a retrospective review. Pediatr Neurosurg 1993; 19: 151–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cohen MM Jr, Kreiborg S. Visceral anomalies in Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1993; 45: 758–760.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kreiborg S, Cohen MM Jr. The oral manifestations of Aperts syndrome. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1992; 12: 41–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Buchanan RC. Acrocephalosyndactyly or Apert’s syndrome. Br J Plast Surg. 1968; 21: 406–418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mah J, Kasser J, Upton J. The foot in Apert syndrome. Clin Plast Surg. 1991; 18: 391–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wood VE, Sauser DD, O’Hara RC. The shoulder and elbow in Apert’s syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995; 15: 648–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kasser J, Upton J. The shoulder, elbow and forearm in Apert Syndrome. Clin Plast Surg. 1991; 18: 381–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cohen MM, Kreiborg S. Skeletal abnormalities in the Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1993; 47: 624–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cohen MM Jr, Kreiborg S. An updated pediatric perspective on Apert syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1993; 147: 989–993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Krafchik B. Acne in Apert syndrome. Clin Plast Surg. 1991; 18: 407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cuttone JM, Brazis PT, Miller MT, et al. Absence of the superior rectus muscle in Apert’s syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1979; 16: 349–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fries PD, Katowitz JA. Congenital craniofacial anomalies of ophthalmic importance. Sury Ophthalmol. 1990;35:87–119.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Buncic JR. Ocular aspects of Apert syndrome. Clin Plast Surg. 1991; 18: 315–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pantke et al. The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Birth Defects. 1975; 11: 190–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Evans CA, Christiansen RL: Cephalic malformations in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Radiology. 1976; 121: 399–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Brueton et al. The mapping of a gene for craniosynostosis: evidence for linkage of the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome to distal chromosome 7p. J Med Genet. 1992; 29: 681–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lewanda et al. Genetic heterogeneity among craniosynostosis syndromes: mapping the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome locus between D7S5113 and D7S516 and exclusion of Jackson-Weiss and Crouzon syndrome loci from 7p. Genomics. 1994; 19: 115–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Reardon W, McManus SP, Summers D, Winter RM. Cytogenetic evidence that the Saethre-Chotzen gene maps to 7p21.2. Am J Med Genet. 1993; 47: 633–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Reid CR, McMorrow LE, McDonald-McGinn DM, et al. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome with familial translocation at chromosome 7p22. Am J Med Genet. 1993; 47: 637–639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Schell U, Hehr A, Feldman GJ, et al. Mutations in FGFR1 and FGFR2 cause familial and sporadic Pfeiffer’s syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1995; 4: 323–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rutland P, Pulleyn LJ, Reardon W, et al. Identical mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause both Pfeiffer and Crouzon syndrome phenotypes. Nat Genet. 1995; 9: 173–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Temtamy SA. Carpenter’s syndrome: acrocephalopolysyndactyly, an autosomal recessive syndrome. J Pediatr. 1966; 69: 111–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Carpenter G. Two sisters showing malformations of the skull and other congenital abnormalities. Rep Soc Study Dis Child (London). 1901; 1: 110–118.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Eaton AP, Sommer A, Kontres SB, et al. Carpenter’s syn drome: acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II. Birth Defects. 1974; 10: 249–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Taravath S, Tonsgard JH. Cerebral malformations in Carpenter syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1993; 9: 230–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. DerKaloustian VM, Sinno AA, Nassar SI. Acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II (Carpenter’s syndrome). Am J Dis Child. 1972; 124: 716–718.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Vermeij-Keers CHR, Poelmann RE. The neural crest: a study of cell degeneration and the improbability of cell migration in mouse embryos. Neth J Zool. 1980; 30: 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Patten BM. The normal development of the facial region. In: Pruzansky S, ed. Congenital Anomalies of the Face and Associated Structures. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1961: 48.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Johnston MC. The neural crest abnormalities of the face and brain. Birth Defects. 1975; 11: 416–440.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Weston JA. A radioautographic analysis of the migration and localization of trunk neural crest cells in the chick. Dev Biol. 1963; 6: 279–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Montenegro MA, Palomino H. Hemifacial microsomia: the influence of earthquake-induced stress on human facial clefting and its simulation in mice. Arch Oral Biol. 1995; 40: 33–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Cristensen K, Schmidt MM, Vaeth M, et al. Absence of an environmental effect on the recurrence of facial cleft. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 161–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Davies AF, Stephens RJ, Olavesen MG, et al. Evidence of a locus for orofacial clefting on human chromosome 6p24 and STS content map of the region. Hum Mol Genet. 1995; 4: 121–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Snijders RJ, Sebire NJ, Psara, et al. Prevalence of facial cleft at different stages of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 6: 327–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Turner GM, Twining P. The facial profile in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. Clin Radiol. 1993; 47: 389–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Fries MH, Kuller JA, Norton, et al. Facial features of infants exposed prenatally to cocaine. Teratology. 1993; 48: 413–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lindhout D, Omtzigt JG. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs: implications for the management of epilepsy in women of childbearing age. Epilepsia. 1994; 35 (Suppl 4): S19 - S28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. McElhatton PR. The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol. 1994; 8: 461–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Granstrom G, Kullaa-Mikkonen A. Experimental craniofacial malformations induced by retinoids and resembling branchial arch syndromes. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1990; 24: 3–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tessier P. Anatomical classification of facial, craniofacial and laterofacial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg. 1976; 4: 69–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kawamoto HK Jr. Incidence, pathology and classification of orbital clefts and the pathology of orbital hypertelorism. In: Converse JM et al, eds. Symposium on Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniofacial Anomalies. St Louis: Mosby; 1979: 164.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mann I. A theory of the embryology of oxycephaly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1935; 55: 279–300.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kawamoto HK Jr. The kaleidoscopic world of rare cranio-facial clefts: order out of chaos (Tessier classification). Clin Plast Surg. 1976; 3: 529–572.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rogers BO. Berry-Treacher-Collins syndrome: a review of 200 cases. Br J Plast Surg. 1979; 17: 109–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Tay MT, Quah BL. Mandibulofacial dysostosis: the eye signs of a case study. Singapore Med J. 1991; 32: 365–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Whitaker LA, Katowitz JA, Randall P. The nasolacrimal apparatus in congenital facial anomalies. J Maxillofac Surg. 1974; 2: 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hurwitz P. Mandibulofacial dysostosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1954; 51: 69–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Franceschetti A, Klein D. The mandibulofacial dysostosis: a new hereditary syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. 1949; 27: 144–149.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dixon MJ, Read AP, et al. The gene for Treacher Collins syndrome maps to the long arm of chromosome 5. Am J Hum Genet. 1991; 49: 17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Dixon MJ, Dixon J, Raskova D et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the Treacher Collins syndrome locus: refinement of the localization to chromosome 5q32–33.2. Hum Mol Genet. 1992; 1: 249–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Loftus SK, Edwards SJ, Scherpbier-Heddema T, et al. A combined genetic and radiation hybrid map surrounding the Treacher Collins syndrome locus on chromosome 5q. Hum Mol Genet. 1993; 2: 1785–1792.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Jabs EW, Li X, Lovett M, et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the Treacher Collins syndrome locus with respect to loci in the chromosome 5q3 region. Genomics. 1993; 18: 7–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Marres HA, Cremers CW, Dixon MJ, et al. The Treacher Collins syndrome: a clinical, radiological and genetic linkage study on two pedigrees. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995; 121: 509–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hertle RW, Ziylan S, Katowitz JA. Ophthalmic features and visual prognosis in the Treacher Collins syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993; 77: 642–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wang FM, Millman AL, Sidoti PA, Goldberg RB. Ocular findings in Treacher Collins syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990; 110: 280–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Posnick JC, et al. Cranio-orbito-zygomatic measurements from standard CT scans in unoperated Treacher Collins syndrome patients: comparison with normal controls. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1995; 32: 20–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pruzansky S, Miller MT. Ocular defects in craniofacial syndromes. In: Goldberg MF, ed. Genetic and Metabolic Eye Disease, 2d ed. Boston: Little, Brown; 1986: 245.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Johnson KA, Fairhurst J, Clarke NM. Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum: new manifestations. Pediatr Radiol. 1995; 25: 446–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mansour AM, Wang F, Henkind P, et al. Ocular findings in facioauriculovertebral sequence (Goldenhar-Gorlin sequence). Am J Ophthalmol. 1985; 100: 555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Setzer ES, Ruiz-Casteneda N, Severn C, et al. Etiologic heterogeneity in the oculoauriculovertebral syndrome. J Pediatr. 1981; 98: 88–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Feingbld M, Baum J. Goldenhar’s syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1978; 132: 136–138.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Baum JL, Feingold M. Ocular aspects of Goldenhar’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973; 75: 250–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Feingold M, Gellis SS. Ocular abnormalities associated with the first and second arch syndromes. Sury Ophthalmol. 1968; 14: 30–42.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Converse JM, Wood-Smith D, McCarthy JG, et al. Bilateral facial microsomia: diagnosis, classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974; 54: 413–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Idle CH, Miller GW, Wollschlaeger PB. Familial fascial dysplasia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970; 84: 42. 7–430.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Poswillo D. The pathogenesis of the first and second branchial arch syndromes. Oral Surg. 1973; 35: 302–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lauritzen C, Munro IR, Ross RB. Classification and treatment of hemifacial microsomia. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985; 19: 33–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sulik KH, Johnston MC, Smiley SJ, et al. Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome): a new proposal for its pathogenesis. Am J Med Genet. 1987; 27: 359–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hertle RW, Quinn GE, Katowitz JA. Ocular and adnexal findings in patients with facial microsomias. Ophthalmology. 1992; 99: 144.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Foulkes GD, Reinker K. Congenital constriction band syndrome: a seventy-year experience. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994; 14: 242–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bamforth JS. Amniotic band sequence: Streeter’s hypothesis reexamined. Am J Med Genet. 1992; 44: 280–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Miller MT, Deutsch TA, Cronin C, Keys CL. Amniotic bands as a cause of ocular abnormalities. Int Ophthal Clin. 1987; 104: 270–279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hashemi K, Traboulsi EI, Chavis R, et al. Chorioretinal lacuna in the amniotic band syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991; 28: 238–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hollsten DA, Katowitz JA. The ophthalmic manifestations and treatment of the amniotic band syndrome. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990; 6: 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Preston KL, McDonald M, Sebris SL, et al. Validation of the acuity card procedure for assessment of infants with ocular disorders. Ophthalmology. 1987; 94: 644–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Motoki DS, Altobelli DE, Mulliken JB. Enophthalmos following transposition for craniofacial malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993; 91: 416–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Posnick JC. Craniofascial dysostosis. Staging of reconstruction and management of the midface deformity. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1991; 2: 683–702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Marchac D, Renieir D, Broumand S. Timing of treatment for craniosynostosis and facio-craniosynostosis: a 20-year experience. Br J Plast Surg. 1994; 47: 211–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Siddiqi SN, Posnick JC, Buncic R, et al. The detection and management of intracranial hypertension after initial suture release and decompression for craniofacial dysostosis syndromes. Neurosurgery. 1995; 36: 703–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. McCarthy JG, Glasberg SB, Cutting CB, et al. Twenty-year experience with early surgery for craniosynostosis, II: the craniofacial synostosis syndromes and panostosis-results and unsolved problems. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 96: 284–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hicks C, Pitts J, Rose GE. Lacrimal surgery in patients with congenital cranial and facial anomalies. Eye. 1994; 8: 583–591.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Yvette M. Jockin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James A. Katowitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter D. Fries
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard W. Hertle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    James A. Katowitz MD, FACS (Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery) (Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery)

  2. The Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center and the Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    James A. Katowitz MD, FACS (Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery) (Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jockin, Y.M., Katowitz, J.A., Fries, P.D., Hertle, R.W. (2002). Congenital Craniofacial Deformities: Ophthalmologic Considerations. In: Katowitz, J.A. (eds) Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21630-0_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21630-0_29

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-2858-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21630-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation