Abstract
Levinthal’s paradox [1,2], first introduced in the 1960’s (early in the childhood of simulations in Chemistry), serves as a good illustration of the limitations we still face in the application of molecular dynamics (MD). Levinthal reasoned that if we were to assume that every residue in a polypeptide has a least two stable conformations, then a small 100 residue polypeptide would have 2100 possible states. If we were to study such a protein using traditional, state of the art, MD techniques, the native state would only be deduced after a little more than a billion years.
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Abrams, J., Tuckerman, M., Martyna, G. (2006). Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, Non-Hamiltonian Molecular Dynamics, and Novel Applications from Resonance-Free Timesteps to Adiabatic Free Energy Dynamics. In: Ferrario, M., Ciccotti, G., Binder, K. (eds) Computer Simulations in Condensed Matter Systems: From Materials to Chemical Biology Volume 1. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 703. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35273-2_5
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