Skip to main content

Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polyolefins: 50 years after Ziegler and Natta I

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 257))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AF4:

Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation

aPP:

Atactic polypropylene

CCD:

Chemical composition distribution

CEF:

Crystallization elution fractionation

CR:

Crystallization rate

CRYSTAF:

Crystallization analysis fractionation

DC:

Dynamic crystallization

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

EGMBE:

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

ELSD:

Evaporative light scattering detector

EMA:

Ethylene-methyl acrylate

EP:

Ethylene propylene copolymer

EPDM:

Ethylene-propylene diene

ESL:

Ethylene sequence length

EVA:

Ethylene-vinyl acetate

FC:

Crystallization flow

FDSC:

Fractional DSC

FE:

Elution flow

FFF:

Field flow fractionation

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HR:

Heating rate

HT:

High temperature

IC:

Interaction chromatography

ICPC:

International Conference on Polyolefin Characterization

iPP:

Isotactic polypropylene

IR:

Infrared

LCB:

Long chain branching

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

LLDPE:

Linear low-density polyethylene

LS:

Light scattering

M:

Molar mass

MALS:

Multi-angle light scattering

MCT:

Mercury cadmium telluride

MMD:

Molar mass distribution

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

ODCB:

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

PE:

Polyethylene

PP:

Polypropylene

RI:

Refractive index

SCB:

Short chain branching

SCBD:

Short-chain branching distribution

SEC:

Size-exclusion chromatography

SGIC:

Solvent gradient interaction chromatography

SGIC2D:

Two-dimensional solvent gradient interaction chromatography

SIST:

Stepwise isothermal segregation

sPP:

Syndiotactic polypropylene

SSA:

Successive self-nucleation annealing

STAF:

Solvated thermal analysis fractionation

TCB:

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

TGIC:

Temperature gradient interactive chromatography

TREF:

Temperature rising elution fractionation

References

  1. Staudinger H, Heuer W (1930) Highly polymerized compounds XXXIII. A relation between the viscosity and the molecular weight of polystyrenes. Ber dtsch Chem Ges B 63:222–234

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ziegler K, Holzkamp E, Breil H, Martin H (1955) Angew Chem 67:426–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Haenel M (2008) Historical sites of chemistry. Karl Ziegler. Max Planck Institute for Coal Research, Mülheim an der Ruhr

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1958) US patent 2,825,721

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hogan JP, Banks RL (1986) History of crystalline polypropylene. In: Seymour RB, Cheng T (eds) History of polyolefins. D Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 103–115

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sinn H, Kaminsky W (1980) Adv Organomet Chem 18:99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kaminski W (2004) J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 42:3911–3921

    Google Scholar 

  8. Natta G (1955) Makromol Chem 16:213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Natta G, Danusso F (eds) (1967) Stereoregular polymers and stereospecific polymerizations. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  10. Moore JC (1964) J Polym Sci A2:835–843

    Google Scholar 

  11. Giddings JC (1966) Sep Sci 1:123–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yau WW, Kirkland JJ, Bly DD (1979) Modern size exclusion liquid chromatography. Wiley, New York (2nd edn. with Striegel AM in 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Provder T (ed) (1999) Chromatography of polymers. ACS symposium series, vol 731. ACS, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  14. Grubistic Z, Rempp R, Benoit H (1967) J Polym Sci B 5:753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheung P, Lew R, Balke S, Mourey T (1993) J Appl Polym Sci 47:1701–1706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scholte T, Meijerink N, Schoffeleers H, Brands A (1984) J Appl Polym Sci 29:3763–3782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Drott EE, Mendelson RA (1970) J Polym Sci A 2(8):1361–1371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cote JA, Shida M (1971) J Polym Sci A 2(9):421–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Servotte A, De Bruille R (1975) Die Makromolekulare Chemie 116:203–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Usami T, Gotoh Y, Takayama S (1991) J Appl Polym Sci 43:1859–1863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. De Groot W, Wayne J, Hamre J (1993) Chromatography 648:33–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang W, Kharchenko S, Migler K, Zhu S (2004) Triple-detector GPC characterization and processing behavior of long-chain-branched polyethylene prepared by solution po-lymerization with constrained geometry catalyst. Polymer 45:6495–6505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu Y, DesLauriers P, Rohlfing DC (2005) Polymer 46:5165–5182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Monrabal B, Yau W (2011) Engineering advances in high temperature GPC instrumentation. The Column 7(7):8–15

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cong et al (2007) In: Proceedings international symposium on polymer analysis and characterization (ISPAC), Crete, June 2007

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wong WS (2012) Application of high temperature chromatographic and viscometric techniques for the characterization of highly isotactic polypropylene samples. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012

    Google Scholar 

  27. Monrabal B, Sancho-Tello J (2009) High temperature GPC analysis of polyolefins with infrared detection. In: The applications book, July 2009. LCGC Europe, Chester

    Google Scholar 

  28. Monrabal B, del Hierro P, Roig A (2012) Improvements in the sample preparation of polyolefins to prevent polymer degradation prior to GPC/SEC and CEF analysis. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara www.wyatt.com

  30. Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire www.malvern.com/viscotek

  31. Ross JH, Casto ME (1968) J Polym Sci C 21:143–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Dawkins JV, Hemming M (1975) J Appl Polym Sci 19:3107–3118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bosch JV, Ortín A, Monrabal B (1998) Development of a highly stable multiple wavelength IR detector fon on-line GPC, CRYSTAF and TREF analysis. In: Proceedings International GPC Symposium, Arizona, October 1998, 633–640

    Google Scholar 

  34. Housaki T, Satoh K, Nishikida K, Morimoto M (1988) Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 9:525–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Nishikida K, Housaki T, Morimoto M, Kinoshita T (1990) J Chromatogr A 517:209–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Markovich RP, Hazlitt LG, Smith-Courtney L (1993) Chromatography of polymers. In: Provder T (ed) Characterization by SEC and FFF. ACS symposium series, vol 521. American Chemical Society, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  37. DesLauriers PJ, Rohlfing DC, Hsieh ET (2002) Polymer 43:159–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. DesLauriers PJ (2005) Measuring compositional heterogeneity in polyolefins using SEC/FTIR spectroscopy. In: Striegel A (ed) Multiple detection in size exclusion chromatography. ACS symposium series, vol 893. American Chemical Society, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  39. Piel C, Albrecht A, Neubauer C, Klampfl CW, Reussner J (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 400:2607–2613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Albrecht A (2012) Multidimensional fractionation techniques for the characterisation of HDPE pipe grades. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012

    Google Scholar 

  41. Montesinos J, Tarín R, Ortín A, Monrabal B (2006) In: Proceedings 1st ICPC conference, Houston, October 2006

    Google Scholar 

  42. Monrabal B, Sancho-Tello J, Montesinos J, Tarín R, Ortín A, del Hierro P, Bas M (2012) High temperature gel permeation chromatograph (GPC/SEC) with integrated IR5 MCT detector for polyolefin analysis: a breakthrough in sensitivity and automation. In: The applications book, July 2012. LCGC Europe, Chester

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ortín A, Montesinos J, López E, del Hierro P, Monrabal B, Torres-Lapasió J, García-Álvarez-Coque MC (2013) Characterization of chemical composition across molar mass distribution in polyolefin copolymers by GPC-IR using a filter-based IR detector. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012 Macromolecular Symposia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ortín A, López E, Monrabal B, Torres-Lapasió JR, García-Álvarez-Coque MC (2012) J Chromatogr A 1257:66–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wheeler LM, Willis JN (1993) Appl Spectrosc 47:1128–1130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Willis JN, Dwyer JL, Wheeler LM (1993) Polym Mater Sci 69:120–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Verdurmen-Noel L, Baldo L, Bremmers S (2001) Polymer 42:5523–5529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kearney T, Dwyer JL (2008) Am Lab 40:8–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Carson WW, Dwyer JL, Boumajny B (2008) Copolymer compositional drift across molecular weight measured by LC-FTIR. Int J Polym Anal 13:463–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hiller W, Pasch H, Macko T, Hoffmann M, Ganz J, Spraul M, Braumann U, Streck R, Mason J, Van Damme F (2006) J Magn Reson 183:290–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Miller ME, Giddings JC (1998) J Micro Sep 10:75–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mes EPC, de Jonge H, Klein T, Welz R, Gillespie DT (2007) J Chromatogr A 1154:319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Otte T, Brull R, Macko T, Klein T, Pasch H (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217:722–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Otte T, Pasch H, Macko T, Br ull R, Stadler FJ, Kaschta J, Becker F, Buback M (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:4257–4267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kamiya T, Ishikawa N, Kambe S, Ikegami N, Nishibu H, Hattori T (1990) ANTEC Proc. 1990 48:871–873

    Google Scholar 

  56. Starck P (1996) Polym Int 40:111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hosoda S (1988) Polym J 20:383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Flory PJ (1953) Principles of polymer chemistry, Chaps XII and XIII. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  59. Huggins ML, Okamoto H (1967) Chapter A: theoretical considerations. In: Cantow MJ (ed) Polymer fractionation. Academic, New York, pp 1–66

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  60. Flory PJ (1948) Trans Farad Soc 51:848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wild L, Ryle T, Knobeloch D, Peat IR (1982) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 20:441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wild L, Blatz C (1993) In: Chung T (ed) New advances in polyolefins. Plenum, New York, pp 147–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  63. Alamo R, Mandelkern L (1989) Macromolecules 22:1273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Monrabal B (1994) J Appl Polym Sci 52:491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Alamo RG, Glaser RH, Mandelkern L (1988) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 26:2169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Neves CJ, Monteiro E, Habert AC (1993) J Appl Polym Sci 50:817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Soares JBP, Hamielec AE (1995) Macromol Theory Simul 4:305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Glöckner G (1990) J Appl Polym Sci Appl Polym Symp 45:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Parikh D, Childress BS, Knight GW (1991) Structural Characterization of LLDPE by STAF ANTEC Conf Proc 1543

    Google Scholar 

  70. Addison A, Ribeiro M, Deffieux A, Fontanille M (1992) Polymer 33(20):4337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Müller AJ, Hernández ZH, Arnal ML, Sánchez JJ (1997) Successive self-nucleation/annealing (SSA): a novel technique to study molecular segregation during crystallization. Polym Bull 39:465–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Keating MY, McCord EF (1994) Thermochim Acta 243:129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Müller A, Arnal L (2005) Prog Polym Sci 30:559–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Wild L, Ryle T (1977) Polym Prepr 18:182

    Google Scholar 

  75. Wild L, Ryle T, Knobeloch D (1982) Polym Prepr 3:133

    Google Scholar 

  76. Desreux V, Spiegels ML (1950) Bull Soc Chim Belg 59:476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hawkins SW, Smith H (1958) J Polym Sci 23:341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Shirayama K, Okada T, Kita SI (1965) J Polym Sci A 3:907

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wild L (1991) Adv Polym Sci 98:1–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Monrabal B (1996) In: Hosoda S (ed) New trends in polyolefin science and technology. Research Signpost, Trivandrum, p 126

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fonseca CA, Harrison IR (1999) In: Pethrick RA (ed) Modern techniques for polymer characterisation. Wiley, New York, pp 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  82. Soares JBP, Hamielec AE (1995) Polymer 36(8):1639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Soares JBP, Hamielec AE (1999) In: Pethrick RA (ed) Modern techniques for polymer characterisation. Wiley, New York, pp 15–55

    Google Scholar 

  84. Monrabal B (2000) Temperature rising elution fractionation and crystallization analysis fractionation. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, pp 8074–8094

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hazlitt LG (1990) J Appl Polym Sci Appl Polym Symp 45:25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Monrabal B, Ortin A, Romero L (1999) In: Proceedings of the 12th International symposium on polymer analysis and characterization (ISPAC), La Rochelle, 28 June 1999

    Google Scholar 

  87. Monrabal B, Sancho-Tello J, Mayo N, Romero L (2007) Macromol Symp 257:71–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Yau W, Gillespies D (2001) Polymer 42:8947

    Google Scholar 

  89. Monrabal B (2004) Microstructure Characterization of Polyolefins. TREF and CRYSTAF. In: Proceedings of the 17th International symposium on polymer analysis and characterization (ISPAC), Heidelbergh, 6–9 June 2004

    Google Scholar 

  90. Monrabal B, Romero L, Mayo N, Sancho-Tello J (2009) Macromol Symp 282:14–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Iiba K, Kusano Y, Sakata K (2010) Novel approach for determination of precise crystallinity distribution by TREF. In: Proceedings 3rd international conference on polyolefin characterization (ICPC), Shanghai, November 2010

    Google Scholar 

  92. Boisson C, Boyron O, Macko T, Cossoul E, Baverel Laetitia, Martigny E (2013) Homogeneous copolymers of ethylene with α-olefins synthesized with metallocene catalysts and their use as standards for TREF calibration. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012. Macromolecular Symposia (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Monrabal B, Blanco J, Nieto J, Soares J (1999) J Polym Sci 37:89–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Soares J, Monrabal B, Nieto J, Blanco J (1998) Macromol Chem 199:1917–1926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Stehling CF (1990) International Patent WO 90/03414

    Google Scholar 

  96. Davey CR et al (1994) US Patent 5,322,728

    Google Scholar 

  97. Monrabal B (2007) Microstructure characterization of polyolefins. In: Abstracts advances in polyolefins, 23–26 September 2007, Santa Rosa. ACS, Division of Polymer Chemistry, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  98. Siriwongsarn E, Anantawaraskul S, Chokputtanawuttilerd N, Alghyamah A, Soares J (2012) Macromol Chem Phys 213:1892–1906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Monrabal B (1991) Crystallization analysis fractionation. US Patent 5,222,390

    Google Scholar 

  100. Anantawaraskul S, Soares J, Jirachaithorn P (2007) Macromol Symp 257:94–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Monrabal B, del Hierro P (2011) Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. Sep Sci Macromol 399(4):1557–1561

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Monrabal B (2007) CEF. Patent WO 2007/104804 A2

    Google Scholar 

  103. Glöckner G (1992) Gradient HPLC of copolymers and chromatographic cross-fractionation. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  104. Pasch H, Trathnigg B (1998) HPLC of polymers. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  105. Macko T, Brull R, Zhu Y, Wang Y (2010) J Sep Sci 33:3446–3454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lehtinen A, Paukkeri R (1994) Macromol Chem Phys 195:1539–1556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Macko T, Pasch H, Kazakevich YV, Fadeev AY (2003) J Chromatogr A 988:69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Heinz LC, Pasch H (2005) Polymer 46:12040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Albrecht A, Heinz LC, Lilge D, Pasch H (2007) Macromol Symp 257:46–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Albrecht A, Brüll R, Macko T, Pasch H (2007) Macromolecules 40:5545–5551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Dolle V, Albrecht A, Brull R, Macko T (2011) Macromol Chem Phys 212:959–970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pasch H, Albrecht A, Brüll R, Macko T, Hiller W (2009) Macromol Symp 282:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Macko T, Pasch H (2009) Macromolecules 42:6063–6067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Macko T, Brüll R, Wang Y, Coto B, Suarez I (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 122:3211–3217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Macko T, Brüll R, Alamo RG, Stadler FJ, Losi S (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 399:1547–1556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Miller MD, de Groot W, Lyons JW, Van Damme FA, Winniford BL (2012) J Appl Polym Sci 123:1238–1244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Roy A, Miller MD, Meunier DM, de Groot AW, Winniford WL, Van Damme FA, Pell RJ, Lyons JW (2010) Macromolecules 43:3710–3720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ginsburg A, Macko T, Dolle V, Bruell R (2011) Eur Polym J 47:319–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Cheruthazhekatt S, Pijpers TFJ, Harding GW, Mathot VBF, Pasch H (2012) Macromolecules 45:2025–2034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chang T, Lee HC, Lee W, Park S, Ko C (1999) Macromol Chem Phys 200(10):2188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Cong R, de Groot AW, Parrott A, Yau W, Hazlitt L, Brown R, Cheatham M, Miller MD, Zhou Z (2012) Macromol Symp 312:108–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Cong R, de Groot W, Parrott A, Yau W, Hazlitt L, Brown R, Miller M, Zhou Z (2011) Macromolecules 44:3062–3072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Monrabal B, Mayo N, Cong R (2012) Macromol Symp 312:115–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Cong et al (2011) Patent WO 084786 A1

    Google Scholar 

  125. Cong et al (2012) Determination of the microstructure of polyolefins using thermal gradient interaction chromatography and its hyphenated techniques. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012

    Google Scholar 

  126. Monrabal B (2011) New tools in the characterization of polyolefin microstructure. In: Abstracts advances in polyolefins, 25–28 September 2011, Santa Rosa. ACS, Polymer Chemistry Division, Blacksburg

    Google Scholar 

  127. Monrabal B, Lopez E (2013) Advances in thermal gradient interaction chromatography and crystallization techniques for composition analysis in polyolefins. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on polyolefin characterization, Houston, October 2012. Macromolecular symposia 2013 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  128. Aust N, Beytollahi-amtmann I, Lederer K (1995) Int J Polym Anal Character 1:245

    Google Scholar 

  129. Faldi A, Soares JBP (2001) Polymer 42:3057–3066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nakano, Goto Y (1981) Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co, Ltd. J Appl Polym Sci 26:4217–4231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Li Pi Shan C, Gillespie D, Hazlitt L (2005) The Dow Chemical Company. Ecorep, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  132. Gillespie D, Hazlitt L, Li Pi Shan C (2006) In: Proceedings 1st international conference on polyolefin characterization (ICPC), Houston, October 2006

    Google Scholar 

  133. Ortín A, Monrabal B, Sancho-Tello J (2007) Macromol Symp 257:13–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Monrabal B (2012) Advances in microstructure characterization of polyolefins. In: Proceedings Chemelot International Polyolefins Symposium (CIPS), Maastricht, 7–10 October 2012

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamín Monrabal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Monrabal, B. (2013). Polyolefin Characterization: Recent Advances in Separation Techniques. In: Kaminsky, W. (eds) Polyolefins: 50 years after Ziegler and Natta I. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 257. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2013_216

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics