Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Treatment Implications of the Schizophrenia Prodrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 4))

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder that strikes at a critical period of a young person’s life. Early identification of individuals in the prodromal phase of a psychotic illness can lead to earlier treatment and perhaps prevention of many of the devastating effects of a first psychotic episode. International research efforts have demonstrated the success of community outreach and education regarding the schizophrenia prodrome and it is now possible to use empirically defined clinical and demographic criteria to identify individuals at a substantially increased risk for a psychotic illness. The development of clinical staging criteria for psychosis that incorporates type and severity of clinical symptoms, level of global and social functioning, family history, substance use, neurocognitive functioning, and perhaps neurobiological information, could help to specify appropriate treatment for vulnerable individuals at different phases of the prodrome. Preliminary psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment studies report initial success in reducing severity of prodromal symptoms in “at-risk” samples, but further work is needed to refine the prodromal criteria and perform well controlled treatment studies in adequately powered samples. Treatment algorithms can then be tailored to presenting symptoms, number of risk factors present, and evidence of progression of the illness, to assure appropriate, safe and effective interventions in the early stages of psychosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Addington J, Leriger E, Addington D (2003) Symptom outcome 1 year after admission to an early psychosis program. Can J Psychiatry 48:204–207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Addington J, Van Mastrigt S, Addington D (2004) Duration of untreated psychosis: impact on 2-year outcome. Psychol Med 34:277–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Heinssen R (2007) North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study: a collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research. Schizophr Bull 33:665–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angelucci F, Mathe AA, Aloe L (2000) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB in rat brain are significantly altered after haloperidol and risperidone administration. J Neurosci Res 60:783–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold S, Beyer C (2009) Neuroprotection by estrogen in the brain: the mitochondrial compartment as presumed therapeutic target. J Neurochem 110:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM (2004) Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry 184:110–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bai O, Chlan-Fourney J, Bowen R, Keegan D, Li XM (2003) Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus after treatment with antipsychotic drugs. J Neurosci Res 71:127–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballon JS, Kaur T, Marks II, Cadenhead KS (2007) Social functioning in young people at risk for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 151:29–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger GE, Wood S, McGorry PD (2003) Incipient neurovulnerability and neuroprotection in early psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull 37:79–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger GE, Proffitt TM, McConchie M, Yuen H, Wood SJ, Amminger GP, Brewer W, McGorry PD (2007) Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68:1867–1875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilder RM, Reiter G, Bates J, Lencz T, Szeszko P, Goldman RS, Robinson D, Lieberman JA, Kane JM (2006) Cognitive development in schizophrenia: follow-back from the first episode. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 28:270–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer WJ, Wood SJ, McGorry PD, Francey SM, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Anderson V, Copolov DL, Singh B, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C (2003) Impairment of olfactory identification ability in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160:1790–1794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer WJ, Francey SM, Wood SJ, Jackson HJ, Pantelis C, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Anderson VA, McGorry PD (2005) Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 162:71–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd CA, Brunjes PC (2001) Neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish. Neuroscience 105:793–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cadenhead K (2005) The stability of prepulse inhibition of the startle response in individuals at-risk for schizophrenia and in the early phases of illness. Schizophr Bull 31:450

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadenhead K, Light GA, Geyer MA, Braff DL (2000) Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related-potential in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157:55–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Bearden CE, Loewy R, Thompson P, Toga AW, Huttunen MO, Keshavan MS, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT (2003) Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions. Schizophr Bull 29:653–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon R, Lubar J, Congedo M, Thornton K, Towler K, Hutchens T (2007) The effects of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus. Int J Neurosci 117:337–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, Cadenhead K, Cornblatt B, Woods SW, Addington J, Walker E, Seidman LJ, Perkins D, Tsuang M, McGlashan T, Heinssen R (2008) Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:28–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Knobler H, Davidson-Sagi N, Davidson M (2003) Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophr Res 65:87–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, Taylor A, Arseneault L, Williams B, Braithwaite A, Poulton R, Craig IW (2005) Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry 57:1117–1127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catts VS, Catts SV (2000) Apoptosis and schizophrenia: is the tumour suppressor gene, p53, a candidate susceptibility gene? Schizophr Res 41:405–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran C, Malaspina D, Hercher L (2005) Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: the risks of being at “risk”. Schizophr Res 73:173–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblatt BA, Lencz T, Kane JM (2001) Treatment of the schizophrenia prodrome: is it presently ethical? Schizophr Res 51:31–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblatt B, Lencz T, Obuchowski M (2002) The schizophrenia prodrome: treatment and high-risk perspectives. Schizophr Res 54:177–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblatt BA, Auther AM, Niendam T, Smith CW, Zinberg J, Bearden CE, Cannon TD (2007a) Preliminary findings for two new measures of social and role functioning in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 33(3):688–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornblatt BA, Lencz T, Smith CW, Olsen R, Auther AM, Nakayama E, Lesser ML, Tai JY, Shah MR, Foley CA, Kane JM, Correll CU (2007b) Can antidepressants be used to treat the schizophrenia prodrome? Results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 68:546–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correll CU, Malhotra AK (2004) Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 174:477–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosway R, Byrne M, Clafferty R, Hodges A, Grant E, Abukmeil SS, Lawrie SM, Miller P, Johnstone EC (2000) Neuropsychological change in young people at high risk for schizophrenia: results from the first two neuropsychological assessments of the Edinburgh High Risk Study. Psychol Med 30:1111–1121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Weiser M, Kaplan Z, Mark M (1999) Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 156:1328–1335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eastvold AD, Cadenhead K (2003) Neurocognitive markers in prodromal schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 60:133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastvold AD, Heaton RK, Cadenhead KS (2007) Neurocognitive deficits in the (putative) prodrome and first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res 93:266–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erbagci AB, Herken H, Koyluoglu O, Yilmaz N, Tarakcioglu M (2001) Serum IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in schizophrenic patients, relation with symptomatology and responsiveness to risperidone treatment. Mediators Inflamm 10:109–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg I (1982) Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res 17:319–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant C, Addington J, Addington D, Konnert C (2001) Social functioning in first- and multiepisode schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 46:746–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafner H, an der Heiden W (1999) The course of schizophrenia in the light of modern follow-up studies: the ABC and WHO studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(Suppl 4):14–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A, Maurer K, Fätkenheuer B, Löffler W (1992) First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 242:109–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haroun N, Dunn L, Haroun A, Cadenhead KS (2006) Risk and protection in prodromal schizophrenia: ethical implications for clinical practice and future research. Schizophr Bull 32:166–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H (2003) Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter? Psychol Med 33:97–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty JD, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M, Waternaux C, Oepen G (1994) One hundred years of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the outcome literature. Am J Psychiatry 151:1409–1416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber G, Gross G (1989) The concept of basic symptoms in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. Recenti Prog Med 80:646–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs BL, Praag H, Gage FH (2000) Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression. Mol Psychiatry 5:262–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jahshan C, Heaton RK, Golshan S, Cadenhead KS (2010) Course of neurocognitive deficits in the prodrome and first episode of schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 24:109–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarskog LF, Gilmore JH, Selinger ES, Lieberman JA (2000) Cortical bcl-2 protein expression and apoptotic regulation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48:641–650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen JO, Larsen TK, Joa I, Melle I, Friis S, Opjordsmoen S, Rund BR, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan TH (2005) Pathways to care for first-episode psychosis in an early detection healthcare sector: part of the Scandinavian TIPS study. Br J Psychiatry 48:s24–s28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsgodt KH, Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Cannon TD (2009) White matter integrity and prediction of social and role functioning in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 66:562–569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keith SJ, Matthews SM (1991) The diagnosis of schizophrenia: a review of onset and duration issues. Schizophr Bull 17:51–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F (2001) Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:158–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornack DR, Rakic P (1999) Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5768–5773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lappin JM, Morgan K, Morgan C, Hutchison G, Chitnis X, Suckling J, Fearon P, McGuire PK, Jones PB, Leff J, Murray RM, Dazzan P (2006) Gray matter abnormalities associated with duration of untreated psychosis. Schizophr Res 83:145–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen TK, Moe LC, Vibe-Hansen L, Johannessen JO (2000) Premorbid functioning versus duration of untreated psychosis in 1 year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 45:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen TK, Melle I, Auestad B, Friis S, Haahr U, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S, Rund BR, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan T (2006) Early detection of first-episode psychosis: the effect on 1-year outcome. Schizophr Bull 32:758–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman JA (1999) Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective. Biol Psychiatry 46:729–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linszen D, Dingemans P, Lenior M (2001) Early intervention and a five year follow up in young adults with a short duration of untreated psychosis: ethical implications. Schizophr Res 51:55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier W, Mossner R, Quednow BB, Wagner M, Hurlemann R (2008) From genes to psychoses and back: the role of the 5HT2alpha-receptor and prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258(Suppl 5):40–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2000) Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20:9104–9110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, Ahmed MR, Scholten D, Harricharan R, Cortese L, Takhar J (2002) One year outcome in first episode psychosis: influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophr Res 54:231–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall M, Rathbone J (2006) Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004718

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T (2005) Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:975–983

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan TH (2001) Psychosis treatment prior to psychosis onset: ethical issues. Schizophr Res 51:47–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan TH, Vaglum P, Friis S, J. Johannessen O, Simonsen E, Larsen TK, Melle I, Haahr U, Opjordsmoen S, Zipursky R, Perkins D, Addington J, Miller T, Woods S, Hoffman R, Preda A, Epstein I, Addington D, Lindborg S, Trzaskoma Q, M. Tohen M, Breier A (2005) Early detection and intervention in first episode psychosis: empirical update of the TIPS and PRIME projects. Schizophr Bull 31:496

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, Addington J, Miller T, Woods SW, Hawkins KA, Hoffman RE, Preda A, Epstein I, Addington D, Lindborg S, Trzaskoma Q, Tohen M, Breier A (2006) Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 163:790–799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan TH, Addington J, Cannon T, Heinimaa M, McGorry P, O'Brien M, Penn D, Perkins D, Salokangas RK, Walsh B, Woods SW, Yung A (2007) Recruitment and treatment practices for help-seeking “prodromal” patients. Schizophr Bull 33:715–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, Francey S, Cosgrave EM, Germano D, Bravin J, McDonald T, Blair A, Adlard S, Jackson H (2002) Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:921–928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ (2006) Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 40:616–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung AR (2007) Early intervention in psychotic disorders: detection and treatment of the first episode and the critical early stages. Med J Aust 187:S8–S10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara RK, Ostrander M, Abplanalp W, Richtand NM, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ (2006) Modulation of phosphoinositide-protein kinase C signal transduction by omega-3 fatty acids: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75:237–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melle I, Larsen TK, Haahr U, Friis S, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S, Simonsen E, Rund BR, Vaglum P, McGlashan T (2004) Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis: effects on clinical presentation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:143–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melle I, Haahr U, Friis S, Hustoft K, Johannessen JO, Larsen TK, Opjordsmoen S, Rund BR, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan T (2005) Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis – effects on baseline social functioning and quality of life. Acta Psychiatr Scand 112:469–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng H, Schimmelmann BG, Koch E, Bailey B, Parzer P, Günter M, Mohler B, Kunz N, Schulte-Markwort M, Felder W, Zollinger R, Bürgin D, Resch F (2009) Basic symptoms in the general population and in psychotic and non-psychotic psychiatric adolescents. Schizophr Res 111:32–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Somjee L, Markovich PJ, Stein K, Woods SW (2002) Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry 159:863–865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Cannon TD, Ventura J, Cadenhead K, McFarlane W, Perkins DO, Pearlso GD, Woods SW (2004) Prodromal assessment using the SIPS and SOPS. Schizophr Res 70:74

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, Maj M (1997) Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in chronic schizophrenia: effects of clozapine treatment. Psychiatry Res 71:11–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AP, French P, Walford L, Lewis SW, Kilcommons A, Green J, Parker S, Bentall RP (2004) Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 185:291–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1996) Evidence-based health policy – lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science 274:740–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Johnson JK, McKinley M, Loewy R, O'Brien M, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Cannon TD (2006) Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome. Schizophr Res 84:100–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Zinberg J, Johnson JK, O'Brien M, Cannon TD (2007) The course of neurocognition and social functioning in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33:772–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Bullmore ET, Brewer W, Soulsby B, Desmond P, McGuire PK (2003) Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 361:281–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, Lieberman JA (2005) Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 162:1785–1804

