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Foamed polymers based on reactive oligomers

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Polymer Products

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 39))

Abstract

This article surveys the specific features of polymer science for gas-filled polymers (main principles of their classification as well as the major problems of their physics, chemistry, technology and application). Special attention is given to the discussion of the author's findings concerning the morphology of foamed plastics based on reactive oligomers such as polyurethane, phenolic and urea-formaldehyde polymers. These findings evidence the presence in their cellular structure of micromorphological cells (size: 0.01–0.1 micron), which the author terms microcells. It is especially emphasized that these microcells represent the most fundamental and most widely used type of such foamed plastics. The number of these microcells is 102–103 times higher than that of the well-known macrocells; this is why the specific surface area of such polymer substances is larger than 200 m2/g. The physicochemical properties of oligomeric foamed polymers (thermooxidation, electrical and moisture absorption) are explained by the microcell concept. Future trends with regard to new starting materials, methods of preparation, technology, theoretical investigation and long-term perspectives of these plastic foames are discussed.

Daß ich erkenne, was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält, schau' alle Wirkungskraft und Samen und tu' nicht mehr in Worten kramen.

J. W. Goethe

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Abbreviations

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method

DABCO:

triethylenediamine/dipropylene glycol

DC:

polymethylsiloxanes

FL-1:

Soviet grade of resol phenol-formaldehyde foam

FRP-1:

Soviet grade of resol phenol-formaldehyde foam

GSE:

Gas-Structural Element

MDI:

4,4′-diphenylisocyanate

MGF-1:

α, ω-methacryl(bisethylenegly cole) phtalate

MGF-9:

α, ω-methacryl(diethyleneglycole) phtalate

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance method

OEA:

oligoester acrylate

OEM:

oligoester methacrylate

OFM:

oligoester fumarate maleates

PEN-1:

Soviet grade of epoxide-novolac phenolic foam

PF foam:

phenol-formaldehyde foam

PPU-3:

-3S, -102, -305, -305A, -307 Soviet grades of PUR foams

PUR foam:

polyurethane foam

RO:

reactive oligomer

SE:

static electrization

SEP-1:

Soviet grade of phenolicurethane foam

SFUP:

Soviet grade of phenolicurethane foam

SIN:

Simultaneous Interpenetrating Networks

TGM-3:

tris(oxyethylene)-α, ω-(dimeth) acrylate

TMGF-11:

α, ω-dimethacryl (1,3) bisglycerine-2-phtalate

UF foam:

urea-formaldehyde foam

a:

sample thickness; coefficient

A:

surface area of foamed plastic

A*o :

amplitude of free nuclear induction

C1, C2, C3 :

empirical coefficients

d:

thickness of struts; diameter of the water molecule

df :

hydraulic diameter

D:

diameter of cell; the most probable size of cells

Di :

current diameter of cells

Ebr :

breakdown voltage (dielectric strength)

f:

frequency of electromagnetic field

F (x):

Weibull function

ħ:

Planck constant

H:

molar heat of phase transition

k:

Boltzmann constant

K:

empirical coefficient

K1, K2 :

coefficients of uniformity of cellular structure

l:

length of rib of dodecahedron

la, lb, lc :

traces of current via liquid foam

L:

capillar length

m:

mass of dry foam

mg :

mass of gas

mw :

mass of water

M:

the arithmetic mean value

n:

number of rows of foam models

P:

porosity; pressure

P0 :

saturated vapor pressure

Δ Pf :

drop of the pressure of liquid

ΔPg :

drop of the pressure of water steam

Δ Pc :

suction pressure of capillaries

q:

electrostatic charge

Q:

heat flow

r, R:

cell radius

R1, R2 :

curvature radius

Re:

Reynolds number

S:

specific surface area

T:

temperature

v:

flow rate

V:

geometric volume of foam

W:

weight humidity

α:

contact angle

γ:

apparent density of foam

γ f :

density of liquid

γ g :

density of gas

γ′g:

saturation density of gase phase

γ p :

density of polymer phase

γ w :

density of water

γ 1 :

gyromagnetic ratio of the nucleus

Γ:

gamma-function

δ:

thickness of cell wall

tg δ :

dielectric losses

ε:

dielectric permeability

η f :

kinematic viscosity

κ:

electroconductivity

ϑ:

volume fraction of phase

ϑ g :

volume fraction of gas

ϑ p :

volume fraction of polymer phase

ϑ w :

volume fraction of water

ϑ α :

volume fraction of open cells

ϑ*w:

volume fraction of equilibrium water

ϑ 1w :

volume fraction of the monomolecular layer of absorbed water

ϑ*max:

maximal value of ϑ*w

Θ:

correction factor

λ:

generalized conductivity

λi :

Di/D

ν i :

the frequency of appearance of cells with size “i”

ρ v :

volumetric electroresistance

σ:

surface tension coefficient; surface density of charge; root-mean-square deviation

τ:

current time

τ*:

time of equilibrium moisture absorption

τ 1 :

longitudinal relaxation time

ϕ:

relative humidity

χ:

Pirson criterion

ψ:

resistance coefficient

ω:

volume humidity

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  1. Physical Department, Building Institute, 198005, Leningrad, USSR

    Fyodor A. Shutov

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To the Memory of my Friend and Teacher Professor Alfred A. Berlin

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Shutov, F.A. (1981). Foamed polymers based on reactive oligomers. In: Polymer Products. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 39. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-10218-3_1

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