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Neuroanatomical Changes Associated with Cognitive Aging

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Behavioral Neurobiology of Aging

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 10))

Abstract

The literature on the neuroanatomical changes that occur during normal, non-demented aging is reviewed here with an emphasis on the improved accuracy of studies that use stereological techniques. Loss of neural tissue involved in cognition occurs during aging of humans as well as the other mammals that have been examined. There is considerable regional specificity within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in both the degree and cellular basis for loss. The anatomy of the prefrontal cortex is especially vulnerable to the effects of aging while the major subfields of the hippocampus are not. A loss of neurons, dendrites and synapses has been documented, as well as changes in neurotransmitter systems, in some regions of the cortex and hippocampus but not others. Species differences are also apparent in the cortical white matter and the corpus callosum where there are indications of loss of myelin in humans, but most evidence favors preservation in rats. The examination of whether the course of neuroanatomical aging is altered by hormone replacement in females is just beginning. When hormone replacement is started close to the time of cycle cessation, there are indications in humans and rats that replacement can preserve neural tissue but there is some variability due to the type of hormones and regimen of administration.

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Abbreviations

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PET:

Positron emission tomography

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

DAT:

Dopamine transporter

MAO-A:

Monoamine oxidase A

MAO-B:

Monoamine oxidase B

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

mPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

NMDA R:

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor

MPA:

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

E:

17-β estradiol

P:

Progesterone

CEE:

Conjugated equine estrogens

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

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Acknowledgements

Our work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Aging, AG18046 and AG022499. We thank Wendy Koss and Renee Sadowski for comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois, 603 E Daniel, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA

    Janice M. Juraska

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E Daniel, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA

    Nioka C. Lowry

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  1. Janice M. Juraska
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Correspondence to Janice M. Juraska .

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  1. School of Biomedical Sciences, Inst. Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom

    Marie-Christine Pardon

  2. Div. Geriatric Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093-0603, California, USA

    Mark W. Bondi

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Juraska, J.M., Lowry, N.C. (2011). Neuroanatomical Changes Associated with Cognitive Aging. In: Pardon, MC., Bondi, M. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Aging. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_137

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