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen L, Nordentoft M, Jeppesen P, Ohlenschaeger J, Thorup A, Christensen TØ, Krarup G, Dahlstrøm J, Haastrup B, Jørgensen P (2005) Improving 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis: OPUS trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 48:s98–s103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power PJ, Bell RJ, Mills R, Herrman-Doig T, Davern M, Henry L, Yuen HP, Khademy-Deljo A, McGorry PD (2003) Suicide prevention in first episode psychosis: the development of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for acutely suicidal patients with early psychosis. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 37:414–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richtand NM, McNamara RK (2008) Serotonin and dopamine interactions in psychosis prevention. Prog Brain Res 172:141–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhrmann S, Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkotter J (2003) Early detection and intervention in the initial prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(Suppl 3):S162–S167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhrmann S, Bechdolf A, Kühn KU, Wagner M, Schultze-Lutter F, Janssen B, Maurer K, Häfner H, Gaebel W, Möller HJ, Maier W, Klosterkötter J, LIPS study group (2007) Acute effects of treatment for prodromal symptoms for people putatively in a late initial prodromal state of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 51:s88–s95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salokangas RK, McGlashan TH (2008) Early detection and intervention of psychosis. A review. Nord J Psychiatry 62:92–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner KF, McGorry PD (2001) Preventing severe mental illnesses – new prospects and ethical challenges. Schizophr Res 51:3–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze-Lutter F, Ruhrmann S, Berning J, Maier W, Klosterkötter J (2010) Basic symptoms and ultrahigh risk criteria: symptom development in the initial prodromal state. Schizophr Bull 36:182–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steindler DA, Pincus DW (2002) Stem cells and neuropoiesis in the adult human brain. Lancet 359:1047–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun D, Phillips L, Velakoulis D, Yung A, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, van Erp TG, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Cannon TD, Pantelis C (2009) Progressive brain structural changes mapped as psychosis develops in ‘at risk’ individuals. Schizophr Res 108:85–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Tanino R, Zhou SY, Hagino H, Niu L, Kawasaki Y, Seto H, Kurachi M (2007) Volume reduction of the left planum temporale gray matter associated with long duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 154:209–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenn CC, Fletcher PJ, Kapur S (2005) A putative animal model of the “prodromal” state of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 57:586–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umbricht D, Krljes S (2005) Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 76:1–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya VA, Marek GJ, Aghajanian GK, Duman RS (1997) 5-HT2A receptor-mediated regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the hippocampus and the neocortex. J Neurosci 17:2785–2795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valmaggia LR, McCrone P, Knapp M, Woolley JB, Broome MR, Tabraham P, Johns LC, Prescott C, Bramon E, Lappin J, Power P, McGuire PK (2009)Economic impact of early intervention in people at high risk of psychosis. Psychol Med 39:1617-1626

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood SJ, Berger G, Velakoulis D, Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Yung AR, Desmond P, Pantelis C (2003) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in first episode psychosis and ultra high-risk individuals. Schizophr Bull 29:831–843

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods SW, Tully EM, Walsh BC, Hawkins KA, Callahan JL, Cohen SJ, Mathalon DH, Miller TJ, McGlashan TH (2007) Aripiprazole in the treatment of the psychosis prodrome: an open-label pilot study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 51:s96–s101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Shi L, Ball DE, Kessler RC, Moulis M, Aggarwal J (2005) The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. J Clin Psychiatry 66:1122–1129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung AR, McGorry PD (1996) The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull 22:353–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yung A, Phillips L, McGorry P, Ward J, Donovan K, Thompson K (2002) Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS). The PACE Clinic, University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne, Australia, In

    Google Scholar 

  • Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, Francey SM, McFarlane CA, Hallgren M, McGorry PD (2003) Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (“prodromal”) group. Schizophr Res 60:21–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung AR, Stanford C, Cosgrave E, Killackey E, Phillips L, Nelson B, McGorry PD (2006) Testing the ultra high risk (prodromal) criteria for the prediction of psychosis in a clinical sample of young people. Schizophr Res 84:57–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung AR, Yuen HP, Berger G, Francey S, Hung TC, Nelson B, Phillips L, McGorry P (2007) Declining transition rate in ultra high risk (prodromal) services: dilution or reduction of risk? Schizophr Bull 33:673–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Phillips MR (1994) Randomised-control trial of family intervention for 78 first-episode male schizophrenic patients: an 18-month study in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 24:96–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA

    Tejal Kaur & Kristin S. Cadenhead

  2. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Presbyterian Hospital of Columbia and Cornell Universities, New York, USA

    Tejal Kaur

Authors
  1. Tejal Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristin S. Cadenhead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristin S. Cadenhead .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. of Psychiatry - MC 0804, University of San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093, USA

    Neal R. Swerdlow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaur, T., Cadenhead, K.S. (2010). Treatment Implications of the Schizophrenia Prodrome. In: Swerdlow, N. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_56

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation