Skip to main content

Polymers with photoconductive properties

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Structure and Properties of Polymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 29))

Abstract

Photoconductivity of organic polymers is reviewed. The current views on the mechanism of charge carrier generation and transport in sensitized and unsensitized polymers are presented. The known photoconductive polymers are categorized according to their structure into three basic groups: polymers with high degree of conjugation in the main chain, polymers with condensed aromatic groups and polymers with substituted arylamino functional groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

H. References

  1. Rose, A.: Concepts in Photo conductivity and Allied Problems. New York: Interscience Publishers 1967

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dolezalek, F. K.: Photoconductivity and Related Phenomena. Mort, J. and Pai, D. M. (ed.). New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 1976, pp. 27–63

    Google Scholar 

  3. Batra, I. P., Kanazawa, K. K., Seki, H.: J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3416 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sharp, J. H.: Photoconductivity in Polymers. Patsis, A. V. and Seanor, D. A. (ed.). Westport: Technomic Publishing Co. 1976, pp. 98

    Google Scholar 

  5. Regensburger, P. J.: Photochem. and Photobiol. 8, 429 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Pearson, J.: Pure and Appl. Chem. 49, 463 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pai, D. M.: Proc. Royal Electrophotographic Society Meeting, Cambridge, September 1976 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Onsager, L.: Phys. Rev. 54, 554 (1938)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Geacintov, N. E., Pope, M.: Proc. Third International Conference on Photoconductivity, Pell, E. M. (ed.). Oxford: Pergamon 1971, pp. 289

    Google Scholar 

  10. Batt, R. H., Braun, C. L., Hornig, J. F.: J. Chem. Phys. 49, 1967 (1968) and Appl. Opt. Suppl. 3, 20 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pai, D. M., Enck, R. C.: Phys. Rev. 11, 5163 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnson, G. E.: J. Chem. Phys. 62, 4697 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yokoyama, M., Endo, Y., Mikawa, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 34, 597 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Okamoto, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 46, 2324 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Melz, P. J.: J. Chem. Phys. 57, 1694 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Scher, H. and Montroll, E. W.: Phys. Rev. B12, 2455 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gill, W. D.: J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5032 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Weiser, G.: J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5028 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pai, D. M.: J. Appl. Phys. 46, 5122 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fox, S.: Photoconductivity in Polymers. Patsis, A. V. and Seanor, D. A. (ed.). Westport: Technomic Publishing Co. 1976, pp. 253

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pohl, H. A., Engelhardt, E. H.: J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2085 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mylnikov, V. S., Sladkov, A. M., Kudryavtsev, Yu. P., Lunieva, L. K., Korshak, V. V., Terenin, A. N.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 144, 840 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mylnikov, V. S.: Uspekhi Khimii 43, 1821 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chance, R. R., Baughman, R. H.: J. Chem. Phys. 64, 3889 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schermann, W., Wegner, G.: Makrom. Chem. 175, 667 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Horhold, H. H., Opfermann, J.: Makrom. Chem. 131, 105 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Horhold, H. H.: Z. Chem. 12, 41 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Horhold, H. H., Opfermann, J.: J. Prakt. Chem. 316, 750 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Horhold, H. H., Graf, D., Opfermann, J.: Plaste u. Kautschuk 17, 84 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Horhold, H. H., Opfermann, J.: Faserforschung u. Textiltechnik 25, 108 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Horhold, H. H., Opfermann, J.: Makrom Chem. 178, 195 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mylnikov, V. S., Terenin, A. N.: J. Polymer Sci. C16, 3655 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vasilenko, N. A., Pravednikov, A. N.: Vysokomolek. Soed., Ser. A 17, 1741 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cherkasov, Yu. A., Mylnikova, A. P., Polyakov, Yu. P.: Zh. Nauch. i Prikl. Phot.. Kinemat. 18, 196 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hirohashi, R., Hishiki, Y, Haruta, M.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 44, 2573 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Medvedeva, E. N., Kryazhev, Yu. G., Ermakova, T. G., Tatarova, L. A., Brodskaya, E. I., Poguda, T. S.: Vysokomolek. Soed., Ser. B 16, 455 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Reucroft, P. J., Scott, H., Kronick, P. L., Serafin, F. L.: NASA Contract Rep. 1969, NASA-CR-1367; C. A. 71, 61917s (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Reucroft, P. J., Scott, H., Serafin, F. L.: J. Polymer Sci. C 30, 261 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bell, V. L., Pezdirtz, G. F.: Polymer Letters 3, 977 (1965). Bell, V. L., Jewell, R. A.: J. Polymer Sci. A-1 5, 3043 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Voishchev, V. S., Rusanov, A. L., Leontieva, S. N., Kolnikov, O. V., Voishcheva, O. V., Mikhantiev, B. T.: Vysokomolek Soed., Ser. B 17, 870 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Voishchev, V. S., Kolnikov, O. V., Kotov, B. V., Berendyaev, V. T., Voznesenskaya, N. N., Pravednikov, A. N., Sazhin, B. I.: Vysokomolek. Soed Kratkie Soobshcheniya 19, 203 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Voishchev, V. S., Sazhin, B. I., Mikhantiev, B. I., Yakubovich, V. S., Gainulin, I. F.: Plast. Massy 1973, 44

    Google Scholar 

  43. Morimoto, K., Murakami, Y., Ikeda, M.:Ref. 14) in 91

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yoshimoto, S., Okamoto, K., Hirata, H., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 46, 358 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Inami, A., Morimoto, K., Hayashi, Y.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 37, 842 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hoegl, H.: Ger. Pat. 133,976 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Murakami, Y., Morimoto, K.: Brit. Pat. 1,125,548 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Morimoto, K., Ishida, E., Inami, A.: J. Polym. Sci. A-1 5, 1699 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stolka, M., Yanus, J. F., Pearson, J. M.: Macromolecules 9, 710 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stolka, M., Yanus, J. F., Pearson, J. M.: Macromolecules 9, 715 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stolka, M.: Macromolecules 8, 8 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nozaki, S., Hagitani, A., Mukoh, A., Mori, Y., Sakashita, K.: Ger. Pat. 2,117,058 (1972); CA 77, 49151d (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Nozaki, S., Hagitani, A., Mukoh, A., Mori, Y.: Ger. Pat. 2,146,104 (1972); CA 77, 115076m (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mukoh, A., Mori, Y., Sakashita, K., Nozaki, S., Hagitani, A.: U.S. Pat. 3,764,590 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hitachi Ltd.: Ger. Pat. 2,225,759 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hitachi Seisakusho KK: Jap. Pat. 74,119,886 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  57. O'Malley, J. J., Yanus, J. F., Pearson, J. M.: Macromolecules 5, 158 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Tanikawa, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Polymer Letters 6, 275 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pai, D. M., Radler, R.: unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  60. Okamoto, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 73, 1351 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Moriwaki, S., Okamoto, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 48, 2623 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Perrine, T. D.: J. Org. Chem. 25, 1516 (1960)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Homer, R. B., Shinitzky, M.: Macromolecules 1, 469 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kamogawa, H.: J. Polymer Sci. A-1 10, 1345 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nakanishi, T., Maruyama, K., Tashiro, T.: Jap. Pat. 74 05,470 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hatano, M., Enomoto, T.: Jap. Pat. 74 75,688 (1972); CA 83, 59940y (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fox, C. J.: U.S. Pat. 3,265,496 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mitsubishi: Jap. Pat. 75,79638 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hisatake, O., Honjo, S., Watana, O.: Ger. Pat. 2,007,962 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sirotkina, E. E., et al.: Ger. Pat. 2,320,855 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Sirotkina, E. E., et al.: U.S. Pat. 4,038,468 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Merrill, S. H., Brantly, T. B.: U.S. Pat. 3,779,750 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd: Jap. Pat. 75, 1735150 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mitsubishi Seishi: Jap. Pat. 74,102,345 (1974); CA 82, 148519g (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Stolka, M., Pai, D. M., Renfer, D. S., Yanus, J. F.: 175th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, Ca., March 1978

    Google Scholar 

  76. Tabak, M. D., Pai, D. M., Scharfe, M. E.: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 6, 357 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gipstein, E., Hewett, W. A.: U.S. Pat. 3,554,741 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Gipstein, E., Hewett, W. A.: Ger. Pat. 1,917,747 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hoegl, H., Schlesinger, H.: Ger. Pat. 1,131,988 (1962); U.S. Pat. 3,307,940 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gipstein, E., Hewett, W. A.: Ger. Pat. 2,104,557 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hoegl, H., Sus, O., Neugebauer, W.: Ger. Pat. 1,068,115 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Morimoto, K., Murakaim, Y.: Jap. Pat. 70 15,508 (1970); CA 73, 56614c (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Morimoto, K., Monobe, A.: Jap. Pat. 70 15,509 (1970), CA 73, 56615d (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Tubuko, K.: Ger. Pat. 1,772,036 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Dailey, E. A., Barton, J. M., Ginnis, R. A., Baltazzi, E. S.: Ger. Pat. 2,118,582 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dailey, E. E., Barton, J. M.: U.S. Pat. 3,764,316 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kobayashi, T., Suzuki, K., Murakami, H., Nishiide, K., Yamanouchi, T., Kinjo, K.: Jap. Pat. 73 59,843 (1973); CA 79, 131380C (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Heller, J., Lyman, D. J., Hewett, W. A.: Makrom. Chem. 73, 48 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hewett, W. A., Sporer, A. H.: U.S. Pat. 3,341,472 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hewett, W. A.: U.S. Pat. 3,312,673 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Okamoto, K., Itaya, A., Kusabayashi, S.: Polymer 7, 622 (1975); J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Phys. Ed. 14, 869 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Turner, S. R., Pai, D. M.: Preprints, 175th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, Ca., March 1978

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ito, H., Tazuke, S., Ohkavara, M.: Jap. Kokai 76,101,534 (1976), CA 86, 16,3615 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Tanikawa, K., Okuno, Z., Iwaoka, T., Hatano, M.: Makrom. Chem. 178, 1779 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gaidelis, V., Krisciunas, V., Montrimas, E.: Thin Solid Films 38, 9 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Limburg, W. W., Williams, D. J.: Macromolecules 6, 787 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Williams, D. J., Limburg, W. W., Pearson, J. M., Goedde, A. O., Yanus, J. F.: J. Chem. Phys. 62, 1501 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Terrell, D. R.: Photog. Sci. Eng. 21, 66 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Okamoto, K., Kato, K., Murao, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 46, 2883 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Cassiers, P. M., Hart, R. M.: U.S. Pat. 3,155,503 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Shirota, Y., Yokoyama, M., Mikawa, H.: Polymer Preprints, ACS 14, No. 1, 13 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hirai, A.: Jap. Pat. 75, 122,236 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hirokazu, T., Takai, K., Kigoshi, F.: Chem. Abstr. 68, 87787 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ohta, M.: Jap. Pat. 75, 89,399 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ono, H., Osada, C., Watarai, S., Katsuyama, H.: Fr. Pat. 2,074,451 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Fox, C. J., Johnson, A. L.: U.S. Pat. 3,387,973 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Gipstein, E., Hewett, W. A.: U.S. Pat. 3,615,384 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Goto, T., Kojima, K.: Jap. Pat. 74 93,018 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Eley, D. D., Metcalfe, E.: Nature 239, 344 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Turner, S. R.: Ref.38) in Pearson, J. M., Pure Appl. Chem. 49, 463 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Yoshimoto, S., Akana, Y., Kimura, A., Hirata, H., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Chem. Commun. 1969, 987

    Google Scholar 

  112. Williams, D. J.: Macromolecules 3, 602 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Okamoto, K., Itaya, A., Kusabayashi, S.: Letters 1974, 1167 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Okamoto, K., Ozeki, M., Itaya, A., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 48, 1362 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kimura, A., Yoshimoto, S., Akana, Y., Hirata, H., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H., Kasai, N.: J. Polymer Sci A-2 8, 643 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Nagao, M., Hermann, A. M.: Polymer Letters 12, 69 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Mort, J.: Phys. Review B 5, 3329 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Nishizima, H., Takahashi, M., Ohira, M., Endo, K.: Ger. Pat. 2,338,248 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Sato, K., Ototake, M., Yoshizawa, M.: Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 987 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Mort, J., Lakatos, A. I.: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 4, 129 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ikeda, M., Murakami, Y., Morimoto, K., Sato, H.: Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 931 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Ikeda, M., Morimoto, K., Murakami, Y., Sato, H.: Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 8, 759 (1969)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hoegl, H., Barchietto, G., Tar, D.: Photochem. Photobiol. 16, 335 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Meier, H., Albrecht, W., Tschirwitz, U.: Photochem. Photobiol. 16, 353 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Okamoto, K., Hasegawa, Y., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 41, 2563 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Tani, T.: Photogr. Sci. and Eng. 17, 11 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Meier, H.: Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Photographie and Photochemie 53, 1 (1958)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Meier, H.: Topics Curr. Chem. 61, 85 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Meier, H.: Organic Semiconductors; Dark and Photoconductivity of Organic Solids. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie 1975

    Google Scholar 

  130. Williams, D. J., Pearson, J. M., Limburg, W. W.: U.S. Pat. 4,006,017 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Pearson, J. M., Williams, D. J., Limburg, W. W.: U.S. Pat. 4,046,563 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Ikeda, M., Sato, H., Torii, E., Morimoto, K., Hasegawa, Y.: Ger. Pat. 2,150,527 (1972); U.S. Pat. 3,813,242

    Google Scholar 

  133. Hoegl, H.: J. Phys. Chem. 69, 755 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lardon, M., Lell-Doller, E., Weigl, J. W.: Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2, 241 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Shattuck, M. D., Wahtra, U.: Rep. of South Africa Pat. 672,820 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Queener, C. A.: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 15, 423 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hughes, R. C.: Appl. Phys. Letters 21, 196 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Chiu, T. T., Hecht, J. K.: Tappi 54, 391 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hughes, R. C.: J. Chem. Phys. 58, 2212 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lakatos, A. I.: J. Appl. Phys. 46, 1744 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kanazawa, K. K., Sechtman, B. H.; Electrets, Charge Storage Transp. Dielectrics [2nd Int. Conf. 1972]; (publ. 1973), pp. 405–17. Perlman, M. M. (ed.). Electrochem. Soc., Princeton, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Schaffert, R. M.: IBM J. Res. Dev. 15, 75 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Klopffer, W.: J. Chem. Phys. 50, 2337 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  144. Curtin, D. J.: Tapi 60, 87 (1977)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Cherry, A. J., Neiman, R. R., Shattuck, M. U., Weiche, W. J.: Fr. Pat. 2,090,830 (1972); U.S. Pat. 3,791,826

    Google Scholar 

  146. Emerald, R. L., Mort, J.: J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3943 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Rochlitz, J.: Chemiker-Ztg. 96, 561 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Contois, L. E., Merrill, S., Grau, G. S.: U.S. Pat. 3,655,378 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Summers, J. W., Litt, M. H.: Electr. Prop. Polymers 1972, 186. Frisch, K. C., (ed.): Tecnomic Publ., Westport, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Tanikawa, K., Ishizuka, T., Suzuki, K., Kusabayashi, S., Mikawa, H.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 41, 2719 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hatano, M.: Jap. Pat. 75 15,515 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  152. Ohta, M.: Jap. Pat. 75 100,067 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  153. Hermann, A. M., Rembaum, A.: Polymer Letters 5, 445 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Summers, J. W., Litt, M. H.: J. Polymer Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 11, 1379 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Litt, M. H., Summers, J. N.: J. Polymer Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 11, 1339 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Summers, J. W., Litt, M. H.: J. Polymer Sci. (Polym Chem. Ed.) 11, 1353 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Litt, M. H., Summers, J. W.: J. Polymer Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 11, 1359 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Chang, D. M., Gromelski, S., Rupp, R., Mulvaney, J. E.: J. Polymer Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 15, 571 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  159. Voishchev, V. S., Kolnikov, O. V., Gorbina, T. A., Kotov, B. V., Sazhin, B. I., Mikhantiev, B. I., Pravednikov, A. N.: Vysokomolek. Soed., Serv. B 16, 295 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Stolka, M., Pai, D.M. (1978). Polymers with photoconductive properties. In: Structure and Properties of Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 29. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-08886-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-08886-5_1

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-08886-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35795-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics