Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akashi Y, Mueller-Dombois D (1995) A landscape perspective of the Hawaiian rain forest dieback. J Veg Sci 6:449–464
Allen RB, Allan C (1997) Mountain beech forest dynamics in the Kaweka Range and the influence of browsing mammals. Sci Conserv 44:1–23
Allen RB, Rose AB (1983) Regeneration of southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) in areas of dieback. Pac Sci 37:433–442
Allen RB, Reif A, Hall GMJ (1991) Elevational distribution of conifer-broadleaved hardwood forests on South Island, New Zealand. J Veg Sci 2:323–330
Anderson A (2002) A fragile plenty: pre-European Maori and the New Zealand environment. In: Pawson E, Brooking T (eds) Environmental histories of New Zealand. Oxford Univ Press, Auckland, New Zealand, pp 19–34
Batcheler CL (1983) The possum and rata-kamahi dieback in New Zealand: a review. Pac Sci 37:415–426
Bellingham PJ, Allan CN (2003) Forest regeneration and the influences of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in cool temperate New Zealand rain forests. For Ecol Manage 175:71–86
Bellingham PJ, Stewart GH, Allen RB (1999) Tree species richness and turnover throughout New Zealand forests. J Veg Sci 10:825–832
Bellingham PJ, Walker LR, Wardle DA (2001) Differential facilitation by a nitrogen-fixing shrub during primary succession influences relative performance of canopy tree species. J Ecol 89:861–875
Brockie RE (1992) A living New Zealand forest. David Bateman, Auckland, New Zealand
Cameron EK, Baylis GTS, Wright AE (1987) Vegetation quadrats 1982–1983 and broad regeneration patterns on Great Island, Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand. Rec Auckland Inst Mus 24:163–185
Campbell DJ, Atkinson IAE (2002) Depression of tree recruitment by Pacific rat (Rattus exulans Peale) on New Zealand’s northern offshore islands. Biol Conserv 107:19–35
Caughley G (1989) New Zealand plant-herbivore systems: past and present. NZ J Ecol suppl 12:3–10
Chavasse CGR (ed) (1955) Mortality in rata/kamahi protection forests — Westland. New Zealand Forest Service Rep, Wellington
Coomes DA, Allen RB, Forsyth DM, Lee WG (2003) Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conserv Biol 17:450–459
Cowan PE (2001) Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: brushtail possum. J R Soc NZ 31:15–29
Cowan PE, Waddington DC (1990) Suppression of fruit production of the endemic forest tree, Elaeocarpus dentatus, by introduced marsupial brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula. NZ J Bot 28:217–224
Dayton PK, Tegner MJ, Edwards PB, Riser KL (1998) Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities. Ecol Appl 8:309–322
Fitzgerald AE, Wardle P (1979) Food of the opossum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) in the Waiho Valley, south Westland. NZ J Zool 6:339–345
Fraser KW (1996) Comparative rumen morphology of sympatric sika deer (Cervus nippon) and red deer (C. elaphus scoticus) in the Ahimanawa and Kaweka Ranges, central North Island, New Zealand. Oecologia 105:160–166
Grant PJ (1985) Major periods of erosion and alluvial sedimentation in New Zealand during the Late Holocene. J R Soc NZ 15:67–121
Grant PJ (1991) Disturbance in the forests of the Ruahine Range since 1770. J R Soc NZ 21:385–404
Green WQ (2003) The use of 1080 to control possums and other pests: a resource document. Animal Health Board and Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
Grime JP (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley, Chichester
Hewitt AE (1996) Estimating surface erosion using 137Cs at a semi-arid site in Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc NZ 26:107–118
Holdaway RN, Jacomb C (2000) Rapid extinction of the moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): model, test, and implications. Science 287:2250–2254
June SR, Ogden J (1975) Studies on the vegetation of Mount Colenso, New Zealand. 3. The population dynamics of red beech seedlings. Proc NZ Ecol Soc 22:61–66
Lee WG (1998) Vegetation of New Zealand — functional, spatial, and temporal gaps. R Soc NZ Misc Ser 48:91–101
Marden M, Rowan D (1993) Protective value of vegetation on Tertiary terrain before and during Cyclone Bola, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand. NZ J For Sci 23:255–263
Mark AF, Baylis GTS (1975) Impact of deer on Secretary Island, Fiordland, New Zealand. Proc NZ Ecol Soc 22:19–24
McGlone MS, Wilmshurst JM, Wiser SK (2000) Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climate change on Auckland Island, Subantarctic New Zealand. Holocene 10:719–728
McKelvey P (1995) Steepland forests: a historical perspective of protection forestry in New Zealand. Canterbury Univ Press, Christchurch, New Zealand
McSaveney MJ, Whitehouse IE (1989) Anthropic erosion of mountain land in Canterbury. NZ J Ecol suppl 12:151–163
Meads MJ (1976) Effects of opossum browsing on northern rata trees in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, New Zealand. NZ J Zool 3:127–139
Moore LB, Cranwell LM (1934) Induced dominance of Microlaena avenacea (Raoul) Hook. f., in a New Zealand rain-forest area. Rec Auckland Inst Mus 1:219–238
Nugent G, Fraser W, Sweetapple P (2001a) Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impacts of introduced arboreal possums and ‘terrestrial’ ruminants on native forests in New Zealand. Biol Conserv 99:65–79
Nugent G, Fraser KW, Asher GW, Tustin KG (2001b) Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: deer. J R Soc NZ 31:263–298
O’Connor KF (1982) The implications of past exploitation and current developments to the conservation of South Island tussock grasslands. NZ J Ecol 5:97–107
Ogden J, Stewart GH (1995) Community dynamics of the New Zealand conifers. In: Enright NJ, Hill RS (eds) Ecology of the southern conifers. Melbourne Univ Press, Melbourne, pp 81–119
Parkes JP (1993) Feral goats: designing solutions for a designer pest. NZ J Ecol 17:71–83
Payton IJ (1988) Canopy closure, a factor in rata (Metrosideros) — kamahi (Weinmannia) forest dieback in Westland, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 11:39–50
Payton IJ (1989) Fungal (Sporothrix) induced mortality of kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) after attack by pinhole borer (Platypus spp.). NZ J Bot 27:359–368
Payton IJ (2000) Damage to native forests. In: Montague TL (ed) The brushtail possum. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, pp 111–125
Payton IJ, Allen RB, Knowlton JE (1984) A post-fire succession in the northern Urewera forests, North Island, New Zealand. NZ J Bot 22:207–222
Pekelharing CJ, Parkes JP, Barker RJ (1998) Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) densities and impacts on fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) in South Westland, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 22:197–203
Reif A, Allen RB (1988) Plant communities of the steepland conifer-broadleaved hardwood forests of central Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Phytocoenologia 16:145–224
Rose AB, Pekelharing CJ, Platt KH (1992) Magnitude of canopy dieback and implications for conservation of southern rata-kamahi (Metrosideros umbellata — Weinmannia racemosa) forests, central Westland, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 16:23–32
Sheil D, Burslem DFRP, Alder D (1995) The interpretation and misinterpretation of mortality rate measures. J Ecol 83:331–333
Smale MC, Hall GMJ, Gardner RO (1995) Dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest on South Kaipara Spit, New Zealand, and the impact of fallow deer (Dama dama). NZ J Ecol 19:131–141
Stewart GH (1986) Forest dynamics and disturbance in a beech/hardwood forest, Fiordland, New Zealand. Vegetatio 68:115–126
Stewart GH, Burrows LE (1989) The impact of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus on regeneration in the coastal forests of Stewart Island, New Zealand. Biol Conserv 49:275–293
Stewart GH, Veblen TT (1982) Regeneration patterns in southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) — kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) forest in central Westland, New Zealand. NZ J Bot 20:55–72
Stewart GH, Wardle JA, Burrows LE (1987) Forest understorey changes after reduction in deer numbers, northern Fiordland, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 10:35–42
Trustrum NA, Gomez B, Page MJ, Reid LM, Hicks DM (1999) Sediment production, storage and output: the relative role of large magnitude events in steepland catchments. Z Geomorphol NF suppl 115:71–86
Veblen TT, Stewart GH (1980) Comparison of forest structure and regeneration on Bench and Stewart Islands, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 3:50–68
Veblen TT, Stewart GH (1982) The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 72:372–397
Wardle P (1978) Regeneration status of some New Zealand conifers, with particular reference to Libocedrus bidwillii in Westland National Park. NZ J Bot 16:471–477
Wardle P (1980) Primary succession in Westland National Park and its vicinity, New Zealand. NZ J Bot 18:221–232
Wardle J (1984) The New Zealand beeches: ecology, utilisation, and management. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington, New Zealand
Wardle P (1991) Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge
Wardle J, Guest R (1977) Forests of the Waitaki and Lake Hawea catchments. NZ J For Sci 7:44–67
Wardle DA, Barker GM, Yeates GW, Bonner KI, Ghani A (2001) Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecol Monogr 71:587–614
Wardle DA, Bonner KI, Barker GM (2002) Linkages between plant litter decomposition, litter quality, and vegetation responses to herbivores. Funct Ecol 16:585–595
Wells A, Duncan RP, Stewart GH (2001) Forest dynamics in Westland, New Zealand: the importance of large, infrequent earthquake-induced disturbance. J Ecol 89:1006–1018
Whitehouse IE, Pearce AJ (1992) Shaping the mountains of New Zealand. In: Soons JM, Selby MJ (eds) Landforms of New Zealand, 2nd edn. Longman Paul, Auckland, New Zealand, pp 144–160
Whitehouse IE, McSaveney MJ, Chinn TJ (1980) Dating your scree. J Tussock Grasslands Mountain Lands Inst Rev 39:15–24
Worthy TH, Holdaway RN (2002) The lost world of the moa: prehistoric life of New Zealand. Canterbury Univ Press, Christchurch, New Zealand
Yockney IJ, Hickling GJ (2000) Distribution and diet of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Westland forests, South Island, New Zealand. NZ J Ecol 24:31–38
Zavaleta ES, Hobbs RJ, Mooney HA (2001) Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context. Trends Ecol Evol 16:454–459
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bellingham, P.J., Lee, W.G. (2006). Distinguishing Natural Processes from Impacts of Invasive Mammalian Herbivores. In: Allen, R.B., Lee, W.G. (eds) Biological Invasions in New Zealand. Ecological Studies, vol 186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30023-6_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30023-6_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-30022-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30023-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)