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Rat Models of ADHD

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Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 9))

Abstract

Showing that an animal is hyperactive is not sufficient for it to be accepted as a model of ADHD. Based on behavioral, genetic, and neurobiological data, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) obtained from Charles River, Germany, (SHR/NCrl) is at present the best-validated animal model of ADHD. One Wistar Kyoto substrain (WKY/NHsd), obtained from Harlan, UK, is its most appropriate control. Another WKY substrain (WKY/NCrl) obtained from Charles River, Germany, is inattentive, has distinctly different genetics and neurobiology, and provides a promising model for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD (ADHD-I) if one wants to investigate categorical ADHD subtypes. In this case, also, the WKY/NHsd substrain should be used as control. Although other rat strains may behave like WKY/NHsd rats, neurobiological results indicate significant differences when compared to the WKY/NHsd substrain, making them less suitable as controls for the SHR/NCrl. Thus, there are no obvious behavioral differences among the various SHRs, but there are behavioral and neurobiological differences among the WKY strains. The use of WKY/NCrl, outbred Wistar, Sprague Dawley, or other rat strains as controls for SHR/NCrl may produce spurious neurobiological effects and erroneous conclusions. Finally, model data yield support to independent hyperactivity and inattention dimensions in ADHD behavior.

Note. Strain nomenclature is based on the Rat Genome Database (Twigger et al. 2007; Rat Genome Database 2008).

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHD-C:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined subtype

ADHD-H:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype

ADHD-I:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive subtype

DA/OlaHsd:

Inbred rats from Harlan, UK

IMAGE:

International multi-center ADHD gene (project)

LEW/NHsd:

Lewis rats from Harlan, UK

PVG/Mol:

Inbred hooded rats from Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Denmark

RT-PCR:

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

SD/MolTac:

Outbred Sprague Dawley rats from Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Denmark

SD/NTac (NTac:SD):

Taconic Sprague Dawley rats

SHR:

Spontaneously hypertensive rat

SHR/N:

Inbred SHR from NIH

SHR/NCrl:

Inbred SHR from Charles River, Germany

SHR/NMol:

Inbred SHR from Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Denmark

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SSLP:

Simple sequence length polymorphisms

WH/HanTac (also known as: HanTac:WH):

Outbred Wistar Hannover GALAS rats from Taconic Europe

WHHA/Edh (now WKHA/N):

Inbred rat from a cross between SHR and WKY with selection for high spontaneous activity and low systolic blood pressure at the University of Vermont College of Medicine, USA

WHHT/Edh (now WKHT/N):

Inbred rat from a cross between SHR and WKY with selection for normal spontaneous activity and high systolic blood pressure at the University of Vermont College of Medicine, USA

Wistar/Mol:

Outbred from Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Denmark

WKY/N:

Inbred WKY from NIH, USA

WKY/NHsd:

Inbred WKY from Harlan Europe, UK

WKY/NicoCrlf:

Inbred WKY from Charles River, France

WKY/NMolTac (also known as: WKY/NMol):

WKY from Møllegaard Breeding Centre, Denmark

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Acknowledgment

Financial support for the work described herein was mainly from the Research Council of Norway.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway

    Terje Sagvolden

  2. Akershus University College, 423, 2001, Lillestrøm, Norway

    Espen Borgå Johansen

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  1. Terje Sagvolden
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Correspondence to Espen Borgå Johansen .

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  1. , Dept of Neurosci, Physiol & Pharmacol, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, United Kingdom

    Clare Stanford

  2. , Human Development & Applied Psychology, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Edu, Bloor Street West 252, Toronto, M5S1V6, Canada

    Rosemary Tannock

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Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E.B. (2011). Rat Models of ADHD. In: Stanford, C., Tannock, R. (eds) Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_126

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