Abstract
The article gives a survey on research in the field of organic electrochemistry in industry Reference is made to the patent literatur of the last 10 to 15 years. Prospects and problems of electroorganic processes are discussed in detail — also in comparison with proven technologies. Furthermore, some general criteria are presented which can be regarded as preconditions for the realization of electroorganic syntheses in industry. Although there has been considerable progress over the past few years and further electroorganic reactions have been implemented in industry, there is still a need for more highly selective electrosyntheses if this technology is to find broader application in industry.
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5 References
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EP 12 240; Bayer; Buhmann HR, Arlt D, Jautelat M; CA 93: 157 869 n (1980)
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EP 129 795; BASF; Degner D, Hannebaum H, Siegel H, Gramlich W; CA 102: 139 818 r (1985)
EP 54 698; Hoechst; Skaletz D; CA 97: 215 754 n (1982)
FR 2 351 932; Rhone-Poulenc, Rakoutz M; CA 89: 179 670 f (1978)
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DE 3 421 976; BASF; Degner D; CA 104: 168 135 n (1986)
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GB 1 203 434; ICI; Rennie RAC; CA 73: 109 496 z (1970)
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DE 3 028 758; Otsuka Kagaku Yakuhin; Torii S, Nakane S, Shirakawa T, Akada M; CA 95: 24 553 v (1981)
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DE 3 143 048; Henkel; Gerhardt W, Lehmann R, Disch K, Kohlmann F, Degner D; CA 98: 221 848 h (1983)
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DE 3 438 568; BASF; Steiniger M, Halbritter K, Degner D; CA 105: 97 314 c (1986)
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J 54 076 576; Mitsui Petrochem. Ind.; Torii S, Yamanaka T; CA 91: 193 177 y (1979)
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EP 217 439; Stamicarbon; Alfenaar M, van den Brink F, van Hardeveld R; CA not reviewed
DE 2 948 343; Takeda Chemical Ind. KK; Niinobe T, Yoshida K, Yokoyama M; CA 93: 103 845 d (1980)
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DE 2 404 560; Asahi Chem.; Isoya T, Kakuta R, Kawamura C; CA 82: 49 312 k (1975)
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DE 3 019 537; Asahi Chem.; Yamataka K, Isoya T, Kawamura C; CA 94: 73 666 x (1981)
DE 2 023 080; BASF; Beck F, Nohe H, Haufe J; CA 76: 45 764 n (1972)
DE 2 039 991; BASF; Eisele W, Nohe H, Suter H; CA 76: 120 912 q (1972)
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SU 573 476, Monomers Res. Des.; Tarkhanov GA et al; CA 87: 208 644 s (1977)
J 58 025 484; Asahi Chemical; CA 99: 148 509 n (1983)
J 57 200 576; Asahi Chemical; CA 98: 206 529 m (1983)
J 58 161 784; Asahi Chemical; CA 100: 128 859 n (1984)
WO 8 302 463; Asahi Chemical; Yamataka K, Isoya T, Asamura K; CA 99: 160 317 f (1983)
J 59 200 778; Okamura Seiyu KK; CA 102: 228 323 t (1985)
J 61 159 591; Okamura Seiyu KK; CA not reviewed
J 61 060 893; Showa Denku; Takahashi S, Moriyama S, Taguchi I; CA 105: 104 741 i (1986)
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SU 941 368; Mosc. Perfumes Exp. WKS; Golovina ZP, Frolkina MP, Perevitskii SE, Zubarev MK, Kashnikov VV; CA 98: 34 515 k (1983)
J 52 039 612; Asahi Chemical; Tanabe M, Ikeda M, Tamura N; CA 87: 101 963 t (1977)
J 52 962 217; Asahi Chemical; Tanabe M, Ikeda M, Tamura N; CA 87: 133 907 u (1977)
SU 577 255; Monomers Res. Plan.; Kovsman EP et al; CA 88: 89 133 h (1978)
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SU 433 127; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; Aniskova LV, Mirkind LA, Fioshin MYa; CA 81: 91 068 q (1974)
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EP 67 463; Shell; Engels R, Meurs J; CA 98: 178 994 p (1983)
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J 53 077 054; Tanabe; Miyoshi M, Matsumoto K, Iwasaki T; CA 89: 179 842 p (1978)
DE 2 113 338; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M; CA 77: 164 060 k (1972)
DE 2 503 114; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M; CA 85: 168 885 w (1976)
DE 2 539 767; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M; CA 87: 31 176 n (1977)
DE 2 336 997; Hoechst; Schnabel H, Mitzlaff M; CA 83: 11 132 j (1975)
DE 2 919 756; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M, Cramer J, Pistorius R; CA 94: 92 641 b (1981)
DE 2 842 760; Bayer; Buhmann HR, Arlt D, Müller HP; CA 93: 94 823 r (1980)
DE 3 319 451; Bayer; Haßdenteufel JR; CA 102: 45 496 g (1985)
DE 2 539 777; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M, Warning K, Jensen H; CA 87: 5 820 y (1977)
DE 2 557 790; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M, Warning K, Jensen J; CA 87: 102 143 n (1977)
DE 2 634 049; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M, Warning K, Jensen H; CA 89: 24 122 e (1978)
DE 2 718 666; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M, Warning K; CA 90: 121 424 h (1979)
DE 2 556 761; Hoechst; Warning K, Mitzlaff M, Jensen H; CA 87: 136 383 f (1977)
DE 2 643 048; Hoechst; Warning K, Mitzlaff M, Jensen H; CA not reviewed
DE 2 539 693; Hoechst; Warning K, Mitzlaff M, Jensen H; CA 87: 53 588 a (1977)
DE 2 643 047; Hoechst; Warning K, Mitzlaff M, Jensen H; CA not reviewed
DE 2 557 765; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M; CA 87: 134 997 k (1977)
DE 2 653 089; Hoechst; Mitzlaff M; CA 89: 108 197 w (1978)
DE 2 709 995; Hoechst; Warning K, Mitzlaff M; CA 90: 22 337 a (1979)
US 4 459 411; Dow, Wang PC; CA 101: 151 854 m (1984)
Isbell HS, Frush HL, Bates FJ (1932) Ind. Eng. Chem. 24: 375
Fink CG, Summers DB (1938) Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 74: 625
Neue Züricher Zeitung, Organische Synthese durch Elektrolyse, 31. 12. 85
Udupa HVK, Some Electro-organic Technology Implimented in India, International Symposium on Electro-organic Synthesis, Kurashiki (Japan), 31. 10-03. 11. 86, p 54
US 2 746 916, National Diary Research; Magnello ER; CA not reviewed
Ind. 154 413, Udupa HV et al.; CA 104: 26 212 m (1986)
DE 2 949 379; Chlorine Eng. Corp. and Daicel Chem. Ind.; Harada H, Yokohama K, Hirao K, Ichihara C, Ichino M, Mitani T, Arai N; CA 93: 83 670 n (1980)
EP 179 676; Hoechst France; Pierre G, El Kordi M, Cauquis G; cf. CA 105: 50 866 u (1986)
US 4 076 601; Monsanto; White DA; CA 88: 160 738 s (1978)
SU 288 749; Moscow Mendeleev Techn.; Borisov AI, Avrutskaya IA, Fioshin MYa; CA 76: 67 472 t (1972)
SU 327 158; Moscow Mendeleev Techn.; Borisov AI, Avrustkaya IA, Fioshin MYa, Makarov AN; CA 76: 127 377 c (1972)
SU 328 603; Moscow Mendeleev Techn.; CA not reviewed
Robertson PM, Berg P, Reimann H, Schleich K, Seiler P (1983) J. Electrochem. Soc. 130: 591
Seiler P, Robertson PM (1982) Chimia 36: 306
DE 2 415 784; Hoffmann-La Roche; Robertson PM; CA 84: 81 753 g (1976)
DE 2 503 819; Hoffmann-La Roche; Robertson PM; cf. CA 85: 113 812 q (1976)
DE 2 410 035; Merck; Hechler H, Sandner I; CA 83: 123 304 y (1975)
DE 2 460 156; Merck; Hechler E, Sandner I; CA 85: 177 887 a (1976)
DE 2 505 911; Merck; Wittmann R; CA 86: 73 070 h (1977)
EP 40 331; Merck; Wittmann R, Wintermeyer W, Butzke J; cf. CA 96: 69 373 y (1982)
EP 40 709; Merck; Raff F, Wintermeyer W, Wittmann R, Butzke J, Müller P; cf. CA96: 26 350 w (1982)
SU 791 733; Ordzhon. Chem. Pharm.; Fioshin MYa, Avrutskaya IA, Remorov BS, Protopopov IS, Lysenkova ZG, Kumverov GF; CA 94: 191 706 h (1981)
SU 891 629; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; Fioshin MYa, Avrutskaya IA, Remorov BS, Protopopov IS; CA 96: 199 102 v (1982)
SU 1 177 288; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; Rudik IV, Avrutskaya IA, Fioshin MYa, Zhdamarova VN, Novoradovskii GZ, Ilina GP, Aleshina TN; CA 105: 31 928 z (1986)
DE 3 443 303; Hoechst; Blickle P; CA 105: 87 535 m (1986)
EP 199 413; Shell; Verbrugge P, de Waal J, Sopher D; CA 106: 32 813 r (1987)
US 4 462 875; Dow; Stutts KJ; CA 101: 119 442 q (1984)
US 4 488 944; Dow; Stutts KJ, Snoble KAJ; CA 102: 86 474 s (1985)
US 4 496 440; Dow; Campbell KD, Gulbenkian AH, Edamura FY, Kyriacou D; CA 102: 122 076 z (1985)
US 4 600 478; Dow; Stutts KJ; CA 105: 191 104 f (1986)
DE 2 409 117; BASF; Jäger P, Nohe H; CA 84: 16 762 v (1976)
Degner D (1982) in: Technique of Electroorganic Synthesis, P III Technique of Chemistry; Vol V; Wiley & Sons, p 265 ff
US 4 120 761; Monsanto; White DA; CA 90: 63 618 m (1979)
EP 125 986; Roquette Freres SA; Fleche G, Gaset A, Jacquet F; CA 102: 69 340 c (1985)
US 4 431 493; Dow; Snoble KAJ; CA 100: 128 881 p (1984)
DE 3 000 243; Hoechst; Cramer J; CA 95: 140 904 j (1981)
US 4 404 070; Celanese; Kuder JE; CA 99: 212 518 v (1983)
US 4 528 076; Gossage HE; CA 103: 112 248 p (1985)
J 58 194 858; Tanabe; CA 101: 38 349 n (1984)
J 58 225 063; Tanabe; CA 100: 174 661 q (1984)
FR 2 550 228; CNRS; Simonet J, Cariou M, Carlier R; CA 103: 61 496 h (1985)
EP 192 931; Firmenich; Delay F, Joyeux M; CA not reviewed
US 4 448 650; Firmenich; Delay F; CA 101: 90 463 j (1984)
SU 652 186; AS USSR Kazan Organ.; Nikitin EV, Kargin Yu, Parakin OV, Pudovik AN, Romanov GV; CA 91: 20 711 q (1979)
SU 799 345; Kazan Lenin Univ.; Nikitin EV, Kargin YuM, Parakin OV, Romanov GV, Ignatev YuA, Romakhin AS, Pudovik AN; CA 97: 6 525 z (1982)
SU 1 032 769; Arbuzov Org. Phys. Chem.; Nikitin E et al.; CA 105: 134 153 x (1986)
SU 1 132 514; Kazan Lenin Univ.; Nikitin E et al.; CA 105: 134 133 r (1986)
US 4 337 125; Stauffer Chemical; Kuck MA, Miller GK; CA 97: 81 757 e (1982)
US 4 338 166; Stauffer Chemical; Kuck MA, Miller GK; CA 97: 127 818 f (1982)
DE 2 635 802; BASF; Schulz B, Grassner H, Jäger P, Nohe H; CA 88: 191 171 f (1978)
US 3 907 652; Monsanto; Wagenknecht JH, Moedritzer K; CA 84: 81 749 k (1976)
DE 2 363 634; Monsanto; Frazier HW, Smith LR, Wagenknecht JH; CA 81: 105 695 f (1974)
DE 2 701 453; E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.; Cutler LH; cf. CA 87: 101 951 n (1977)
DE 2 802 260; Ouchi Shinko Kagaku; Torii S, Tanaka H, Mishima K; CA 89: 163 092 h (1978)
J 53 144 530; Ouchi Shinko Kagaku; Torii S, Tanaka H, Ukida M; CA 90: 203 552 n (1979)
DE 2 743 629; Ouchi Shinko Kagaku; Torii S, Tanaka H, Ukida M; CA 89: 24 291 j (1978)
DE 2 744 423; Ouchi Shinko Kagaku; Torii S, Tanaka H, Ukida M; CA 89: 43 393 k (1978)
J 54 138 872; Ouchi Shinko Kagaku; Torii S, Tanaka H, Ukida M; CA 92: 84 931 q (1980)
DE 3 441 974; Otsuka Kagaku KK; Torii S, Tanaka H, Sasaoka M, Uto S, Kameyama Y; CA 103: 61 498 k (1985)
J 56 047 579; Kuraray KK; CA 95: 88 235 a (1981)
J 57 185 289; Otsuka Kagaku; CA 98: 179 098 m (1983)
DE 1 668 151; Enka Glanzstoff; Worbs E, Meyer G, Siggel E, Rupp HD; cf. CA 72: 3 030 g (1970)
DE 1 793 505; Enka Glanzstoff; Worbs E, Meyer G, Siggel E, Rupp HD; cf. CA 73: 83 308 n (1970)
EP 135 638; Rhone-Poulenc; cf. CA 101: 179 922 f (1984)
Baizer MM (1980) Chem. Tech. 10: 161
Danly DE (1980) Chem. Tech. 10: 302
Danly DE (1981) Hydrocarbon Process. 60: 4, 161
Danly DE (1984) J. Electrochem. Soc. 131: 435 C
Danly DE, Campbell CR (1982) Technique of Electroorganic Synthesis; P III, p 283 ff, Wiley & Sons, New York
Chem. Eng. News 50: 42, 11, 1972
Beck F, Guthke H (1969) Chem. Ing. Techn. 41: 943
Childs WV, Walters HC (1978) Hydrocarbon Process. 57: 11, 139
Aoshima A, The Recent Status of the Manufacturing Process of Adiponitrile, International Symposium on Electroorganic Synthesis, Kurashiki (Japan), 31. 10–03. 11 86, p 54
US 4 566 957; United Technologies Corp; CA 104: 158 155 e (1986)
US 4 596 638; Int. Fuel Cells Corp.; Trocciola JC, Landsmann DA; CA 105: 104 745 z (1986)
J 59 219 485; Asahi Chem.; CA 102: 228 324 u (1985)
J 60 050 190; Asahi Chem.; CA 103: 61 495 g (1985)
J 60 052 587; Asahi Chem.; CA 103: 131 244 a (1985)
J 53 101 311; Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.; Hirai T, Tari I, Yanagishima H; CA 90: 5 921 u (1979)
J 55 062 186; Mitsui Petrochem. Ind.; CA 93: 176 068 n (1980)
J 54 020 298; Asahi Chem.; CA 97: 190 375 z (1982)
J 57 108 274; Asahi Chem.; CA 97: 171 368 k (1982)
J 57 108 275; Asahi Chem.; CA 97: 171 316 q (1982)
J 57 108 276; Asahi Chem.; CA 97: 171 315 p (1982)
J 57 108 277; Asahi Chem.; CA not reviewed
J 58 058 289; Asahi Chem.; CA 99: 95 855 p (1983)
J 58 207 382; Asahi Chem.; CA 100: 164 349 e (1984)
J 58 207 383; Asahi Chem.; CA 100: 164 348 e (1984)
J 57 095 978; Asahi Chem.; CA 98: 16 567 z (1983)
J 58 208 247; Asahi Chem.; CA 100: 138 644 c (1984)
J 57 002 883; Asahi Chem.; CA 96: 207 435 y (1982)
J 57 098 683; Asahi Chem.; CA 97: 135 782 e (1982)
J 59 028 580; Asahi Chem.; CA 101: 80 780 w (1984)
J 57 143 481; Toyo Soda; CA 98: 42 990 b (1983)
US 3 864 225; Monsanto; Tyssee DA; CA 82: 161 871 t (1975)
US 4 013 524; Monsanto; Tyssee DA; CA 86: 162 812 u (1977)
EP 28 430; Shell; v. Tilborg W, Smit CJ, Engels R; CA 95: 69 965 x (1981)
DE 2 356 657; Monsanto; Tyssee DA; CA 81: 44 737 x (1974)
GB 2 069 533; Shell; van Tilborg W, Smit CJ; CA 96: 199 098 y (1982)
FR 2 542 764; SNPE; Tkatchenko I, Ballivet-Tkatchenko D, El Murr N, Tanji J, Payne JD; CA 102: 69 341 d (1985)
J 74 016 413; Asahi Chem.; Senoo S, Saotome K; CA 81: 169 220 e (1974)
US 4 082 627; Eli Lilly; Hall DA, Heiney RE; CA 89: 119 769 k (1978)
DE 2 029 415; Schering; Junghand K, Röpke H; CA 76: 59 883 n (1972)
DE 2 063 101; Schering; Junghans K; CA 77: 102 023 s (1972)
DE 2 323 091; Schering; Junghans K; CA 82: 58 008 t (1975)
DE 2 814 500; Schering; Junghans K; CA 92: 94 640 h (1980)
EP 85 765; Hoffmann-La Roche; Grass H, Zell R; CA 100: 68 569 f (1984)
J 72 40 786; Asahi Chem.; Asahara S, Senoo M; CA 78: 3 805 n (1973)
US 3 682 794; Gulf; Matthews JS; CA 77: 113 885 a (1972)
US 3 682 791; Gulf; Matthews JS; CA 77: 113 884 z (1972)
US 3 493 477; Continental Oil Corp.; French EC, Starks CM; CA 72: 96 106 z (1970)
US 3 488 266; Continental Oil Corp.; French EC; CA 72: 62 291 r (1970)
US 3 492 207; Continental Oil Corp.; Yang K, Reedy JD; CA 72: 74 124 b (1970)
DE 1 668 471; Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.; Misono A, Osa T; CA 80: 140 596 a (1974)
J 74 047 740; Asahi Chem.; Hatayama T, Yamamoto T; CA 82: 155 576 j (1975)
J 74 041 192; Asahi Chem.; Hatayama T, Hamano Y, Udo K, Yamamoto T; CA 82: 147 142 z (1975)
J 75 031 139; Asahi Chem.; Udo K, Hatayama T; CA 84: 150 248 k (1976)
US 3 700 572; Asahi Chem.; Hatayama T, Hamano Y, Yamamoto T; CA 78: 37 265 b (1973)
US 4 187 156; Monsanto; Coleman JP, Wagenknecht JH; CA 92: 171 628 q (1980)
J 49 100 050; Osaka Gas Co. Ltd.; Fuji M, Moritake M, Okazaki T; CA 82: 86 181 n (1975)
J 74 033 955; Asahi Chem.; Hatakeyama T, Udo K, Hamano Y, Inoue G; CA 82: 117 80 z (1975)
US 3 699 020; Standard Oil; Conolly JF, Flannery RJ, McCollum JD; CA 78: 10 921 a (1973)
US 4 022 673; Standard Oil; Conolly JF, Flannery RJ; CA 87: 92 652 m (1977)
J 75 022 508; Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.; Misono A, Cho T, Yamagishi H; CA 82: 161 873 v (1975)
J 77 045 707; Mitsubishi Chem. Ind.; Misono A, Naga T, Yamagishi T; CA 88: 105 009 e (1978)
DE 2 618 276; Hoechst, Skaletz DH; CA 88: 62 213 x (1978)
US 4 251 332; Miles; Ginsburg D, Mayer WJW; CA 94: 164 824 p (1981)
Degner D (1982) in: Technique of Electroorg. Synthesis, Techn. of Chemistry V, P III, p 259, J. Wiley & Sons
DE 2 158 200; BASF; Nohe H, Suter H; CA 79: 42 045 e (1973)
DE 1 695 236; ICI; Colchester JE, Entwisle JH; cf. CA 72: 31 627 a (1970)
DE 1 695 237; ICI; Colchester JE, Entwisle JH; cf. CA 69: 59 111 q (1968)
DE 2 812 508; Asahi Chem.; Misumi T, Furuhashi S, Shiga M; CA 90: 22 828 m (1979)
J 53 135 985; Asahi Chem.; Misumi T, Usubuchi Y, Kawai K; CA 90: 186 801 y (1979)
J 54 152 675; Asahi Chem.; Misumi T, Kawai K, Shiga M; CA 92: 137 773 y (1980)
J 56 112 488; Asahi Chem.; CA 96: 59 966 e (1982)
DE 2 811 803; Schering; Junghans K; CA 92: 6 421 j (1980)
SU 657 026; AS KAZA METAL Chem.; Kirilyus IV, Murzatova GK, Sokolskii DV; CA 91: 5 121 d (1979)
SU 1 004 369; Monomers Res. Dev.; Matova SB et al; CA 99: 53 607 d (1983)
DE 2 403 446; BASF; Hannebaum H, Nohe H, Müller HR; CA 83: 210 783 x (1975)
SU 844 616; Kormachev VV et al; CA 95: 150 443 x (1981)
DE 2 658 951; BASF; Nohe H, Hannebaum H; CA 89: 109 092 v (1978)
DE 3 239 273; Bayer; Wehinger E, Kazda S, Knorr A; CA 101: 72 619 k (1984)
FR 2 444 030; Rhone Poulenc; Michelet D; CA 94: 164 821 k (1981)
DE 2 243 665; AB Hässle; Berntsson P, Västra F, Gaarder J, Lamm B; CA 79: 116 v (1973)
J 54 076 521; Chlorine Engineers; Harada H, Hirao K, Ichino M, Maehara M; CA 91: 131 216 b (1979)
J 51 128 910; Tanabe; Miyoshi M, Matsumoto K, Iwasaki T; CA 86: 155 970 r (1977)
DE 3 228 633; BASF; Pütter H; CA 100: 111 002e (1984)
DE 2 818 066; Central Glass KK; Yagii K, Oshio H; CA 90: 104 587 w (1979)
DE 2 657 148; ICI; Kay IT, Williams AG; CA 87: 92 645 p (1977)
US 4 022 672; FMC Corp.; Alvarez M, Fishmann ML; CA 87: 31 177 p (1977)
DE 3 207 506; Otsuka; Shono T; CA 97: 215 767 u (1982)
DE 2 216 460; Plivapharm. u. chem. Fabrik; Djokic S, Hranilovic J, Suskovic B, Vajtner Z; CA 78: 15 918 q (1973)
DE 3 507 592; Otsuka; Torii S, Tanaka H, Sasaoka M, Kameyama Y; CA 104: 148 628 x (1986)
DE 2 926 329; Celamerck; Becker H; cf. CA 94: 147 562 j (1981)
US 3 823 077; DuPont; Ulery HE; CA 81: 98 675 u (1984)
US 3 954 576; DuPont; Ulery HE; CA 85: 53 757 p (1976)
EP 24 178; DuPont; Cumbo CC; CA 94: 182 677 x (1981)
US 4 253 921; Battelle Dev. Corp.; Baldwin MM, Wyant RE, Vaaler L; CA 95: 6 493 w (1981)
J 59 197 580; Asahi Chem.; CA 102: 86 472 q (1985)
US 4 434 032; Battelle Dev. Corp.; Baldwin MM, Wyant RE; CA 100: 164 313 p (1984)
US 3 475 298; DuPont; Andreades S; CA 72: 27 823 u (1970)
US 3 876 514; Monsanto; Baizer MM; CA 83: 9 162 a (1975)
DE 3 442 034; Otsuka; Shono T; CA 103: 61 497 j (1985)
US 4 132 611; Monsanto; Baizer MM, Goodin RD, Hallcher RC; CA 90: 112 137 q (1979)
US 4 248 678; Monsanto; Goodin RD, Hallcher RC, Baizer MM; CA 94: 147 556 k (1981)
US 4 293 392; Monsanto; Hallcher RC, Goodin RD, Baizer MM; CA 95: 212 007 u (1981)
US 4 293 393; Monsanto; Hallcher RC, Goodin RD, Baizer MM; CA 95: 228 075 a (1981)
US 3 764 492; Monsanto; Baizer MM, Wagenknecht JH; CA 79: 142 364 b (1973)
FR 2 530 266; Comp. Generale d'Electricité; Fauvarque JF, Jutad A, Chevrot C, Pfluger F, Troupel M; CA 101: 14 051 h (1984)
EP 198 743; SNPE; Moingeon M, Chaussard J; CA not reviewed
US 3 520 786; Union Carbide Corp.; Rifi MR; CA 73: 51 708 b (1970)
DE 3 522 304; SNPE; Perichon J, Sock O, Troupel M; CA 104: 158 203 u (1986)
EP 219 367; SNPE; Chaussard J; CA not reviewed
US 3 677 916; Dow; Seiber JN, Stringham RR; CA 78: 10 920 z (1973)
DE 2 331 711; Celamerck; Becher HM, Sehring R; CA 82: 139 622 r (1975)
DE 2 331 712; Celamerck; Becher HM, Sehring R; CA 83: 27 920 a (1975)
EP 93 653; Spiral; Collange E, Paris M, Autissier N; cf. CA 100: 103 896 j (1984)
US 3 687 826; Dow; Seiber JN; CA 77: 139 831 e (1972)
EP 18 069; Dow; Kyriacou D; CA 94: 54 933 r (1981)
US 4 592 810; Dow; Bon CK, Kamp AJ, Sobieralski TJ; CA 105: 69 063 b (1986)
US 3 687 827; Dow; Seiber JN; CA 77: 151 980 k (1972)
US 4 217 185; Dow; Kyriacou D, Edamura FY, Love J; CA 94: 22 193 h (1981)
US 4 592 811; Dow; Kyriacou D, Brattesani DN; CA not reviewed
US 4 533 454; Dow; Kyriacou D, Brattesani DN; CA 103: 131 249 f (1985)
US 4 460 441; Dow; Domning WE; CA 101: 200 274 h (1984)
US 4 497 697; Dow; Marshal CS, Troyer SD; CA 102: 139 819 s (1985)
US 4 588 484; Eli Lilly; Justice RM, Hall DA; CA 105; 69 060 y (1986)
J 6 163 683; Kanebo; Ikeda S, Moryama M, Tsukamoto G, Hirashima T, Nishiguchi I; CA 105: 60 478 h (1986)
Taylor RL (1937) Chem. Met. Eng. 44: 10, 588
DE 3 108 350; Electricité de France; Doniat D; cf. CA 96: 43 136 y (1982)
EP 85 158; Hoffmann-La Roche; Grass H, Widmer E; CA 100: 5 933 z (1984)
DE 3 127 242; BASF; Degner D, Hoffmann W, Thömel F; CA 98: 215 494 y (1983)
EP 22 062; Ciba Geigy; Bersier J, Jäger H, Schwander H; CA 94: 158 314 f (1981)
EP 60 437; Ciba Geigy; Jäger H, Plattner E, Bersier J, Comninellis C; CA 98: 181 139 u (1983)
US 4 087 336; Monsanto; Wagenknecht JH; CA 89: 119 771 e (1978)
US 4 133 729; Monsanto; King CJH; CA 90: 112 138 r (1979)
US 4 157 286; Monsanto; King CJH; CA 91: 80 947 f (1979)
DE 3 018 844; Toya Soda; Saito M; CA 94: 54 935 t (1981)
US 4 517 062; Halcon; Barber JJ; CA 103: 13 562 e (1985)
Weinberg NL, Chum HL (1982) Extended Abstracts 82-1, p 948, Electrochem. Soc.; Montreal
US 4 478 694; SKA Associates; Weinberg NL; CA 102: 35 368 c (1985)
US 4 639 296; Texaco; Cook RL; CA 106: 127 957 e (1987)
US 3 992 269; Diamond Shamrock; Sugano TT, Schenker BA, Walborg JA, Shuster N; CA 86: 23 591 h (1977)
FR 2 138 463; Rhone-Poulenc; Rakoutz M; CA 79: 73 006 x (1973)
EP 203 851; Atochem; Leroux F, Jaccaud M; CA not reviewed
FR 2 579 627; SNPE; Perichon J, Rabemanantsoa A, Sibelle S, d'Incan E; CA not reviewed
J 60 024 386; Agency of Ind. Sci. Techn.; CA 103: 13 560 c (1985)
J 60 100 536; Agency of Ind. Sci. Techn.; CA 103: 214 989 y (1985)
J 60 103 193; Agency of Ind. Sci. Techn.; CA 103: 131 247 d (1985)
US 4 582 577; Monsanto; Wagenknecht JH; CA 105: 50 861 p (1986)
US 4 601 797; Monsanto; Wagenknecht JH; CA 106: 24 982 e (1987)
EP 189 120; Consiglio Nazionale delli Ricerche; Filardo G, Silvestri G, Gambino S; CA 105: 180 522 q (1986)
J 7 125 379; Tanabe; Matsumoto S, Miyazaki M, Ishii M; CA 75: 140 688 d (1971)
DE 2 208 155; BASF; Giese B, Jäger P, König H, Brenner KS; CA 79: 136 633 x (1973)
J 61 009 586; Takeda; Yoshida K, Sueoka M; CA 105: 31 930 u (1986)
J 61 009 587; Takeda; Yoshida K, Sueoka M; CA 105: 87 511 a (1986)
EP 32 427; GB 2 067 192; Albright & Wilson; Goodridge F, Montgomery AJ, Wright AR; CA 95: 140 905 k (1981)
US 4 568 432; Monsanto; Rogers TE; CA 104: 225 049 p (1986)
EP 186 648; Monsanto; Rogers RE, Smith LR; CA 105: 226 986 z (1986)
J 55 006 405; Tokuyama Soda; Kato Y; CA 93: 7 860 j (1980)
J 55 006 432; Tokuyama Soda; Kato Y; CA 93: 46 197 t (1980)
J 55 011 126; Tokuyama Soda; Kato Y; CA 93: 26 119 r (1980)
J 55 014 841; Tokuyama Soda; Kato S; CA 93: 176 065 j (1980)
J 56 090 045; Tokuyama Soda; CA 95: 204 438 v (1981)
SU 703 528; A. S. Chem. Physic. Inst.; Fioshin MYa et al; CA 92: 128 746 q (1980)
SU 790 652; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Surov I, Guigina N, Avrutskaya I; CA not reviewed
SU 985 012; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Surov II et al; CA 99: 22 321 b (1983)
SU 990 760; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Surov II et al; CA 99: 53 603 z (1983)
SU 790 651; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Surov II; CA 98: 34 507 j (1983)
DE 2 237 612; Union Rheinische Braunkohlen Kraftstoff; Schwarzlose G; CA 80: 127 576 z (1974)
DE 2 157 560; Rhone-Poulenc; Rakoutz M; CA 77: 55 737 r (1972)
J 60 243 293; Mitsui Toatsu Chem.; Takenada S, Shimakawa C; CA 104: 138 283 s (1986)
J 60 234 987; Mitsui Toatsu Chem.; Takenada S, Shimakawa C; CA 104: 98 055 k (1986)
J 56 156 782; Sumitomo; CA 96: 132 155 w (1982)
DE 2 642 496; BASF; Nohe H, Hannebaum H; CA 89: 6 119 e (1978)
US 4 381 229; Standard Oil Comp.; Donohue JA; CA 98: 224 292 h (1983)
US 4 402 805; Standard Oil Comp.; Donohue JA; CA 99: 212 288 u (1983)
US 4 457 814; Standard Oil Comp.; Donohue JA; CA 101: 170 893 q (1984)
EP 81 611; Amoco Corp.; Donohue JA; CA not reviewed
DE 2 538 621; Smith Kline & French; King RJ, White GR; CA 85: 70 091 j (1976)
DE 1 950 282; BASF; Beck F, Jäger P, Guthke H; CA 74: 140 980 x (1971)
GB 1 411 371; NRDC; Goodridge F, Lister K; CA 84: 66 955 f (1976)
DE 2 240 731; Rhone-Poulenc; Michelet D; CA 78: 131 450 e (1973)
DE 2 240 759; Rhone-Poulenc; Michelet D; CA 78: 131 449 m (1973)
DE 2 359 863; Rhone-Poulenc; Michelet D; CA 81: 91 063 j (1974)
J 54 093 677; Tokuyama Soda; Fuji K et al; CA 91: 184 054 d (1979)
J 55 058 380; Tokuyama Soda; CA 93: 140 060 q (1980)
J 55 065 373; Tokuyama Soda; cf. CA 101: 160 190 u (1984)
US 4 560 450; Texaco; Morduchowitz A, Sammels AF; CA 104: 98 056 m (1986)
US 4 619 743; Texaco; Cook RL; CA 106: 40 459 y (1987)
J 4 848 409; Asahi Chem.; Hatayama T, Inoue G; CA 79: 125 861 u (1973)
DE 2 301 032; Dechema; Heitz E, Kaiser U; CA 81: 130 200 y (1974)
DE 2 854 487; Dechema; Fischer J, Lehmann T, Heitz E; CA 93: 83 672 q (1980)
DE 2 250 522; US 3 720 591; Texaco; Skarlos L; CA 78: 158 943 e (1973)
US 4 608 132; Texaco; Sammells AF; CA 105: 160 917 u (1986)
US 4 608 133; Texaco; Morduchowitz A, Ang PGA; CA 105: 215 761 w (1986)
EP 81 982; BP; Brown DE, Hall SM, Mahmood MN; CA 99: 60 912 c (1983)
US 4 461 681; Halcon; Barber JJ; CA 101: 160 121 x (1984)
DE 2 428 878; Hoechst; Horner L, Skaletz DH, Hönl H; CA 84: 105 228 t (1976)
US 4 055 573; Smith Kline Corp.; Mendelson WL; CA 88: 50 861 u (1978)
J 55 115 977; Ube Ind.; CA 94: 38 709 s (1981)
US 4 042 472; Eli Lilly; Hall DA; CA 87: 174 834 m (1977)
EP 38 626; Eli Lilly; Hall DA; CA 96: 85 323 n (1982)
J 58 117 886; Otsuka; CA 100: 76 279 b (1984)
Berezovskii VM, Sobolev YuP (1958) Khim. Nauk. i. Prom. 3: 677; CA 53: 3 943 a (1959)
J 48 028 410; Tokyo Tanabe; Takahashi Y, Sekine T, Kikuchi Y; CA 79: 79 132 g (1973)
SU 318 563; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; Fioshin MYa et al; CA 76: 41 368 p (1972)
SU 341 805; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; CA not reviewed
US 3 630 860; Phillips; Fox HM; CA 76: 80 261 t (1972)
US 3 658 667; Phillips; Cobb RL, Pearson DP; CA 77: 108 845 n (1972)
Toomey JE, Performance Chemicals, Nov. 1986, p 25
EP 189 678; Reilly Tar & Chem. Corp.; Toomey JE; CA 105: 215 760 v (1986)
DE 2 300 959; Dynamit Nobel; Bison G, Schübel H; CA 81: 105 975 x (1974)
J 51 133 229; Tanabe; Matsuoka M, Kokusenya Y; CA 86: 190 464 a (1977)
J 4 727 975; Teijin; Uchiyama H, Ozawa S; CA 78: 16 032 n (1973)
SU 619 484; AS USSR Electrochem.; Levinson IM et al; CA 90: 54 817 y (1979)
J 52 116 463; Pilva Pharm.; CA 88: 152 418 w (1978)
AU 355 013; Pliva Pharm.; Crnic Z, Djokic S, Gaspert B, Vajtner Z, Maasboel A; CA 93: 8 010 u (1980)
DE 2 408 532; BASF; Herbig K, Wiersdorff W, Degner D; CA 84: 23 765 b (1976)
DE 2 144 419; BASF; Beck F, Schefczik E, Woerner FP; CA 78: 147 778 d (1973)
DE 2 510 920; BASF; Hannebaum H, Nohe H; CA 86: 16 430 b (1977)
DE 2 630 927; BASF; Nohe H, Hannebaum H; CA 88: 105 119 r (1978)
J 4 854 007; Mitsui Toatsu; Minami T, Ueno K, Kotaki A; CA 80: 3 084 t (1974)
J 60 172 969; Asahi Chem.; Kawakubo H, Yamataka K, Fukuzaki K; CA 104: 88 536 d (1986)
SU 457 691; Bautin VI et al.; CA 83: 42 917 y (1975)
SU 521 257; Bautin VI et al.; CA 85: 159 404 m (1976)
Ind. 142 233; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Udupa HV, Krishnan V; CA 92: 49 475 x (1980)
Ind. 143 906; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Udupa HV, Krishnan V, Ragupathy K; CA 92: 49 473 v (1980)
SU 777 024; AS Kaza Chem. Metall; Kirilyus IV et al.; CA 94: 174 610 e (1981)
US 4 482 437; Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp; Toomey JE; CA 102: 53 067 h (1985)
SU 836 007; AS Azerb. Chloroorg.; CA 95: 115 023 p (1981)
SU 1 129 207; Moscow Mendeleev Chem.; Antonova TL et al.; CA 102: 203 982 v (1985)
US 3 945 896; Monsanto; Tyssee DA; CA 84: 171 509 m (1976)
SU 681 051; AS Kaza Chem. Metal; Kirilyus IV; CA 92: 58 453 r (1980)
J 59 113 191; Tanabe (Chugai Electric); CA 101: 179 975 a (1984)
DE 3 419 817; Takeda Chem. Ind.; Yoshida K, Takao H, Bada T; CA 102: 86 471 p (1985)
FR 2 512 844; Electricité de France; Chaussard J, Lahitte C; CA 99: 12 807 a (1983)
US 4 539 080; PPG Industries, De Lue NR; CA 104: 58 435 c (1986)
DE 2 262 851; BASF; Jäger P, Zeeh B; CA 81: 120 636 f (1974)
US 4 071 429; Monsanto; Wagenknecht JH, Laurin DG; CA 88: 128 297 m (1978)
DE 2 206 018; Hoechst; Alt H, Georgi V, Lindner W; CA 80: 3 535 r (1974)
DE 1 066 589; Miles Laboratories; Slager JE; CA not reviewed
DE 1 593 931; Miles Laboratories; Staal PW; cf. CA 70: 63 543 v (1969)
DE 2 026 039; Constructors J. Brown Ltd.; Lawson DW, Salter DSt; CA 74: 42 154 m (1971)
US 3 937 741; Koppers; Greco NP; CA 85: 5 359 p (1976)
US 4 584 070; PPG Industries; De Lue NR, Pickens StR; CA 105: 50 834 g (1986)
DE 2 617 808; BASF; Pütter H; CA 88: 22 386 z (1978)
J 55 154 590; Hirasjima T, Nishiguchi I; CA 94: 164 822 m (1981)
J 54 055 535; Sugai Kagaku Kogyo; cf. CA 103: 87 627 b (1985)
DE 2 731 743; BASF; Pütter H; CA 90: 151 883 z (1979)
DE 3 020 846; Borma B. V.; de Groot H, van de Henvel E, Barendrecht E, Janssen LJJ; CA 94: 54 934 s (1981)
J 61 246 392; Nippon Kayaku; CA not reviewed
US 4 609 439; Texaco; Cook RL; CA 105: 23 453 r (1986)
SU 415 969; Monomer Proj. Inst.; Freidlin GN et al.; CA 86: 23 589 p (1977)
SU 484 745; Monomer Res. Inst.; Kovsman E et al.; CA 86: 23 588 n (1977)
SU 533 590; Monomer Res. Inst.; Soldatov BG et al.; CA 86: 120 987 z (1977)
SU 655 701; Monomer Res. Inst.; Kovsman E et al.; CA 91: 20 129 f (1979)
DE 3 031 193; BASF; Dimroth P, Kemper R, Radtke V, Pütter H; cf. CA 97: 23 440 e (1982)
DE 3 300 865; BASF; Pütter H, Roos H; CA 99: 112 953 p (1983)
J 7 202 092; Tanabe; Matsuoka M, Ono M; CA 76: 126 799 e (1982)
SU 677 277; Sibe Techn. Inst.; Kornienko VL et al.; CA 101: 151 395 n (1984)
DE 2 201 159; Soc. Farm. Italia; Larini G, Leone A, Suttimo T, Patelli B, Sciaky R; CA 77: 139 410 s (1972)
US 3 998 708; Schering Corp.; Kabasakalian P, Kalliney SY, Ganguly AK, Westcott A; CA 87: 31 174 k (1977)
EP 198 722; Air Liquide; Rignon M, Catonne JC, Denisard F, Malafosse J; CA not reviewed
BE 873 677; Parcor; Braye EHU; cf. CA 92: 41 749 u (1980)
DE 2 635 587; Yamanouchi Pharm. Co.; Odo K, Ichihawa E, Tamazawa K, Takahashi K; CA 87: 5 801 t (1977)
SU 371 222; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Techn. Inst.; Zaporozhets EV et al.; CA 79: 31 867 y (1973)
DE 3 323 047; Stiftelsen Industriell Organish Electrokemi; Andersson S, Holberg H, Nilsson L; cf. CA 100: 191 554 z (1984)
SU 517 582; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Fioshin MY et al.; CA 85: 108 401 a (1976)
SU 582 245; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Fioshin MY et al.; CA 88: 62 133 w (1978)
J 57 123 983; Agency of Ind. Sci. Techn.; CA 98: 43 035 f (1983)
DE 2 256 003; Albright & Wilson; Greener GP, Porter AS; CA 79: 65 995 d (1973)
SU 706 366; Moscow Mendeleev Chem. Inst.; Fioshin MYa et al.; CA 92: 215 039 e (1980)
Ind. 139 949; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Udupa HV et al.; CA 92: 84 932 r (1980)
DE 1 961 364; BASF; Beck F, Beer L, Jäger P, Zoller K; CA 75: 63 246 d (1971)
SU 968 032; Ural Chem. Pharm. Inst.; Andosov VV; CA 98: 126 077 x (1983)
DE 2 261 688; Hoechst; Dürckheimer W, Martin W; CA 81: 91 343 a (1974)
J 56 072 188; Sumitomo Chem.; CA 95: 158 793 g (1981)
WO 8 603 194; Farm. Lab. Ferring; Lund H; CA 105: 190 654 y (1986)
DE 1 695 341; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo; Fujimoto Y, Teranishi M; cf. CA 64: 5 115 h (1964)
DE 1 695 342; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo; Fujimoto Y, Teranishi M; cf. CA 64: 5 115 h (1964)
DE 1 695 343; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo; Fujimoto Y, Teranishi M; cf. CA 64: 5 115 h (1964)
DE 1 695 344; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo; Fujimoto Y, Teranishi M; cf. CA 64: 5 115 h (1964)
US 4 497 950; Polaroid Corp.; Mc Caskill ES; CA not reviewed
DE 2 157 608; Hoechst; Alt H, Clasen H, Cramer J; CA 79: 48 729 c (1973)
DE 2 305 574; Hoechst; Alt H, Cramer J; CA 81: 135 690 t (1974)
DE 1 643 285; Diamalt; Bayerlein F, Kohlbeck W, Kessler HD; CA not reviewed
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J 59 009 184; Asahi Glass; CA 100: 182 209 p (1984)
J 57 098 684; Showa Denko; CA 97: 135 783 f (1982)
J 57 098 685; Showa Denko; CA 97: 135 784 g (1982)
J 51 136 620; Nippon Rikagaku; CA not reviewed
J 51 136 621; Nippon Rikagaku; CA not reviewed
US 4 072 584; Allied Chem. Corp.; Dipris D, Pouli D; CA 88: 128 298 n (1978).
US 4 436 596; Eli Lilly; Hall DA; CA 101: 45 466 b (1984)
US 4 537 720; Eli Lilly; Hall DA; CA not reviewed
US 4 493 755; Monsanto; Goodin RD, Chupp JP; CA 102: 122 075 y (1985)
US 3 480 527; Dow; Wessling RA, Settineri WJ; CA 72: 66 593 p (1970)
US 3 660 257; Dow; Settineri WJ, Wessling RA; CA 77: 108 841 d (1972)
US 3 616 314; Dow; Settineri WJ, Wessling RA; CA 76: 30 202d (1972)
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Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dörfel on the occasion of his 60th birthday
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© 1988 Springer-Verlag
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Degner, D. (1988). Organic electrosyntheses in industry. In: Stekchan, E. (eds) Electrochemistry III. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 148. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-19180-1_5
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