Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Aspects of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

  • Chapter
Contact Dermatitis

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adams RM (1999) Occupational skin disease, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agner T, Serup J (1989) Seasonal variation of skin resistance to irritants. Br J Dermatol 121:323–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Agner T, Fullerton A, Broby-Johnson U, Batsberg W (1990) Irritant patch testing: penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate into human skin. Skin Pharmacol 3:213–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Agner T, Serup J (1990) Sodium lauryl sulphate for irritant patch testing — a dose-response study using bioengineering methods for determination of skin irritation. J Invest Dermatol 95:543–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Agner T, Damm P, Skouby SO (1991) Menstrual cycle and skin reactivity. J Am Acad Dermatol 24:566–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Agner T, Held E (2002) Skin protection programmes. Contact Dermatitis 46:253–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Agner T, Johansen JD, Overgaard L, Volund A, Basketter D, Menné T (2002) Combined effects of irritants and allergens. Contact Dermatitis 47:21–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Anveden I, Kindberg M, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Isaksson M, Lidén C, Sommerlund M, Wahlberg JE, Wilkinson JD, Willis CM (2004) Oral prednisone suppresses allergic but not irritant patch test reactions in individuals hypersensitive to nickel. Contact Dermatitis 50:298–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aramaki J, Effendy I, Happle R, Kawana S, Löffler C, Löffler H (2001) Which bioengineering assay is appropriate for irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulfate? Contact Dermatitis 45:286–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Atherton DJ (2004) A review of the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of irritant diaper dermatitis. Curr Med Res Opin 20:645–649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bamford JTM, Gibson RW, Renier CM (1985) Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (linoleic and gammalinolenic acids). J Am Acad Dermatol 13:959–965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Barr RM, Brain SC, Camp RD, Cilliers J, Greaves MW, Mallet Al, Misch K (1984) Levels of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the skin in human allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 111:23–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Basketter DA, Whittle E, Chamberlain M (1994) Identification of irritation and corrosion hazards to skin: an alternative strategy to animal testing. Food Chem Toxicol 32:539–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Basketter DA, Whittle E, Griffiths HA, York M (1994) The identification and classification of skin irritation hazard by human patch test. Food Chem Toxicol 32:769–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Basketter DA, Griffiths HA, Wang XM, Wilhelm KP, McFadden J (1996) Individual, ethnic and seasonal variability in irritant susceptibility of skin: the implications for a predictive human patch test. Contact Dermatitis 35:208–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Basketter DA, Wilhelm KP (1996) Studies on non-immune contact reactions in an unselected population. Contact Dermatitis 35:237–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Basketter DA, Chamberlain M, Griffiths HA, York M (1997) The classification of skin irritants by human patch test. Food Chem Toxicol 35:845–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Basketter DA, Miettinen J, Lahti A (1998) Acute irritant reactivity to sodium lauryl sulfate in atopics and non-atopics. Contact Dermatitis 38:253–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Basketter D, Gerberick F, Kimber I, Willis C (1999) Toxicology of contact dermatitis. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  20. Basketter DA, Marriott M, Gilmour NJ, White IR (2004) Strong irritants masquerading as skin allergens: the case of benzalkonium chloride. Contact Dermatitis 50:213–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bauer A, Bartsch R, Stadeler M, Schneider W, Grieshaber R, Wollina U, Gebhardt M (1998) Development of occupational skin diseases during vocational training in baker and confectioner apprentices: a follow-up study. Contact Dermatitis 39:307–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bäurle G, Hornstein OP, Diepgen TL (1985) Professionelle Handekzeme und Atopie. Dermatosen 33:161–165

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bäurle G (1986) Handekzeme. Studie zum Einfluß von konstitutionellen und Umweltfaktoren auf die Genese. Schattauer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bayerl C, Garbea A, Peiler D, Rzany B, Allgäuer T, Kleesz P, Jung EG, Frosch PJ (1999) Pilotstudie zur Therapie des beruflich bedingten Handekzems mit einer neuen tragbaren UVB-Bestrahlungseinheit. Aktuel Dermatol 25:302–305

    Google Scholar 

  25. Berardesca E, Maibach HI (1988) Racial differences in sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation: black and white. Contact Dermatitis 18:65–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Berardesca E, Maibach HI (1988) Sodium-lauryl-sulphate-induced cutaneous irritation: comparison of white and hispanic subjects. Contact Dermatitis 19:136–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Berardesca E, Maibach HI (2003) Ethnic skin: overview of structure and function. J Am Acad Dermatol 48[Suppl]:S139–S142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Berndt U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P (1999) Is occupational irritant contact dermatitis predictable by cutaneous bioengineering methods? Results of the Swiss metalworkers’ eczema study (PROMETES). Dermatology 198:351–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Berne B, Boström Å, Grahnén AF, Tammela M (1996) Adverse effects of cosmetics and toiletries reported to the Swedish Medical Products Agency 1989–1994. Contact Dermatitis 34:359–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Björnberg A (1968) Skin reactions to primary irritants in patients with hand eczema. Isacsons, Göteborg

    Google Scholar 

  31. Blanken R, van der Valk PGM, Nater JP (1986) Laser-Doppler flowmetry in the investigation of irritant compounds on human skin. Dermatosen 34:5–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bock M, Schürer NY, Schwanitz HJ (2004) Effects of CO2-enriched water on barrier recovery. Arch Derm Res 296:163–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Boxman IL, Hensbergen PJ, van der Schors RC, Bruynzeel DP, Tensen CP, Ponec M (2002) Proteomic analysis of skin irritation reveals the induction of HSP27 by sodium lauryl sulphate in human skin. Br J Dermatol 146:777–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brasch J, Schnuch A, Geier J, Aberer W, Uter W (2004) Iodopropynylbutyl carbamate 0.2% is suggested for patch testing of patients with eczema possibly related to preservatives. Br J Dermatol 151:608–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bruynzeel DP, van Ketel WG, Scheper RJ, von Blomberg van der Feier BME (1982) Delayed time course of irritation by sodium lauryl sulfate: observations on threshold reactions. Contact Dermatitis 8:236–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bruze M, Emmett EA (1990) Occupational exposures to irritants. In: Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) Irritant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York, pp 81–106

    Google Scholar 

  37. Capon F, Cambie MP, Clinard F, Bernardeau K, Kalis B (1996) Occupational contact dermatitis caused by computer mice. Contact Dermatitis 35:57–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Choi JM, Lee JY, Cho BK (2000) Chronic irritant contact dermatitis: recovery time in man. Contact Dermatitis 42:264–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clarys P, Manou I, Barel AO (1997) Influence of temperature on irritation in the hand/forearm immersion test. Contact Dermatitis 36:240–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Coenraads PJ, Bleumink E, Nater JP (1975) Susceptibility to primary irritants. Age dependance and relation of contact allergic reactions. Contact Dermatitis 1:177–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Coverly J, Peters L, Whittle E, Basketter DA (1998) Susceptibility to skin stinging, non-immunologic contact urticaria and acute skin irritation; is there a relationship? Contact Dermatitis 38:90–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cronin E (1980) Contact dermatitis. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (1990) Cutaneous sodium lauryl sulfate irritation potential: age and regional variability. Br J Dermatol 123:607–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Groves RW, Antanopoulos C, Kimber I (2002) Differential regulation of epidermal Langerhans cell migration by interleukins (IL)-1alpha and IL-1beta during irritant and allergen-induced cutaneous immune responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182:126–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dahlquist I, Fregert S (1979) Skin irritation in newborns. Contact Dermatitis 5:336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. De Boer EM, van Keitel WG, Bruynzeel DP (1989) Dermatoses in metal workers. I. Irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 20:212–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dickel H, Kuss O, Blesius CR, Schmidt A, Diepgen TL (2001) Occupational skin diseases in Northern Bavaria between 1990 and 1999: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol 145:453–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen TL (2002) Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Am J Clin Dermatol 3:283–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dickel H, John SM (2003) Ratio of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 49:361–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Diepgen TL (2003) Occupational skin disease data in Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:331–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Di Nardo A, Sugino K, Wertz P, Ademola J, Maibach HI (1996) Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induced irritant contact dermatitis: a correlation study between ceramides and in vivo parameters of irritation. Contact Dermatitis 35:86–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dooms-Goossens AE, Debusschere KM, Gevers DM, Dupre KM, Degreef HJ, Loncke JP, Snaauwaert JE (1986) Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:1–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, Colton SW, Abraham W, Strauss JS (1987) Skin lipids: an update, J Invest Dermatol 88:2s–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. EC Annex to Commission Directive 92/69/EEC of 31 July 1992 adapting to technical progress for the seventh time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official J Eur Commun L383A:35 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Eiermann HJ, Larsen W, Maibach HI, Taylor JS (1982) Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: 1977–1980. J Am Acad Dermatol 6:909–917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Elias PM, Brown BE, Zoboh VA (1980) The permeability barrier in essential fatty acid deficiency: evidence for a direct role for linoleic acid in barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 74:230–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Elias PM (1985) The essential fatty acid deficient rodent: evidence for a direct role for intercellular lipid in barrier function. In: Maibach HI, Lowe N (eds) Models in dermatology, vol 1. Karger, Basel, 272–285

    Google Scholar 

  58. Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR (1999) Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermat 10:119–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Elsner P, Wigger-Alberti W (2003) Skin-conditioning products in occupational dermatology. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:351–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. English JSC, Ratcliffe J, Williams HC (1999) Irritancy of industrial hand cleansers tested by repeated open application on human skin. Contact Dermatitis 40:84–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Epstein WL (1990) House and garden plants. In: Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) lrritant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York, pp 127–165

    Google Scholar 

  62. Feldman RJ, Maibach HI (1967) Regional variations in percutaneous absorption of 14 C cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol 48:181–185

    Google Scholar 

  63. Fischer T, Bjarnason B (1996) Sensitizing and irritant properties of 3 environmental classes of diesel oil and their indicator dyes. Contact Dermatitis 34:309–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fleming MG, Bergfeld WF (1990) The etiology of irritant contact dermatitis. In: Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) Initant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York, pp 41–66

    Google Scholar 

  65. Fluhr JW, Bankova L, Fuchs S, Kelterer D, Schliemann-Willers S, Norgauer J, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P (2004) Fruit acids and sodium hydroxide in the food industry and their combined effect with sodium lauryl suphate: controlled in vivo tandem irritation study. Br J Dermatol 151:1039–1048

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fregert S (1981) Manual of contact dermatitis, 2nd edn. Munksgaard, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  67. Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (1977) A method for appraising the stinging capacity of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chem 28:197–209

    Google Scholar 

  68. Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (1977) Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide. Br J Dermatol 96:461–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (1979) The soap chamber test: a new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps. J Am Acad Dermatol 1:35–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Frosch PJ, Duncan S, Kligman AM (1980) Cutaneous biometrics 1: the DMSO test. Br J Dermatol 102:263–274

    Google Scholar 

  71. Frosch PJ, Wissing C (1982) Cutaneous sensitivity to ultraviolet light and chemical irritants. Arch Dermatol Res 272:269–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Frosch PJ (1985) Hautirritation und empfindliche Haut. Grosse, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  73. Frosch PJ (1985) Human models for quantification of corticosteroid adverse effects. In: Maibach HI, Lowe NJ (eds) Models in dermatology, vol 2. Karger, Basel, 5–15

    Google Scholar 

  74. Frosch PJ, Czarnetzki BM (1987) Surfactants cause in vitro chemotaxis and chemokinesis of human neutrophils. J Invest Dermatol 88:52s–55s

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Frosch PJ, Kurte A, Pilz B (1993) Biophysical techniques for the evaluation of skin protective creams In: Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (eds) Noninvasive methods for the quantification of skin functions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 214–222

    Google Scholar 

  76. Frosch PJ, Kurte A (1994) Efficacy of skin barrier creams. IV. The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of four standard irritants. Contact Dermatitis 31:161–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Frosch PJ, Pilz B (1994) Hautschutz für Friseure — die Wirksamkeit von zwei Hautschutzprodukten gegenüber Detergentien im repetitiven Irritationstest. Dermatosen 42:199–202

    Google Scholar 

  78. Frosch PJ, Pilz B, Peiler D, Dreier B, Rabenhorst S (1997) Die Epikutantestung mit patienten-eigenen Produkten. In: Plewig G, Przybilla B (eds) Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 166–181

    Google Scholar 

  79. Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer T (1999) Contact allergy to calcipotriol does exist. Contact Dermatitis 40:66–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer T (2000) Hairdresser’s eczema. In: Menné T, Maibach HI (eds) Hand eczema, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 195–207

    Google Scholar 

  81. Frosch PJ, Peiler D, Grunert V (2003) Wirksamkeit von Hautschutzprodukten im Vergleich zu Hautpflegeprodukten bei Zahntechnikern — eine kontrollierte Feldstudie. JDDG 1:547–557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Funke U, Diepgen T, Fartasch M (1996) Risk-group-related prevention of hand eczema at the workplace. Curr Probl Dermatol 25:123–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gallacher G, Maibach HI (1998) Is atopic dermatitis a predisposing factor for experimental acute irritant contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 38:1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gawkrodger DJ, Lloyd MH, Hunter JAA (1986) Occupational skin disease in hospital cleaning and kitchen workers. Contact Dermatitis 15:132–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gehse M, Kändler-Stürmer P, Gloor M (1987) Über die Bedeutung der Irritabilität der Haut für die Entstehung des berufsbedingten allergischen Kontaktekzems. Dermatol Monatsschr 173:400–404

    Google Scholar 

  86. Geier J, Uter W, Pirker C, Frosch PJ (2003) Patch testing with the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is useful in interpreting weak reactions to contact allergens as allergic or irritant. Contact Dermatitis 48:99–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Geier J, Uter W, Lessmann H, Frosch PJ (2004) Patch testing with metal-working fluids from the patient’s workplace. Contact Dermatitis 51:172–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goffin V, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard G (1996) Sensitive skin and stratum corneum reactivity to household cleaning products. Contact Dermatitis 34:81–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Goh CL, Gan SL (1994) Efficacies of a barrier cream and an afterwork emollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metal workers. A prospective study. Contact Dermatitis 31:176–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gollhausen R, Kligman AM (1985) Effects of pressure on contact dermatitis. Am J lnd Med 8:323–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Grove GL, Duncan S, Kligman AM (1982) Effect of ageing on the blistering of human skin with ammonium hydrxide. Br J Dermatol 107:393–400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Grunewald AM, Gloor M, Gehring W, Kleesz P (1995) Damage to the skin by repetitive washing. Contact Dermatitis 32:225–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hachem J, Crumrine D, Fluhr J (2003) pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. J Invest Dermatol 121:345–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Halkier-Sørensen L, Thestrup-Pedersen K (1993) The efficacy of a moisturizer (Locobase) among cleaners and kitchen assistants during everyday exposure to water and detergents. Contact Dermatitis 29:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Halkier-Sørensen L (1998) Occupational skin disease: reliability and utility of the data in the various registers; the course from notification to compensation and the costs. Contact Dermatitis 39:71–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hamami I, Marks R (1988) Structural determinants of the response of the skin to chemical irritants. Contact Dermatitis 18:71–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hannuksela A, Hannuksela M (1996) Irritant effects of a detergent in wash, chamber and repeated open application tests. Contact Dermatitis 34:134–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Held E, Agner T (1999) Comparison between 2 test models in evaluating the effect of a moisturizer on irritated human skin. Contact Dermatitis 40:261–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Held E (2002) Prevention of irritant skin reactions in relation to wet work. Thesis, University of Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hicks SP, Swindells KJ, Middelkamp-Hup MA, Sifakis MA, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez S (2003) Confocal histopathology of irritant contact dermatitis in vivo and the impact of skin color (black vs white). J Am Acad Dermatol 48:727–734

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hill VA, Ostlere LS (1998) Psoriasis of the hands köbnerizing in contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 39:194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Huygens S, Goossens A (2001) An update on airborne contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 44:1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Imokawa G, Mishima Y (1981) Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers. Contact Dermatitis 7:65–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Issachar N, Gall Y, Borell MT, Poelman MC (1997) pH measurements during lactic acid stinging test in normal and sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis 36:152–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Issachar N, Gall Y, Borrel MT, Poelman MC (1998) Correlation between percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate and sensitive skin, using laser Doppler imaging. Contact Dermatitis 39:182–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Itschner L, Hinnen U, Elsner P (1996) Prevention of hand eczema in the metal-working industry. Risk awareness and behaviour of metal worker apprentices. Dermatology 193:226–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) (1990) Irritant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  108. John SM, Uter W, Schwanitz HJ (2000) Relevance of multiparametric skin bioengineering in a prospectively-followed cohort of junior hairdressers. Contact Derm 43:161–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. John S, Uter W (2005) Meteorological influence on NaOH irritation varies with body site. Arch Derm Res 296:320–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. John SM (2005) Functional skin testing: the SMART-procedures. In: Chew A-L, Maibach HI (eds) Handbook of irritant dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Jolanki R, Estlander T, Alanko K, Kanerva L (2000) Patch testing with a patient’s own material handled at work. In: Kanerva L, Elsner P, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI (eds) Handbook of occupational dermatology, vol 47. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 375–383

    Google Scholar 

  112. Judge MR, Griffiths HA, Basketter DA, White IR, Rycroft RJG, McFadden JP (1996) Variation in response of human skin to irritant challenge. Contact Dermatitis 34:115–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jungbauer FHW, van der Harst JJ, Groothoff JW, Coenraads PJ (2004) Skin protection in nursing work: promoting the use of gloves and hand alcohol. Contact Dermatitis 51:135–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Jungbauer FHW, van der Vleuten P, Groothoff JW, Coenraads PJ (2004) Irritant hand dermatitis: severity of disease, occupational exposure to skin irritants and preventive measures 5 years after initial diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis 50:245–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kalimo K, Kautiainen H, Niskanen T, Niemi L (1999) “Eczema school” to improve compliance in an occupational dermatology clinic. Contact Dermatitis 41:315–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kanerva L, Lahtinen A, Toikkanen J, Forss H, Estlander T, Susitaival P, Jolanki R (1999) Increase in occupational skin diseases of dental personnel. Contact Dermatitis 40:104–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R (2000) Occupational contact dermatitis caused by personal-computer mouse. Contact Dermatitis 43:362–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kao JS, Fluhr JW, Man M-Q, Fowler AJ, Hachem J-P, Crumrine D, Ahn SK, Brown BE, Elias PM, Feingold KR (2003) Short-term glucocorticoid treatment compromises both permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity: inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for functional abnormalities. J Invest Dermatol 120:456–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kappes UP, Goritz N, Wigger-Alberti W, Heinemann C, Elsner P (2001) Tandem application of sodium lauryl sulfate and n-propanol does not lead to enhancement of cumulative skin irritation. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 81:403–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kim IH, Seo SH (1999) Occupational chemical burns caused by bromine. Contact Dermatitis 41:43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Klaschka F (1979) Arbeitsphysiologie der Hornschicht in Grundzügen. In: Marchionini A (ed) Jadassohns Handbuch der Haut-und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Ergänzungswerk, vol 1, part 4A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 153–261

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kligman AM (1979) Cutaneous toxicity: an overview from the underside. Curr Probl Dermatol 7:1–25

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kolbe L, Kligman AM, Stoudemayer T (1998) The sodium hydroxide erosion assay: a revision of the alkali resistance test. Arch Derm Res 290:382–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kolbe L, Kligman AM, Schreiner V, Stoudemayer T (2001) Corticosteroid-induced atrophy and barrier impairment measured by non-invasive methods in human skin. Skin Res Technol 7:73–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kucenic MJ, Belsito DV (2003) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis is more prevalent than irritant contact dermatitis: a 5-year study. J Am Acad Dermatol 49:360–361, authors’ reply 362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Kucharekova M, Hornix M, Ashikaga T et al (2003) The effect of the PDE-4 inhibitor (cipamfylline) in two human models of irritant contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 295:29–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kühner-Piplack B (1987) Klinik und Differentialdiagnose des Handekzems. Eine retrospektive Studie am Krankengut der Universitäts-Hautklinik Heidelberg 1982–1985. Thesis, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  128. Lachapelle JM, Mahmoud G, Vanherle R (1984) Anhydrite dermatitis in coal miners. Contact Dermatitis 11:188–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Laden K (1973) Studies on irritancy and stinging potential. J Soc Cosmet Chem 24:385–393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lammintausta K, Kalimo K (1981) Atopy and hand dermatitis in hospital wet work. Contact Dermatitis 7:301–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lammintausta K, Maibach HI (1987) Irritant reactivity in males and females. Contact Dermatitis 17:276–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D (1988) Mechanisms of subjective (sensory) irritation. Dermatosen 36:45–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Landmann L (1985) Permeabilitätsbarriere der Epidermis. Grosse, Berlin (Grosse Scripta 9)

    Google Scholar 

  134. Landman G, Farmer ER, Hood AF (1990) The pathophysiology of irritant contact dermatitis In: Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) Irritant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York, pp 67–77

    Google Scholar 

  135. Larsen CG, Ternowitz T, Larsen EG, Thestrup-Pedersen K (1989) ETAF/interleukin 1 and epidermal lymphocyte chemotactic factor in epidermis overlying an irritant patch test. Contact Dermatitis 20:335–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, Chew AL, Anigbogu A, Stern R, Maibach H (2001) Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Skin Res Technol 7:214–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Li LF, Fiedler VC, Kumar R (1998) Down-regulation of protein kinase C isoforms in irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 38:319–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lodén M (1997) Barrier recovery and influence of irritant stimuli in skin treated with a moisturizing cream. Contact Dermatitis 36:256–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Löffler H, Effendy I (1999) Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals. Contact Dermatitis 40:239–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Löffler H, Pirker C, Aramaki J, Frosch PJ, Happle R, Effendy I (2001) Evaluation of skin susceptibility to irritancy by routine patch testing with sodium lauryl sulfate. Eur J Dermatol 11:416–419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Löffler H, Happle R (2003) Influence of climatic conditions on the irritant patch test with sodium lauryl sulphate. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 83:338–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Lonne-Rahm S, Berg M, Mrin P, Nordlind K (2004) Atopic dermatitis, stinging, and effects of chronic stress: a pathocausal study. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:899–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Lovell CR, Rycroft RCG, Williams DMJ, Hamlin J (1985) Contact dermatitis from the irritancy (immediate and delayed) and allergenicity of hydroxypropyl acrylate. Contact Dermatitis 12:117–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Lyon CC, Yell J, Beck MH (1998) Irritant contact dermatitis from pancreatin exacerbating vulvodynia. Contact Dermatitis 38:362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Malten KE, den Arend JACJ, Wiggers RE (1979) Delayed irritation: hexanediol diacrylate and butanediol diacrylate. Contact Dermatitis 5:178–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Malten KE (1981) Thoughts on irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 7:238–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Mancuso G, Reggiani M, Berdondini RM (1996) Occupational dermatitis in shoemakers. Contact Dermatitis 34:17–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. McFadden JPP, Wakelin SH, Basketter DA (1998) Acute irritation thresholds in subjects with Type I-Type VI skin. Contact Dermatitis 38:147–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. McOsker DE, Beck LW (1967) Characteristics of accomodated (hardened) skin. J Invest Dermatol 48:372–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Meding B (1990) Epidemiology of hand eczema in an industrial city. Acta Derm Venerol (Stockh) [Suppl] 153:1–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Menné T (1983) Frictional dermatitis in post-office workers. Contact Dermatitis 9:172–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Menné T, Hjorth N (1985) Frictional contact dermatitis. Am J Ind Med 8:401–402

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Menné T, Dooms-Goossens A, Wahlberg JE, White IR, Shaw S (1992) How large a proportion of contact sensitivities are diagnosed with the European Standard series? Contact Dermatitis 26:201–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Menné T, Maibach HI (eds) (2000) Hand eczema, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Moroni P, Cazzaniga R, Pierini F, Panella V, Zerboni R (1988) Occupational contact psoriasis. Dermatosen 36:163–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Morris-Johns R, Robertson SJ, Ross JS et al (2002) Dermatitis caused by physical irritants. Br J Dermatol 147:270–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Nangia A, Andersen PH, Berner B, Maibach HI (1996) High dissociation constants (pKA) of basic permeants are associated with in vivo skin irritation in man. Contact Dermatitis 34:237–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Nethercott JR, Gupta S, Rosen C, Enders LJ, Pilger CW (1984) Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate. A cause of delayed cutaneous irritant reaction and allergic contact dermatitis. J Occup Med 26:513–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Nickoloff BJ (1988) The role of gamma interferon in cutaneous trafficking of lymphocytes with emphasis on molecular and cellular adhesion events. Arch Dermatol 124:1835–1843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nilsson GE, Otto U, Wahlberg JE (1982) Assessment of skin irritancy in man by laser Doppler flowmetry. Contact Dermatitis 8:401–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Nilsson E, Mikaelsson B, Andersson S (1985) Atopy, occupation and domestic work as risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers. Contact Dermatitis 13:216–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Oxholm AM, Oxholm P, Avnstorp C, Bendtzen K (1991) Keratinocyte-expression of interleukin-6 but not of tumour necrosis factor-alpha is increased in the allergic and the irritant patch test reaction. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 71:93–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Parrish JA, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB (1975) Facial irritation due to sunscreen products (letter to the editor). Arch Dermatol 111:525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Patrick E, Burkhalter A, Maibach HI (1987) Recent investigations of mechanisms of chemically induced skin irritation in laboratory mice. J Invest Dermatol 88:24s–31s

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Paulsen E (1998) Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers (II.) Etiological factors. Contact Dermatitis 38:14–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Paye M, Gomes G, Zerweck CR, Piérard GD, Grove GL (1999) A hand immersion test under laboratory-controlled usage conditions: the need for sensitive and controlled assessment methods. Contact Dermatitis 40:133–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Pedersen LK, Johansen JD, Held E, Agner T (2004) Augmentation of skin response by exposure to a combination of allergens and irritants — a review. Contact Dermatitis 50:265–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Peiler D, Rustemeyer T, Pflug B, Frosch PJ (2000) Allergic contact dermatitis in dental laboratory technicians. II. Major allergens and their clinical relevance. Dermatosen 48:48–54

    Google Scholar 

  169. Piérard GE, Goffin V, Herrmanns-Lê T, Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C (1995) Surfactant induced dermatitis. A comparison of corneosurfametry with predicitve testing on human and reconstructed skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 33:462–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Pilz B, Löffler T, Frosch PJ (1994) Toxische Dermatitis durch Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) als Antidot gegen Epirubicin. Dermatosen 42:204–209

    Google Scholar 

  171. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP (1989) Prediction of susceptibility to an irritant response by transepidermal water loss. Contact Dermatitis 20:341–346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Prottey C (1978) The molecular basis of skin irritation. In: Breuer MM (ed) Cosmetic science, vol 1. Academic, London, pp 275–349

    Google Scholar 

  173. Ramam M, Khaitan BK, Singh MK, Gupta SD (1998) Frictional sweat dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 38:49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ramsing DW, Agner T (1995) Efficacy of topical corticosteroids on irritant skin reactions. Contact Dermatitis 32:293–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Ramsing DW, Agner T (1996) Effect of glove occlusion on human skin (II). Long-term experimental exposure. Contact Dermatitis 34:258–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Reiche L, Willis C, Wilkinson J, Shaw S, de Lacharièrre O (1998) Clinical morphology of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonanoic acid (NAA) irritant patch test reactions at 48 h and 96 h in 152 subjects. Contact Dermatitis 39:240–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Reilly DM, Green MR (1999) Eicosanoid and cytokine levels in acute skin irritation in response to tape stripping and capsicain. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 79:187–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Rietschel RL (1989) Persistent maleic acid irritant dermatitis in the guinea pig. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lachapelle JM, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 429–434

    Google Scholar 

  179. Rietschel RL (1990) Diagnosing irritant contact dermatitis. In: Jackson EM, Goldner R (eds) Irritant contact dermatitis. Dekker, New York, pp 167–171

    Google Scholar 

  180. Robinson MK, Perkins MA, Basketter DA (1998) Application of a 4-h human patch test method for comparative and investigative assessment of skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 38:194–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Robinson MK (1999) Population differences in skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis 41:65–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Roskos KV, Maibach HI, Guy RH (1989) The effect of aging on percutaneous absorption in man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 17:617–630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Rothenborg HW, Menné T, Sjolin KE (1977) Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume. Contact Dermatitis 3:37–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Rougier A, Lotte C, Corcuff P, Maibach HI (1988) Relationship between skin permeability and corneocyte size according to anatomic site, age, and sex in man. J Soc Cosmet Chem 39:15–26

    Google Scholar 

  185. Rustemeyer T, Frosch PJ (1996) Occupational skin diseases in dental laboratory technicians. I. Clinical picture and causative factors. Contact Dermatitis 34:125–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Rycroft RJG, Smith WD (1980) Low humidity occupational dermatoses. Contact Dermatitis 6:488–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Rycroft RJG (1986) Occupational dermatoses among office personnel. Occup Med State Art Rev 1:323–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Rycroft RJG (1998) The principal irritants and sensitizers. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, Breathnach SM (eds) Textbook of dermatology, 6th edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 821–860

    Google Scholar 

  189. Rystedt I (1985) Atopic background in patients with occupational hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 12:247–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Schliemann-Willers S, Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P (2001) Efficacy of a new class of perfluoropolyethers in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 81:392–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Schliemann-Willers S, Wigger-Alberti W, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P (2002) Natural vegetable fats in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 46:6–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Schnetz E, Diepgen TL, Elsner P, Frosch PJ, Klotz AJ, Kresken J, Kuss O, Merk H, Schwanitz HJ, Wigger-Alberti W, Fartasch M (2000) Multi-centre study for the development of an in vivo model to evaluate the influence of topical formulations on irritation. Contact Dermatitis 42:336–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Schwanitz HJ, Uter W, Wulfhorst B (eds) (1996) Neue Wege zur Prävention — Paradigma Friseurekzem. Rasch, Osnabrück

    Google Scholar 

  194. Schwindt DA, Wilhelm KP, Miller DL, Maibach HI (1998) Cumulative irritation in older and younger skin: a comparison. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 78:279–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Seidenari S, Francomano M, Mantovani L (1998) Baseline biophysical parameters in subjects with sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis 38:311–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Sjövall P, Christensen OB (1994) Treatment of chronic hand eczema with UV-B Handylux in the clinic and at home. Contact Dermatitis 31:5–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Smit HA, van Rijssen A, Vandenbrouke JP, Coenrads PJ (1994) Susceptibility to and incidence of hand dermatitis in a cohort of apprentice hairdressers and nurses. Scand J Work Environ Health 20:113–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Smith HR, Armstrong DK, Holloway D, Whittam L, Basketter DA, McFadden JP (2002) Skin irritation thresholds in hairdressers: implications for the development of hand dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 146:849–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Smith HR, Basketter DA, McFadden JP (2002) Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 27:138–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Soschin D, Kligman AM (1982) Adverse subjective reactions. In: Kligman AM, Leyden JJ (eds) Safety and efficacy of topical drugs and cosmetics. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 377–388

    Google Scholar 

  201. Spoo J, Wigger-Alberti W, Berndt U, Fischer T, Elsner P (2002) Skin cleansers: three test protocols for the assessment of irritancy ranking. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 82:13–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Swindells K, Burnett N, Ruis-Diaz F, Gonzalez E, Mihm MC, Gonzalez S (2004) Reflectance confocal microscopy may differentiate acute allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:220–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Tanaka M, Fujimoto A, Kobayashi S et al (2001) Keyboard wrist pad. Contact Dermatitis 44:253–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Tsai TF, Maibach HI (1999) How irritant is water? An overview. Contact Dermatitis 41:311–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Tupker RA, Bunte EE, Fidler V, Wiechers JW, Coenraads PJ (1999) Irritancy ranking of anionic detergents using onetime occlusive, repeated occlusive and repeated open tests. Contact Dermatitis 40:316–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Tupker R (2003) Prediction of irritancy in the human skin irritancy model and occupational setting. Contact Derm 49:61–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ (1998) Risk factors for hand dermatitis in hairdressing apprentices. Dermatosen 46:151–158

    Google Scholar 

  208. Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ (1998) Hand eczema in a prospectively-followed cohort of officeworkers. Contact Dermatitis 38:83–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Uter W, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ (1998) An epidemiological study of the influence of season (cold and dry air) on the occurrence of irritant skin changes of the hands. Br J Dermatol 138:266–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Uter W (1999) Epidemiologie und Prävention von Handekzemen in Feuchtberufen am Beispiel des Friseurhandwerks. Universitätsverlag Rasch, Osnabrück

    Google Scholar 

  211. Uter W, Geier J, Land M, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schnuch A (2001) Another look at seasonal variation in patch test results. A multifactorial analysis of surveillance data of the IVDK. Information Network of Departments of Dermatology. Contact Dermatitis 44:146–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Uter W, Hegewald J, Pfahlberg A, Pirker C, Frosch PJ, Gefeller O (2003) The association between ambient air conditions (temperature and absolute humidity), irritant sodium lauryl sulfate patch test reactions and patch test reactivity to standard allergens. Contact Dermatitis 49:97–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Uter W, Geier J, Becker D, Brasch J, Löffler H (2004) The MOAHLFA index of irritant sodium lauryl sulfate reactions: first results of a multicentre study on routine sodium lauryl sulfate patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 51:259–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Uter W, Balzer C, Geier J, Schnuch A, Frosch PJ (2005) Ergebnisse der Epikutantestung mit patienteneigenen Parfums, Deos und Rasierwässern. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 53:25–36

    Google Scholar 

  215. Van der Valk PGM, Crijns MC, Nater JP, Bleumink E (1984) Skin irritancy of commercially available soap and deter-gent bars as measured by water vapour loss. Dermatosen 32:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  216. Van der Valk PGM, Nater JP, Bleumink E (1984) Skin irritancy of surfactants as assessed by water vapor loss measurements. J Invest Dermatol 82:291–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI (eds) (1996) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  218. Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1997) Low-humidity dermatosis from car heaters. Contact Dermatitis 37:138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Villarama C, Maibach HI (2005) Sensitive skin and transepidermal water loss. In: Fluhr J, Elsner P, Berardesca E, Maibach HI (eds) Bioengineering and the skin. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 135–141

    Google Scholar 

  220. Wahlberg JE (1984) Skin irritancy from alkaline solutions assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Contact Dermatitis 10:111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Wahlberg JE (1989) Assessment of erythema: a comparison between the naked eye and laser Doppler flowmetry. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms-Goossens A, Lachapelle JM, Rycroft RJG, Scheper RJ (eds) Current topics in contact dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 549–553

    Google Scholar 

  222. Wahlberg JE, Lindberg M (2003) Nonanoic acid — an experimental irritant. Contact Dermatitis 49:117–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Wallengren J, Larsson B (2001) Nitric oxide participates in prick test and irritant patch test reactions in human skin. Arch Derm Res 293:121–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Warner RR, Boissy YL, Lilly NA, Spears MJ, McKillop K, Marshall JL, Stone KJ (1999) Water disrupts stratum corneum lipid lamellae: damage is similar to surfactants. J Invest Dermatol 113:960–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Warner RR, Stone KJ, Boissy YL (2003) Hydration disrupts human stratum corneum ultrastructure. J Invest Dermatol 120:275–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Warren R, Ertel KD, Bartolo RG, Levine MJ, Bryant PB, Wong LF (1996) The influence of hard water (calcium) and surfactants on irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 35:337–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Weigand DA, Mershon MM (1970) The cutaneous irritant reaction to agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). II. Quantitation and racial influence in human subjects. Edgewood Arsenal Technique no 4332

    Google Scholar 

  228. Weigand DA, Haygood C, Gaylor JR (1974) Cell layers and density of negro and caucasian stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 62:563–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Weisshaar E, Radulescu M, Bock M et al (2005) Hautschutzseminare zur sekundären Individualprävention bei Beschäftigten in Gesundheitsberufen: erste Ergebnisse nach über 2-jähriger Durchführung. JDDG 3:33–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Wertz PW, Miethke MC, Long SA, Strauss JS, Downing DT (1985) The composition of the ceramides from human stratum corneum and from comedones. J Invest Dermatol 84:410–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Wigger-Alberti W, Fischer T, Greif C, Maddern P, Elsner P (1999) Effects of various grit-containing cleansers on skin barrier function. Contact Dermatitis 41:136–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wigger-Alberti W, Krebs A, Elsner P (2000) Experimental irritant contact dermatitis due to cumulative epicutaneous exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene: single and concurrent application. Br J Dermatol 143:551–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Wigger-Alberti W, Spoo J, Schliemann-Willers S, Klotz A, Elsner P (2002) The tandem repeated irritation test: a new method to assess prevention of irritant combination damage to the skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 82:94–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Wilhelm KP, Surber C, Maibach HI (1989) Quantification of sodium lauryl sulfate irritant dermatitis in man: comparison of four techniques: skin color reflectance, transepidermal water loss, laser Doppler flow measurement and visual scores. Arch Dermatol Res 281:293–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (1990) Susceptibility to SLS-induced irritant dermatitis: relation to skin pH, TEWL, sebum concentration, and stratum corneum turnover time. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:122–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Wilhelm KP, Saunders JC, Maibach HI (1990) Increased stratum corneum turnover induced by subclinical irritant dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 122:793–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Wilhelm KP, Pasche F, Surber C, Maibach HI (1990) Sodium hydroxide-induced subclinical irritation. A test for evaluating stratum corneum barrier function. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 70:463–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (1993) The effect of aging on the barrier function of human skin evaluated by in vivo transepidermal water loss measurement. In: Frosch PJ, Kligman AM (eds) Noninvasive methods for the quantification of skin functions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg New York, pp 181–189

    Google Scholar 

  239. Willers P (1984) Die Bedeutung der Hornschicht für die Irritabilität der Haut. Thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster

    Google Scholar 

  240. Willis CM, Stephens CJM, Wilkinson JD (1988) Experimentally-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 18:20–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Willis CM, Britton LE, Reiche L, Wilkinson JD (2001) Reduced levels of glutathione S-transferases in patch test reactions to dithranol and sodium lauryl sulphate as demonstrated by quantitative immunocytochemistry: evidence for oxidative stress in acute irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 11:99–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Willis CM (2002) Variability in responsiveness to irritants: thoughts on possible underlying mechanisms. Contact Dermatitis 47:267–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Wrangsjö K, Osterman K, van Hage-Hamsten M (1994) Glove-related skin symptoms among operating theatre and dental care unit personnel. Contact Dermatitis 30:102–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Wu Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Tan Y, Chen D, Chen Y, Ye M (2003) Correlation between stinging, TEWL and capacitance. Skin Res Technol 9:90–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Wulfhorst B (2000) Skin hardening in occupational dermatology. In: Kanerva L, Elsner P, Wahlberg J, Maibach H (eds) Handbook of occupational dermatology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 115–121

    Google Scholar 

  246. York M, Griffiths HA, Whittle E, Basketter DA (1996) Evaluation of human patch test for the identification and classification of skin irritation potential. Contact Dermatitis 34:204–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Yoshizawa Y, Kitamura K, Kawana S, Maibach HI (2003) Water, salts and skin barrier of normal skin. Skin Res Technol 9:31–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Zhai H, Maibach HI (1998) Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 38:241–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Zhai H, Willard P, Maibach HI (1999) Putative skin-protective formulations in preventing and/or inhibiting experimentally-produced irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 41:190–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Zhai H, Maibach HI (2001) Skin occlusion and irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 44:201–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Hautklinik, Lehrstuhl Dermatologie der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

  2. Universität Osnabrück, Dermatologie, Sedanstrasse 115, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany

    Swen Malte John

Authors
  1. Peter J. Frosch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Swen Malte John
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Hautklinik Lehrstuhl Dermatologie der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Dermatologisk afdeling K, Amtssygehuset Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark

    Torkil Menné (Professor Dr.) (Professor Dr.)

  3. Laboratoire de Dermato-Chimie Clinique Dermatologique, CHU, 67091, Strasbourg Cedex, France

    Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frosch, P.J., John, S.M. (2006). Clinical Aspects of Irritant Contact Dermatitis. In: Frosch, P.J., Menné, T., Lepoittevin, JP. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31301-X_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31301-X_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24471-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31301-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation