Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infektionen

  • Chapter
Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie

Zusammenfassung

Mit wachsender Dosisintensität der antineoplastischen Chemotherapie und der Zunahme invasiver supportiver Verfahren sind Infektionen trotz verbesserter diagnostischer, therapeutischer und präventiver Verfahren weiterhin eine der wichtigsten Komplikationen bei der Behandlung bösartiger Erkrankungen.

Die Mehrzahl der Krebserkrankungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters wird in kurativer Absicht behandelt. Infektiöse Komplikationen können durch eine Verzögerung der onkologischen Behandlung zu einer Verschlechterung der Heilungsaussichten der Grunderkrankung führen und nach wie vor trotz Einsatz aller zur Verfügung stehenden Interventionen unbeeinfl ussbar tödlich verlaufen.

Die Beherrschung von Infektionen ist daher eine der wesentlichsten Voraussetzungen der erfolgreichen Behandlung neoplastischer Erkrankungen und der Durchführung etablierter und neuer Verfahren der hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 34.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Aledo A, Heller G, Ren L et al (1998) Septicemia and septic shock in pediatric patients: 140 consecutive cases on a pediatric hematology-oncology service. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20:215–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen UD, Tellier R, Doyle J et al (2001) The utility of plasma polymerase chain reaction for human herpes virus-6 among pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients: results of a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant 28: 473–477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Ally R, Schurmann D, Kreisel W et al (2001) A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 33:1447–1454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anaissie EJ, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D et al (1996) Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 23:964–972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C et al (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Appleton AL, Sviland L, Peiris JS et al (1995) Human herpes virus-6 infection in marrow graft recipients: role in pathogenesis of graftversus-host disease. Newcastle upon Tyne Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 16:777–782

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino VM, Pappo A, Buchanan GR et al (1995) The changing epidemiology of bacteremia in neutropenic children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14:140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bain KT, Wittbrodt ET (2001) Linezolid for the treatment of resistant gram-positive cocci. Ann Pharmacother 35:566–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin A, Kingman H, Darville M et al (2000) Outcome and clinical course of 100 patients with adenovirus infection following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 26:1333–1338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour HH Jr (1999) Antiviral drugs. N Engl J Med 340:1255–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour HH Jr, Benson C, Braun J et al (1994) Management of acyclovirresistant herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections (review). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 7:254–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JE, Dismukes WE, Duma RJ et al (1979) A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptoccal meningitis. N Engl J Med 301:126–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berenguer J, Buck M, Witebsky F et al (1993) Lysis-centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis: disseminated versus single organ infection. Diagnostic Microbiol Infect Dis 17:103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkey P, Bodey GP (1989) Nocardial infection in patients with neoplastic disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 407–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344:699–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biron P, Fuhrmann C, Cure H et al (1998) Cefepime versus imipenemcilastatin as empirical monotherapy in 400 febrile patients with short duration neutropenia. CEMIC (Study Group of Infectious Diseases in Cancer). J Antimicrob Chemother 42:511–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke JW, Meyers JD, Bowden RA (1994) Hepatosplenic candidiasis — a contraindication to marrow transplantation? Blood 84:2811–2814

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Bochud PY, Calandra T, Francioli P (1994) Bacteremia due to Viridans Streptococci in neutropenic patients: a review. Amer J Med 97:256–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS et al (1966) Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 64:328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeckh M, Leisenring W, Riddell SR et al (2003) Late cytomegalovirus disease and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: importance of viral load and T-cell immunity. Blood 101: 407–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Boogaerts M, Winston DJ, Bow EJ et al (2001) Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 135:412–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordigoni P, Carret AS, Venard V et al (2001) Treatment of adenovirus infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 32:1290–1297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden RA, Slichter SJ, Sayers M et al (1995) A comparison of filtered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood 86:3598–3603

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J et al (1990) A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med 323:1451–1457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broliden K, Tolfvenstam T, Ohlsson S, Henter JI (1998) Persistent B19 parvovirus infection in pediatric malignancies. Med Pediatr Oncol 31:66–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown EA, Talbot GH, Provencher M, Cassileth P (1989) Anaerobic bacteremia in patients with acute leukemia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 10:65–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MJ, Dinndorf PA, Perek D et al (1987) Infectious complications of intraventricular reservoirs in cancer patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:182–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MJ, Potter D, Gress J et al (1990) A randomized trial of open lung biopsy versus empiric antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. J Clin Oncol 8:222–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham SC, Crouse DT, Knapp KM, Patrick CC (2003) Pneumonitis associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum in children with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 36:225–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A et al (1997) Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 15:139–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A et al (2001) Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 19:253–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC-Centers for Disease Control (1984) Varicella-zoster immune globulin for the prevention of chickenpox. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 33:84–90, 95-100

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC-Centers for Disease Control (1987) Diagnosis and management of mycobacterial infection and disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med 106:254

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC-Centers for Disease Control (2000) Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. MMWR Recomm Rep 49:1–125, CE1-7

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002): http://www. cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti S, Pillay D, Ratcliffe D et al (2000) Resistance to antiviral drugs in herpes simplex virus infections among allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: risk factors and prognostic significance. J Infect Dis 181: 2055–2058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanock SJ, Gorlin JB (1996) Granulocyte transfusions: time for a second look. Infect Dis Clin North Amer 10:327–343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charnas R, Luthi AR, Ruch W (1997) Once daily ceftriaxone plus amikacin vs. three times daily ceftazidime plus amikacin for treatment of febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Writing Committee for the International Collaboration on Antimicrobial Treatment of Febrile Neutropenia in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16:346–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou CC, Wong TT, Lin HH et al (1994) Fungal infection of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children. Clin Infect Dis 19:1049–1053

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JI (2000) Epstein-Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med 343:481–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cometa A., Calandra T, Gaya H et al (1996) Monotherapy with meropenem versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 40:1108–1115

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper MS, Stewart PM (2003) Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 348: 727–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De la Camara R, Martino R, Granados E et al (2000) Tuberculosis after hematopoietc stem cell transplantation: incidence, clinical cha racteristics and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant 26:291–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw BE, Deresinski SC, Feld R et al (1994) Ceftazidime compared with piperacillin and tobramycin for the empiric treatment of fever in neutropenic patients with cancer. A multicenter randomized trial. The Intercontinental Antimicrobial Study Group. Ann Intern Med 120:834–844

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw BE, Donelly JP (1997) Controversies in the antibacterial treatment of patients with neutropenia: a matter of comprehension or apprehension? Cancer Invest 15:37–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker CL, Prober CG (2001) Pediatric uses of valacyclovir, penciclovir and famciclovir. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20:1079–1081

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW (1998) Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 26:781–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diekema DJ, Jones RN (2001) Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet 358:1975–1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Eber SW, Belohradsky BH, Weiss M (2001) Antiinfectious prophylaxis in asplenia. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A84–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Echavarria M, Forman M, van Tol MJ et al (2001) Prediction of severe disseminated adenovirus infection by serum PCR. Lancet 358:384–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group (1989) Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 86:668–672

    Google Scholar 

  • EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group and National Cancer Institute of Canada (1991) Vancomycin added to empirical combina-tion antibiotic therapy for fever in granulocytopenic cancer patients. J Infect Dis 163:951–958

    Google Scholar 

  • EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group (1987) Ceftazidime combined with a short or long course of amikacin for empirical therapy of gram-negative bacteremia in cancer patients with granulocytopenia. New Engl J Med 317:1692–1698

    Google Scholar 

  • Feld R, Bodey GP, Groschel D (1976) Mycobacteriosis in patients with malignant disease. Arch Intern Med 136:67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman S, Hughes WT, Kim HY (1973) Herpes Zoster in children with cancer. Am J Dis Child 126:178–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman S, Lott L (1987) Varicella in children with cancer: Impact of antiviral therapy and prophylaxis. Pediatrics 80:465–472

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman S, Webster RG, Sugg M (1977) Influenza in children and young adults with cancer: 20 cases. Cancer 39:350–353

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Flomenberg P, Babbitt J, Drobyski WR et al (1994) Increasing incidence of Adenovirus disease in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 169: 775–781

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn PM, Cunningham CK, Kerkering T et al (1995) Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompromised children: a randomized, multicenter study of orally administered fluconazole suspension versus nystatin. The Multicenter Fluconazole Study Group. J Pediatr 127:322–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freifeld A, Marchigiani D, Walsh T et al (1999) A double-blind comparison of empirical oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy for low-risk febrile patients with neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 341: 305–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freifeld AG, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA (1996) Infectious complications in the pediatric cancer patient. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and practice of pediatric oncology, 3rd ed, pp 1069–1114. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Freifeld AG, Walsh TJ, Marshall Det al (1995) Monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: A randomised comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem. J Clin Oncol 13:165–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fridkin SK, Pear SM, Williamson TH et al (1996) The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17:150–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaydos CA, Fowler CL, Gill VJ et al (1993) Detection of Chla-mydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay in an immunocompromised population. Clin Infect Dis 17:718–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerson SL, Talbot GH, Hurwitz S et al (1984) Prolonged granulocytopenia: the major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 100:345–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glasmacher A, Hahn C, Marklein G et al (2002) Minimal effective through concentrations for antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole: a case-control study. In: American Society for Microbiology: Abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), pp 393, abstract M-891, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn J, Cotton D, Wesley R, Pizzo P (1988) Anorectal infections in patients with malignant diseases. Rev Infect Dis 10:42–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez L, Martino R, Rolston KV (1998) Neutropenic enterocolitis: spectrum of the disease and comparison of definite and possible cases. Clin Infect Dis 27:695–699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich JM, Mori M, Gleaves CA et al (1991) Early treatment with ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 325:1601–1607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorschluter M, Glasmacher A, Hahn C et al (2001) Clostridium difficile infection in patients with neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 33:786–791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorschluter M, Marklein G, Hofling K et al (2002) Abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology. Br J Haematol 117:351–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham-Pole J, Camitta B, Casper J et al (1988) Intravenous immunoglobulin may lessen all forms of infection in patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study. Bone Marrow Transplant 3:559–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graubner UB (2001a) Antiviral prophylaxis. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A69–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graubner UB (2001b) Vaccination. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A77–83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray MM, Hann IM, Glass Set al (1987) Mortality and morbidity caused by measles in children with malignant disease attending four major treatment centres: A retrospective review. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295:19–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Beeg T, Ehrenberg A et al (1994) Pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia despite aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis (english abstract). Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 142:491–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Irwin RS, Lee JW et al (2001a) Management of specific infectious complications in children with leukemias and lymphomas. In Patrick CA (ed) Clinical management of infections in immunocompromised infants and children, pp 111–143. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Kurz M, Schneider W et al (1999) Five-year-survey of invasive aspergillosis in a paediatric cancer centre. Epidemiology, management and long-term survival. Mycoses 42:431–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Müller FM, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ (1998a) Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical perspectives for the management of invasive fungal infections in children with cancer. Klin Padiatr 210: 264–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Müller FM (1998b) Progress in prevention and therapy of infectious complications in children and adolescents with neoplastic diseases. Klin Padiatr 210:106–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ (1998c) Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. Adv Pharmacol 44:343–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Ritter J, Müller FM (2001b) Guidelines for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children and adolescents with cancer. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A38–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Ritter J, Müller FM (2001c) Prevention of fungal infections in children and adolescents with cancer Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A50–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Schwabe D, Lerman E, Kornhuber B (1992) Successfully treated extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in two children with leukemia during intensive chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 118(suppl 1):R34

    Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Sehrt P, Ahrens P, Schwabe D (1997) Differentialdiagnose pulmonaler Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit neoplastischen Erkrankungen. Monatschr Kinderheilkunde 145:1197–1207

    Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Walsh TJ (2001) Uncommon opportunistic fungi: new nosocomial threats. Clin Microbiol Infect 7(suppl 2):8–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Walsh TJ (2002) Antifungal chemotherapy: advances and perspectives. Swiss Med Wkly 132:303–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll AH, Wood L, Roden M et al (2002) Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin itraconazole in pediatric patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2554–2563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hachem R, Raad I (2002) Prevention and management of long-term catheter related infections in cancer patients. Cancer Invest 20:1105–1113

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hall CB, Powell KR, McDonald NE et al (1986) Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med 315:77–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haron E, Feld R, Tuffnell P et al (1987) Hepatic candidiasis: an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 83:17–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebart H, Loffler J, Meisner C et al (2000) Early detection of aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening. J Infect Dis 181:1713–1719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heegaard ED, Schmiegelow K (2002) Serologic study on parvovirus B19 infection in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia during chemotherapy: clinical and hematologic implications. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24:368–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidl M, Scholz H, Dörffel W, Herrmann J (1991) Antiviral therapy of varicella-zoster virus infection in immunocompromised children — a prospective randomized study of aciclovir versus brivudin. Infection 19: 401–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF et al (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347:408–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heussel CP, Kauczor HU, Heussel G et al (1997) Early detection of pneumonia in febrile neutropenic patients: use of thin-section CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:1347–1353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiemenz J., Skelton J, Pizzo PA (1986) Perspectives on the management of catheter-related infections in cancer patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 5:6–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof H, Nichterlein T, Kretschmar M (1997) Management of listeriosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopewell PC (1988) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Diagnosis. J Infect Dis 157:1115–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP et al (1990) Guidelines for the use of anti-microbial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. J Infect Dis 161:381–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP et al (2002) 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 34:730–751

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WT, Feldman S, Aur JR et al (1975) Intensity of immunosuppressive therapy and the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Cancer 36:2004–2009

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WT, Kuhn S, Chaudhary S et al (1977) Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 297:1419–1426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WT, Rivera G, Schell MJ et al (1987) Successful intermittent chemoprophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 316:1627–1632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imoke E, Dudgeon DL, Colombani P et al (1983) Open lung biopsy in the immunocompromised pediatric patient. J Pediatr Surg 18:816–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones EM, MacGowan AP (1995) Antimicrobial chemotherapy of human infection due to Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14:165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PG, Rolston KVI, Fainstein V et al (1986) Aztreonam therapy in neutro-penic patients with cancer. Amer J Med 81:243–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan MH, Armstrong D, Rosen P (1974) Tuberculosis complicating neo-plastic disease: A review of 201 cases. Cancer 33: 850–858

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT (1994) Clostridium difficile colitis. New Engl J Med 330:257–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kempe A, Hall CB, McDonald ME et al (1989) Influenza in children with cancer. J Pediatr 115:33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern WV, Cometta A, De Bock R et al (1999) Oral versus intravenous empirical antimicrobial therapy for fever in patients with granulocytopenia who are receiving cancer chemotherapy. International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. N Engl J Med 341:312–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernahan J, McQuillin J, Craft AW (1987) Measles in children who have malignant disease. Br Med J 295: 15–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan EA, Correa AG (1997) Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16:611–618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingston ME, Mackey D (1986) Skin clues in the diagnosis of life-threatening infections. Rev Infect Dis 8: 1–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby BD, Snyder KM, Meyer RD et al (1980) Legionnaire’ disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 59:188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klastersky J, Zinner SH, Calandra T et al (1988) Empiric antimicrobial therapy for febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients: lessons from four EORTC trials. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24(suppl 1):S35–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs JA, Gill VJ, Meshnick S, Masur H (2001) New insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. JAMA 286:2450–2460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs JA, Ng VL, Masur H et al (1988) Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 318:589–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni S, Powles R, Treleaven J et al (2000) Chronic graft versus host di sease is associated with long-term risk for pneumococcal infections in recipients of bone marrow transplants. Blood 95:3683–3686

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtzman GJ, Cohen B, Meyers P et al (1988) Persistent B19 parvovirus infection as a cause of severe chronic anaemia in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet 2:1159–1162

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lamy B, Roy P, Carret G, Flandrois JP et al (2002) What is the relevance of obtaining multiple blood samples for culture? A comprehensive model to optimize the strategy for diagnosing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 35: 842–850

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen HH, Kovacs JA, Stock F et al (2002) Development of a rapid real-time PCR assay for quantitation of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. J Clin Microbiol 40:2989–2993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lecciones JA, Lee JW, Navarro E et al (1992) Vascular catheter-associated fungemia in cancer patients: analysis of 155 episodes. Rev Infect Dis 14:875

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrand F, Berrebi D, Houhou N et al (2001) Early diagnosis of adenovirus infection and treatment with cidofovir after bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant 27:621–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T, Foster C, Vasquez NJ et al (1997) Therapy-induced alterations in host defense in children receiving therapy for cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19:399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH, Chanock SJ (1999) Treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic children. Curr Opin Pediatr 11:47–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T, Marshall D, Gao C, Chanock SJ (2002) A second look at anorectal infections in cancer patients in a large cancerinstitute: the success of early intervention with antibiotics and surgery. Infection 30:272–276

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T, Welte K (2002) Haematopoietic growth factors in children with neutropenia. Br J Haematol 116:28–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T (2001a) Hematopoietic growth factors in the prevention of infections complications in children with hematologiconcologic diseases. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A88–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrnbecher T (2001b) Intravenous immunoglobulins in the prevention f infection in children with hematologic-oncologic diseases. Klin Padiatr 213(suppl 1):A103–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungman P, Aschan J, Lewensohn-Fuchs I et al (1998) Results of different strategies for reducing cytomegalovirus-associated mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Transplantation 66: 1330–1334

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungman P, Cordonnier C, de Bock R et al (1995) Immunisations after bone marrow transplantation: results of a European survey and recommendations from the infectious diseases working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 15:455–60

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungman P, Engelhard D, Link H et al (1992) Treatment of interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus with ganciclovir and intravenous immune globulin: experience of European Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Clin Infect Dis 14:831–835

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber B (1997) Listeriosis. Clin Infect Dis 24:1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackall C, Fleisher T, Brown M et al (1995) Age, thymopoiesis, and CD4+ T-lymphocyte regeneration after intensive chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 332:143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens J, Rad I, Pettrikos G et al (2002) Update of the Multicenter Noncomparative Study of Caspofungin (CAS) in Adults with Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) Refractory (R) or Intolerant (I) to Other Antifungal Agents: Analysis of 90 Patients. In: American Society for Microbiology: Abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), p 388, abstract M-868,Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J (2002) Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 186:1297–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA et al (2000) Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 96:2055–2061

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Martino P, Girmenia C, Raccah R et al (1992) Single daily dose ceftriaxone plus amikacin treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients attending day hospital for hematologic malignancies. Oncology 49:49–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Masur H (1992) Prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. New Engl J Med 327:1853–1860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald GB, Sharma P, Hackman RC et al (1985) Esophageal infections in immunosuppressed patients after marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology 88(5 Pt 1):1111–1117

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald LC, Weinstein MP, Fune J et al (2001) Controlled comparison of BacT/ALERT FAN aerobic medium and BATEC fungal blood culture medium for detection of fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 39:622–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill MM, Brown JM (1998) Nocardia species. In: Yu VL, Merigan TC, Barriere SL (eds) Antimicrobial therapy and vaccines, pp 310. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Mele A, Paterson PJ, Prentice HG et al (2002) Toxoplasmosis in bone marrow transplantation: a report of two cases and syste matic review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplant 29:691–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino P et al (1999) Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Clin Infect Dis 28:250–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menichetti F, Martino P, Bucaneve Get al (1994) Effects of teicoplanin and those of vancomycin in initial antibiotic regimen for febrile, neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 2041–2046

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merle-Merlet M, Dossou-Gbete L, Maurer P et al (1996) Is amoxicillin-cotrimoxazole the most appropriate antibiotic regimen for meningoencephalitis? Review of 22 cases and the literature. J Infect 33:79

    Google Scholar 

  • Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ et al for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (2001) Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 32:1249–1272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers JD, Hackman RC, Stamm WE (1983) Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a cause of pneumonia after human marrow transplantation. Transplantation 36:130–134

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C et al (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020–2029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller FM, Groll AH, Walsh TJ (1999) Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in children infected with human immuno deficiency virus. Eur J Pediatr 158:187–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadal D, Leverger G, Sokal EM et al (2002) An investigation of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral valacyclovir in immunocompromised children. J Infect Dis 186(suppl 1):S123–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahass GT, Mandel MJ, Cook S et al (1995) Detection of herpes simplex and varizella zoster infection from cutaneous lesions in different clinical stages with the polymerase chain reaction. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:730–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols WG, Boeckh M (2000) Recent advances in the therapy and prevention of CMV infections. J Clin Virol 16:25–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ognibene FP, Gill VJ, Pizzo PA et al (1989) Induced sputum to diagnose Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immuno-suppressed pediatric patients. J Pediatr 115:430–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozer H, Armitage JO, Bennett CL et al (2000) 2000 update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology Growth Factors Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 18:3558–3585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paganini HR, Sarkis CM, De Martino MG et al (2000) Oral administration of cefixime to lower risk febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Cancer 88:2848–2852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Perfect JR (1989) Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Amer 3:77–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrilli AS, Dantas LS, Campos MC et al (2000) Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftriaxone administered in an outpatient setting for fever and neutropenia in low-risk pediatric oncology patients: randomized prospective trial. Med Pediatr Oncol 34:87–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA (1993) Management of fever in patients with cancer and treatment-induced neutropenia. New Engl J Med 328:1323–1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA, Hathorn JW, Hiemenz J et al (1986) A randomized trial comparing ceftazidime alone with combination antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 315:552–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Gill FA, Witebsky FG (1982a) Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 72:101–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Wesley R, Commers JR (1982b) Fever in the pediatric and young adult patient with cancer. A prospective study of 1001 episodes. Medicine (Baltimore) 61:153–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA, Rubin M, Freifeld A, Walsh TJ (1991a) The child with cancer and in-fection. I. Empiric therapy for fever and neutropenia, and preventive strategies. J Pediatr 119:679–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzo PA, Rubin M, Freifeld A, Walsh TJ (1991b) The child with cancer and in-fection. II. Nonbacterial infections. J Pediatr 119:845–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice HG, Hann IM, Herbrecht R et al (1997) A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin B for the treatment of pyrexia of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 98:711–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramphal R., Bolger M, Oblon DJ et al (1992) Vancomycin is not an essential component of the initial empiric treatment regimen for febrile neutropenic patients receiving ceftazidime — a randomized prospective study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 36:1062–1067

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raviglione MC (1990) Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis: the first 50 cases. Rev Infect Dis 12:1127–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid MM (1994) Splenectomy, sepsis, immunisation, and guidelines. Lancet 344:970–971

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Reusser P, Einsele H, Lee J et al (2002) Randomized multicenter trial of foscarnet versus ganciclovir for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 99:1159–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Reusser P (1996) Herpesvirus resistance to antiviral drugs: a review of the mechanisms, clinical importance and therapeutic options. J Hosp Infect 33:235–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell SR, Greenberg PD (1997) T cell therapy of human CMV and EBV infection in immunocompromised hosts. Rev Med Virol 7:181–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RKI (2000) Empfehlungen zur Händehygiene der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprä vention beim Robert Koch-Institut (http://www.rki.de/gesund/hygiene/a58.pdf)

    Google Scholar 

  • RKI (Robert-Koch-Institut) Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkomission. www.rki.de

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers SY, Irving W, Harris A, Russell NH (1995) Visceral varicella zoster infection after bone marrow transplantation without skin involvement and the use of PCR for diagnosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 15:805–807

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Rotstein C, Bow EJ, Laverdiere M et al (1999) Randomized placebocontrolled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis for neutropenic cancer patients: benefit based on purpose and intensity of cytotoxic therapy. The Canadian Fluconazole Prophylaxis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 28:331–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland P, Wald ER, Mirro JR Jr et al (1995) Progressive varicella presenting with pain and minimal skin involvement in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Onco 13:1697–1703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin M, Hathorn JW, Marshall D et al (1988) Gram-positive infections and the use of vancomycin in 550 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Ann Intern Med 108:30–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruskin J, Remington JS (1976) Toxoplasmosis in the compromised host. Ann Intern Med 84:193–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA et al (2000) Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 30:710–718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sable CA, Donowitz GR (1994) Infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 18:273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaison G, Eden OB, Henze G et al (1998) Recommendations on the use of colony-stimulating factors in children: conclusions of a European panel. Eur J Pediatr 157:955–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schilham MW, Claas EC, van Zaane W et al (2002) High levels of adenovirus DNA in serum correlate with fatal outcome of adenovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 35: 526–532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schimpff SC, Satterlee W, Young VM, Serpick A (1971) Empiric therapy with carbenicillin and gentamicin for febrile patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. N Engl J Med 284:1061–1065

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimpff SC, Young VM, Greene WH et al (1972) Origin of infection in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Intern Med 77:707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt NJ, Gallo D, Devlin V et al (1980) Direct immunofluorescence staining for detection of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus antigen in vesicular lesions and certain tissue specimen. J Clin Microbiol 12:651–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schurmann D, Ruf B, Pfannkuch F et al (1988) Fatal legionellosis in patients with malignant hematologic diseases. Blut 56:27–31

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Schwebke JR, Hackman R, Bowden R (1990) Pneumonia due to Legionella micdadei in bone marrow transplant recipients. Rev Infect Dis 12:824–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenep JL, Flynn PM, Baker DK et al (2001) Oral cefixime is similar to continued intravenous antibiotics in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 32:36–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepp DH, Newton BA, Dandliker PS et al (1985) Oral acyclovir therapy for mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections inimmunocompromised marrow transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 102:783–785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherertz RJ, Belani A, Kramer BS et al (1987) Impact of air filtration on nosocomial Aspergillus infections. Unique risk of bone marrow transplant recipients. Am J Med 83:709–718

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinnick TM, Good RC (1995) Diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory practices. Clin Infect Dis 21:291–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sickles EA, Greene WH, Wiernik PH (1975) Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients. Arch Intern Med 135:715–719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon A (2002) für den Arbeitskreis Qualitätssicherung der GPOH: Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur Anwendung dauerhafter, zentralvenöser intravaskulärer Zugänge in der pädiatrischen Onkologie. Internet https://www.gpoh.de/Qualitaetssicherung/CVADEmpfehlungGPOH.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon A, Fleischhack G (2001) Nicht medikamentöse Infektionsprophylaxe in der pädiatrischen Hämatologie/Onkologie. Klin Pädiatr 213(suppl 1):A9–A21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon A, Fleischhack G, Hasan C et al (2000) Surveillance for nosocomial and central line-related infections among pediatric hematologyoncology patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:592–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon A, Fleischhack G, Marklein G, Ritter J (2001) Chemoprophylaxe bakterieller Infektionskrankheiten in der pädiatrischen Onkologie. Klin Pädiatr 213(suppl 1):A22–A37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skogberg K, Syrjanen J, Jahkola M et al (1992) Clinical presentation and outcome of listeriosis in patients with and without immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Infect Dis 14:815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skogberg K, Ruutu P, Tukiainen P, Valtonen V (1993) Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 17:1012–1017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R et al (1995) Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation — a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 171: 1545–1552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloas MM, Flynn PM, Kaste SC, Patrick CC (1993) Typhlitis in children with cancer: a 30-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 17:484–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smego RA, Gallis HA (1984) The clinical spectrum of Nocardia brasiliensis infection in the United States. Rev Infect Dis 6:164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommers LM, Hawkins DS (1999) Meningitis in pediatric cancer patients: a review of forty cases from a single institution. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18:902–907

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville ET (1986) Special diets for neutropenic patients: do they make a difference? Semin Oncol Nursing 2:55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamminger T (1997) Zytomegalievirus-Infektion nach Transplantation. Klinische Problematik, Diagnostik und Therapie. Dt Ärztebl 94:A168–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes DC, Shenep JL, Parham D et al (1989) Role of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in pediatric patients with cancer. J Pediatr 115:561–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stover DE, Zaman MB, Hajdu SI et al (1984) Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed host. Ann Intern Med 101:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugar AM (1992) Mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis 14(suppl 1):S126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan KM, Kopecky KJ, Jocom J et al (1990) Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 323:705–712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH et al (1988) Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: the evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108:88–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torre D, Casari S, Speranza F et al (1998) Randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for therapy of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Italian Collaborative Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1346–1349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tunkel AR, Sepkowitz KA (2002) Infections caused by viridans streptococci in patients with neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 34:1524–1529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Esser JW, Niesters HG, van der Holt B et al (2002) Prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-lymphoproliferative disease by molecular monitoring and preemptive rituximab in high-risk patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 99:4364–4369

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathoon EG et al (2002) A randomized doubleblind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med 113:294–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Eiff M, Zuehlsdorf M, Roos N et al (1995) Pulmonary fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies-diagnostic approaches. Ann Hematol 70:135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wacker P, Ozsahin H, Groll AH et al (2000) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole salvage for refractory listeriosis during maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 22:340–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley S, Devi S, King S et al (1993) Invasive Aspergillus infections in a pediatric hospital: a ten-year review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12:673–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ (1998) Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: advances in nonculture systems. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 18:101–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C et al (1999) Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 340:764–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Gonzalez C, Lyman CA et al (1996a) Invasive fungal infections in children: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 11:187–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Anaissie E (1996b) Recent progress and current problems in treatment of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients. Infect Dis Clin North Amer 10:365–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Lutsar I, Driscoll T et al (2002) Voriconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis, scedosporiosis and other invasive fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21:240–248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh T, Sable C, De Pauw B et al (2003) A randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy of persistently febrile neutropenic patients. In: American Society for Microbiology: Abstracts of the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, abstract M-1761, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Whitcomb PO, Revankar SG, Pizzo PA (1995) Successful treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis through repeated cycles of chemotherapy and neutropenia. Cancer 76:2357–2362

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Wang FD, Liu CY, Hsu HC et al (1999) A comparative study of cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric therapy of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. Chemotherapy 45:370–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Warren HS (1997) Strategies for the treatment of sepsis (editorial). New Engl J Med 336:952–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner LB, Vladimer GM (1974) Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a pediatric tumor clinic population. Pediatr Res 8: 430/156

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein MP, Mirrett S, Wilson ML et al (1994) Controlled evaluation of 5 versus 10 milliliters of blood cultured in aerobic BacT/Alert blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol 32:2103–2106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt CH, Weisdorf DJ, Jordan MC et al (1992) Parainfluenza virus respiratory infection after bone marrow transplantation. New Engl J Med 326:921–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whimbey E, Vartivarian SE, Champlin RE et al (1993) Parainfluenza virus infection in adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12:699–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston DJ, Hathorn JW, Schuster MG et al (2000) A multicenter, randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for empiric antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Am J Med 108:282–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K et al (1993) Ganciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 118:179–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa T, Asano Y, Ihira M et al (2002) Human herpesvirus 6 viremia in bone marrow transplant recipients: clinical features and risk factors. J Infect Dis 185:847–853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen KY, Woo PC, Hui CH et al (1998) Unique risk factors for bacteraemia in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients before and after engraftment. Bone Marrow Transplant 21:1137–1143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Zaia JA (2002) Prevention and management of CMV-related problems after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 29:633–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderund Jugendmedizin Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48129, Münster

    Priv.-Doz. Dr. Andreas H. Groll

  2. Abt. f. Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde, Adenauerallee 119, 53113, Bonn

    Dr. Arne Simon

  3. Kinderheilkunde III Pädiatrische Onkologie, Hämatologie und Hämostaseologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt a.M. Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt

    Prof. Dr. Thomas Lehrnbecher

Authors
  1. Priv.-Doz. Dr. Andreas H. Groll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Arne Simon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prof. Dr. Thomas Lehrnbecher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Forschungsinstitut für krebskranke Kinder, St. Anna Kinderspital, Kinderspitalgasse 6, 1090, Wien, Österreich

    Helmut Gadner

  2. Klinik für Allgemeine Pädiatrie und Knochenmarktransplantation, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum Otto-Heubner-Centrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin

    Gerhard Gaedicke

  3. Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstr. 1, 79106, Freiburg

    Charlotte Niemeyer

  4. Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48129, Münster

    Jörg Ritter

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Groll, A.H., Simon, A., Lehrnbecher, T. (2006). Infektionen. In: Gadner, H., Gaedicke, G., Niemeyer, C., Ritter, J. (eds) Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29036-2_79

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29036-2_79

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-03702-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29036-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation