Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Oestradiol and Psychosis: Clinical Findings and Biological Mechanisms

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Psychopharmacology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 8))

Abstract

Female sex steroids easily access the central nervous system and modulate a number of intracerebral processes via their specific receptors. Oestradiol is the biologically dominant female sex steroid and has been implicated in the aetiology and course of psychotic illnesses. There is evidence for interaction between oestradiol and several neurobiological systems that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychotic illnesses. Clinical studies have indicated that psychosis, and in particular schizophrenia, is associated with reduced ovarian function and that this may be inherent to the illness itself. In schizophrenia several studies have suggested a therapeutic effect of oestradiol and selective oestrogen modulators although research is still at an early stage. In bipolar disorder, the relationship between childbirth and first onsets or recurrences is one of the most reproducible findings in psychiatric research. Whether or not the rapid fall of oestrogens is the mediating mechanism is not yet clear but preliminary oestrogen treatment studies commenced immediately after childbirth are promising. Outside the perinatal context, tamoxifen, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, has shown strong antimanic effects although further studies are necessary to test an effect in larger samples. Hormonal treatments should not yet be used in standard care but could be considered in women with treatment resistant psychoses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggernaes B, Glenthoj BY, Ebdrup BH, Rasmussen H, Lublin H, Oranje B (2010) Sensorimotor gating and habituation in antipsychotic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after 6 months' treatment with quetiapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(10):1383–1395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahokas A, Aito M, Rimón R (2000) Positive treatment effect of estradiol in postpartum psychosis: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 61(3):166–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amrollahi Z, Rezaei F, Salehi B, Modabbernia AH, Maroufi A, Esfandiari GR, Naderi M, Ghebleh F, Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Sadeghi M, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S (2011) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-week study on the efficacy and safety of the tamoxifen adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. J Affect Disord 129:327–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bäckström T, Carstensen H, Södergard R (1976) Concentration of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone in cerebrospinal fluid compared to plasma unbound and total concentrations. J Steroid Biochem 7(6–7):469–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bebchuk JM, Arfken CL, Dolan-Manji S, Murphy J, Hasanat K, Manji HK (2000) A preliminary investigation of a protein kinase C inhibitor in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:95–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P, Jannakos I, Nagl I, Salbach B, Klinga K, Runnebaum B, Resch F (2005) Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 73:357–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Braff DL, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (2001) Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156(2–3):234–258. Review. PubMed PMID: 11549226

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer CJ, Balen AH (2010) The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation. Reproduction 140(3):347–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockington I (2005) Menstrual psychosis. World Psychiatry 4(1):9–17

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Canuso CM, Goldstein JM, Wojcik J et al (2002) Antipsychotic medication, prolactin elevation, and ovarian function in women with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res 111:11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson A, Waters N, Holm-Waters S, Tedroff J, Nilsson M, Carlsson ML (2001) Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:237–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castle DJ, Murray RM (1991) The neurodevelopmental basis of sex differences in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 20:285–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez C, Hollaus M, Scarr E, Pavey G, Gogos A, van den Buuse M (2010) The effect of estrogen on dopamine and serotonin receptor and transporter levels in the brain: an autoradiography study. Brain Res 1321:51–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chetkowski RJ, Meldrum DR, Steingold KA, Randle D, Lu JK, Eggena P, Hershman JM, Alkjaersig NK, Fletcher AP, Judd HL (1986) Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol. N Engl J Med 314(25):1615–1620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chua WL, de Izquierdo SA, Kulkarni J, Mortimer A (2005) Estrogen for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (4):CD004719

    Google Scholar 

  • Cookson JC (1982) Post-partum mania, dopamine, and estrogens. Lancet 2(8299):672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousins DA, Butts K, Young AH (2009) The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 11(8):787–806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creutz LM, Kritzer MF (2002) Estrogen receptor-beta immunoreactivity in the midbrain of adult rats: regional, subregional, and cellular localization in the A10, A9, and A8 dopamine cell groups. J Comp Neurol 446(3):288–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darne J, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC (1987) Saliva oestriol, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone levels in pregnancy: spontaneous labour at term is preceded by a rise in the saliva oestriol:progesterone ratio. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94(3):227–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean C, Williams RJ, Brockington IF (1989) Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder? A family study. Psychol Med 19(3):637–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond SB, Rubinstein AA, Dunner DL, Fieve RR (1976) Menstrual problems in women with primary affective illness. Compr Psychiatry 17(4):541–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gattaz WF, Vogel P, Riecher-Rössler A, Soddu G (1994) Influence of the menstrual cycle phase on the therapeutic response in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 36(2):137–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genazzani AD, Chierchia E, Santagni S, Rattighieri E, Farinetti A, Lanzoni C (2010) Hypothalamic amenorrhea: from diagnosis to therapeutical approach. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 71(3):163–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogos A, Kwek P, Chavez C, van den Buuse M (2010) Estrogen treatment blocks 8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin- and apomorphine-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition: involvement of dopamine D1 or D2 or serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, or 5-HT7 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 333:218–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove-Strawser D, Boulware MI, Mermelstein PG (2010) Membrane estrogen receptors activate the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR5 and mGluR3 to bidirectionally regulate CREB phosphorylation in female rat striatal neurons. Neuroscience 170(4):1045–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H, Riecher A, Maurer K et al (1989) How does gender influence age at first hospitalization for schizophrenia? Psychol Med 19:903–918

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H, Behrens S, De Vry J et al (1991) Estradiol enhances the vulnerability threshold for schizophrenia in women by an early effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Evidence from an epidemiological study and from animal experiments. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241:65–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H (2003) Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2(Suppl):17–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber TJ, Rollnik J, Wilhelms J, von zur Mühlen A, Emrich HM, Schneider U (2001) Estradiol levels in psychotic disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26(1):27–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ZA, Liu F, Marquis K, Muniz L, Pangalos MN, Ring RH, Whiteside GT, Brandon NJ (2009) Estrogen receptor neurobiology and its potential for translation into broad spectrum therapeutics for CNS disorders. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2(3):215–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joffe H, Cohen LS, Suppes T, McLaughlin WL, Lavori P, Adams JM, Hwang CH, Hall JE, Sachs GS (2006) Valproate is associated with new-onset oligoamenorrhea with hyperandrogenism in women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 59(11):1078–1086

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones I, Craddock N (2001) Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry 158(6):913–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic T, Szilagyi S, Chakravorty S, Fiallos AM, Lewison BJ, Parwani A, Schwartz MP, Gonzenbach S, Rotrosen JP, Duncan EJ (2004) Menstrual cycle phase effects on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Psychophysiology 41(3):401–406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karadag F, Akdeniz F, Erten E, Pirildar S, Yucel B, Polat A, Atmaca M (2004) Menstrually related symptom changes in women with treatment-responsive bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 6(3):253–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmeyer JP (1989) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Panss): rationale and standardisation. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 7:59–67

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni J, Garland KA, ScAffi A, Headey B, Anderson R, de Castella A, Fitzgerald P, Davis SR (2006) A pilot study of hormone modulation as a new treatment for mania in women with bipolar affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:543–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni J, de Castella A, Fitzgerald PB, Gurvich CT, Bailey M, Bartholomeusz C, Burger H (2008) Estrogen in severe mental illness: a potential new treatment approach. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(8):955–960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni J, Gurvich C, Lee SJ, Gilbert H, Gavrilidis E, de Castella A, Berk M, Dodd S, Fitzgerald PB, Davis SR (2010) Piloting the effective therapeutic dose of adjunctive selective estrogen receptor modulator treatment in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(8):1142–1147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar C, McIvor RJ, Davies T, Brown N, Papadopoulos A, Wieck A, Checkley SA, Campbell IC, Marks MN (2003) Estrogen administration does not reduce the rate of recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. J Clin Psychiatry 64(2):112–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari V, Konstantinou J, Papadopoulos A, Aasen I, Poon L, Halari R, Cleare AJ (2010) Evidence for a role of progesterone in menstrual cycle-related variability in prepulse inhibition in healthy young women. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:929–937

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari V (2011) Sex differences and hormonal influences in human sensorimotor gating: implications for schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. doi:10.1007/7854_2010_117

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibenluft E, Ashman SB, Feldman-Naim S, Yonkers KA (1999) Lack of relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 46(4):577–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine RRJ (1988) Gender and schizophrenia. In: Nasrallah NH (ed) Handbook of schizophrenia, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 121–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Littleton-Kearney MT, Ostrowski NL, Cox DA, Rossberg MI, Hurn PD (2002) Selective estrogen receptor modulators: tissue actions and potential for CNS protection. CNS Drug Rev 8(3):309–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansbach RS, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1988) Dopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94(4):507–514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks MN, Wieck A, Checkley SA, Kumar R (1991) Life stress and post-partum psychosis: a preliminary report. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. (10):45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall KM (2011) Introduction to the interaction between gonadal steroids and the central nervous system. Curr Topics Behav Neurosci. doi:10.1007/7854_2011_136

    Google Scholar 

  • Meulenberg PM, Hofman JA (1989) Salivary progesterone excellently reflects free and total progesterone in plasma during pregnancy. Clin Chem 35(1):168–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB (2006) New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA 296(21):2582–2589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB (2009) Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(2):189–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neele SJ, Rombouts SA, Bierlaagh MA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Netelenbos JC (2001) Raloxifene affects brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during visual encoding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(3):1422–1424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HD, Fu R, Griffin JC, Nygren P, Smith ME, Humphrey L (2009) Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 151(10):703–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Brian CA, Liskamp RM, Solomon DH, Weinstein IB (1986) Triphenylethylenes: a new class of protein kinase C inhibitors. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(6):1243–1246

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payne JL, Roy PS, Murphy-Eberenz K, Weismann MM, Swartz KL, McInnis MG, Nwulia E, Mondimore FM, MacKinnon DF, Miller EB, Nurnberger JI, Levinson DF, DePaulo JR Jr, Potash JB (2007) Reproductive cycle-associated mood symptoms in women with major depression and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 99(1–3):221–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price WA, DiMarzio L (1986) Premenstrual tension syndrome in rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 47(8):415–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasgon N, Altshuler L, Fairbanks L et al (2005) Reproductive function and risk for PCOS in women treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 7:246–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich T, Winokur G (1970) Postpartum psychoses in patients with manic depressive disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 151(1):60–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riecher-Roessler A, Häfner H, Dutsch-Strobel A et al (1994) Further evidence for a specfic role of estradiol in schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry 36:492–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson E, Jones I, Haque S, Holder R, Craddock N (2005) Risk of puerperal and non-puerperal recurrence of illness following bipolar affective puerperal (post-partum) psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 186:258–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Robling SA, Paykel ES, Dunn VJ, Abbott R, Katona C (2000) Long-term outcome of severe puerperal psychiatric illness: a 23 year follow-up study. Psychol Med 30(6):1263–1271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez MG, Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T (2010) Steroids-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 16(3):e43–e71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz S, Pohl P (1992) Steroid hormones and steroid hormone binding globulins in cerebrospinal fluid studied in individuals with intact and with disturbed blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Neuroendocrinology 55(2):174–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman M (1983) Interaction of sex, age and neuroleptic dose. Compr Psychiatry 24:125–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeman MV, Lang M (1990) the role of estrogens in schizophrenia and gender difference. Schizophr Bull 16:185–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Ruttenberg A, Rosenbaum JF (1995) Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 38(12):814–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smejkalova T, Woolley CS (2010) Estradiol acutely potentiates hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission through a presynaptic mechanism. J Neurosci 30(48):16137–16148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JM, Howes OD, Egerton A, Kambeitz J, Allen P, Lythgoe DJ, O'Gorman RL, McLean MA, Barker GJ, McGuire P (2010) Altered relationship between hippocampal glutamate levels and striatal dopamine function in subjects at ultra high risk of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 68(7):599–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow NR, Hartman PL, Auerbach PP (1997) Changes in sensorimotor inhibition across the menstrual cycle: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 41(4):452–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow NR, Weber M, Qu Y, Light GA, Braff DL (2008) Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199(3):331–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, Tondo L, Murray A, Baldessarini RJ (2000) Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 157(2):179–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE, Cowdry RW (1988) Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and treatment responses in 51 patients. Am J Psychiatry 145(2):179–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieck A, Haddad PM (2003) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia in women: pathophysiology, severity and consequences. Selective literature review. Br J Psychiatry 182:199–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieck A, Kumar R, Hirst AD, Marks MN, Campbell IC, Checkley SA (1991) Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors and recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. BMJ 303(6803):613–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wieck A, Davies RA, Hirst AD, Brown N, Papadopoulos A, Marks MN, Checkley SA, Kumar RC, Campbell IC (2003) Menstrual cycle effects on hypothalamic dopamine receptor function in women with a history of puerperal bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 17(2):204–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (1976) Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43(2):436–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn JK, Green MF, Sprock J, Light GA, Widmark C, Reist C, Erhart S, Marder SR, Mintz J, Braff DL (2007) Effects of olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 95(1–3):134–142

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz A, Guleryuz S, Ankerst DP, Ongur D, Renshaw PF (2008) Protein kinase C inhibition in the treatment of mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tamoxifen. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:255–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarate CA, Manji HK (2009) Protein kinase C inhibitors: rationale for use and potential in the treatment of bipolar disorder. CNS Drugs 23(7):569–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Quiroz J, Jolkovsky L, Luckenbaugh DA, Manji HK (2007) Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord 9:561–570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Ballard ME, Unger LV, Haupt A, Gross G, Decker MW, Drescher KU, Rueter LE (2007) Effects of antipsychotics and selective D3 antagonists on PPI deficits induced by PD 128907 and apomorphine. Behav Brain Res 182(1):1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laureate House, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, University of Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M239LT, UK

    Angelika Wieck

Authors
  1. Angelika Wieck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bradford School of Pharmacy, University Bradford, Bradford, W.Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom

    Jo C. Neill

  2. Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Commercial Rd., Melbourne, 3004, Australia

    Jayashri Kulkarni

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wieck, A. (2011). Oestradiol and Psychosis: Clinical Findings and Biological Mechanisms. In: Neill, J., Kulkarni, J. (eds) Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Psychopharmacology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_127

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation