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Quantitative and Molecular Genetics of ADHD

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Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 9))

Abstract

ADHD is a common and highly heritable disorder. Family, twin, and adoption studies confirm a strong genetic influence in risk for ADHD and there has been a great deal of interest in identifying the genetic factors involved. Quantitative genetic studies find that genetic risk for ADHD is continuously distributed throughout the population, that there are both shared and unique genetic influences on inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, and that ADHD shares genetic risk factors with commonly co-occurring clinical syndromes and traits. ADHD is found at all ages and the underlying genetic architecture is similar across the lifespan. In terms of specific genetic findings, there is consistent evidence of monoamine neurotransmitter involvement with the best evidence coming from genetic markers in or near the dopamine D4 and D5 receptor genes. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified new association findings, including genes involved in cell division, cell adhesion, neuronal migration, and neuronal plasticity. However, as yet, none of these pass genome-wide levels of significance. Finally, recent data confirm an important role for rare copy number variants, including those that are found in schizophrenia and autism. Future work should use genetic association data to determine the nature of the cognitive, neuronal and cellular processes that mediate genetic risks on behaviour, and identify environmental factors that interact with genetic risks for ADHD.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

CEPH:

Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain

CNV:

Copy number variants

DAT1:

Dopamine transporter (SLC/6A3)

DZ:

Dizygotic

EAA:

Equal environments assumption

GWAS:

Genomewide association studies

IMAGE:

International Multisite ADHD Genetics

Met:

Methionine

MV:

Multivariate

MZ:

Monozygotic

NICE:

National Institute for Clinical Health and Excellence (UK)

RD:

Reading disability

RT:

Response time

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TDT:

Transmission disequilibrium test

Val:

Valine

VNTR:

Variable number tandem repeat

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  1. MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK

    Philip Asherson

  2. Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK

    Hugh Gurling

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  1. , Dept of Neurosci, Physiol & Pharmacol, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, United Kingdom

    Clare Stanford

  2. , Human Development & Applied Psychology, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Edu, Bloor Street West 252, Toronto, M5S1V6, Canada

    Rosemary Tannock

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Asherson, P., Gurling, H. (2011). Quantitative and Molecular Genetics of ADHD. In: Stanford, C., Tannock, R. (eds) Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_155

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