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Cellular Stress Responses in Oocytes: Molecular Changes and Clinical Implications

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Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 16

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((CBTMED,volume 1387))

Abstract

The oocyte may be exposed to several sources of stress during its growth and maturation, which may lead to reduced fertility. Unfolded protein responses (UPRs) play a central role to maintain cell survival and repair. Transcription of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is a key element to facilitate reestablishment of cellular homeostasis. Unlike somatic cells, cellular mechanisms by which oocytes can sense and respond to stress are not well described. In here, we provide an overview about the impact of cellular stress, particularly due to lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and heat stress on oocyte developmental competence. Next, we focus on the expression of HSPs in oocytes and their potential role in UPRs in oocytes and embryos. This is based on a comprehensive shotgun proteomic analysis of mature bovine oocytes performed in our laboratory, as well as a literature review. The topic is discussed in light of our understanding of similar mechanisms in other cell types and the limited transcriptional activity in oocytes. More fundamental research is needed both at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to further understand cell stress response mechanisms in oocytes and early developing embryos, their critical interactions, and their long-term effects. Strategies to provide targeted external support to prevent or reduce cell stress levels during oocyte maturation or early embryo development under maternal metabolic stress conditions should be developed to maximize the odds of producing good quality embryos and guarantee optimal viability.

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Abbreviations

ATF4:

activating transcription factor 4

ATF6:

activating transcription factor 6

COCs:

cumulus oocyte complexes

eIF2α:

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ERAD:

ER-associated degradation

FFAs:

free fatty acids

FSH:

follicle-stimulating hormone

HS:

heat stress

HSPs:

heat shock proteins

IRE1:

inositol-requiring enzyme 1

IVF:

in vitro fertilization

MMP:

mitochondria membrane potential

NEB:

negative energy balance

OPU:

ovum pick-up

OS:

oxidative stress

PA:

palmitic acid

PERK:

protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SCNT:

somatic cell nuclear transfer

UPRer:

UPRs induced by the ER

UPRmt:

UPRs induced by the mitochondria

UPRs:

unfolded protein responses

XBP1:

X-box-binding protein 1

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The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gamete Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

    Waleed F. A. Marei & Jo L. M. R. Leroy

  2. Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Waleed F. A. Marei

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  1. Waleed F. A. Marei
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  2. Jo L. M. R. Leroy
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Correspondence to Waleed F. A. Marei .

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  1. (emeritus) Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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Marei, W.F.A., Leroy, J.L.M.R. (2021). Cellular Stress Responses in Oocytes: Molecular Changes and Clinical Implications. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 16. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1387. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2021_690

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