Skip to main content

Transgenic Mouse Models and Prion Strains

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Prion Proteins

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 305))

Abstract

Here we review the known strain profiles of various prion diseases of animals and humans, and how transgenic mouse models are being used to elucidate basic molecular mechanisms of prion propagation and strain variation and for assessing the zoonotic potential of various animal prion strains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bruce ME, McBride PA, Farquhar CF (1989) Precise targeting of the pathology of the sialoglycoprotein, PrP, and vacuolar degeneration in mouse scrapie. Neurosci Lett 102:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bruce ME, Dickinson AG (1979) Biological stability of different classes of scrapie agent. In: Prusiner SB, Hadlow WJ (eds) Slow transmissible diseases of the nervous system, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 71–86

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dickinson AG, Meikle VMH (1971) Host-genotype and agent effects in scrapie incubation: change in allelic interaction with different strains of agent. Mol Gen Genet 112:73–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bruce ME (1993) Scrapie strain variation and mutation. Br Med Bull 49:822–838

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Westaway D, Goodman PA, Mirenda CA, McKinley MP, Carlson GA, Prusiner SB (1987) Distinct prion proteins in short and long scrapie incubation period mice. Cell 51:651–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Agrimi U, Nonno R, Dell’Omo G, Di Bari MA, Conte M, Chiappini B, Esposito E, Di Guardo G, Windl O, Vaccari G, Lipp HP (2008) Prion protein amino acid determinants of differential susceptibility and molecular feature of prion strains in mice and voles. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bessen RA, Marsh RF (1992) Identification of two biologically distinct strains of transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. J Gen Virol 73:329–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pattison IH (1965) Experiments with scrapie with special reference to the nature of the agent and the pathology of the disease. In: Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ Jr, Alpers MP (eds) Slow, latent and temperate virus infections, NINDB monograph 2. U.S. Government Printing, Washington, DC, pp 249–257

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bartz JC, Marsh RF, McKenzie DI, Aiken JM (1998) The host range of chronic wasting disease is altered on passage in ferrets. Virology 251:297–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Prusiner SB, Scott M, Foster D, Pan K-M, Groth D, Mirenda C, Torchia M, Yang S-L, Serban D, Carlson GA, Hoppe PC, Westaway D, DeArmond SJ (1990) Transgenetic studies implicate interactions between homologous PrP isoforms in scrapie prion replication. Cell 63:673–686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Scott M, Groth D, Foster D, Torchia M, Yang S-L, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1993) Propagation of prions with artificial properties in transgenic mice expressing chimeric PrP genes. Cell 73:979–988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kocisko DA, Come JH, Priola SA, Chesebro B, Raymond GJ, Lansbury PT Jr, Caughey B (1994) Cell-free formation of protease-resistant prion protein. Nature 370:471–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hunter N, Goldmann W, Marshall E, O’Neill G (2000) Sheep and goats: natural and experimental TSEs and factors influencing incidence of disease. Arch Virol Suppl 181–188

    Google Scholar 

  14. Baker HF, Poulter M, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Lofthouse R, Ridley RM (1991) Amino acid polymorphism in human prion protein and age at death in inherited prion disease. Lancet 337:1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Dryden AJ (1991) Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Lancet 337:1441–1442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Palmer MS, Dryden AJ, Hughes JT, Collinge J (1991) Homozygous prion protein genotype predisposes to sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Nature 352:340–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Scott M, Foster D, Mirenda C, Serban D, Coufal F, Wälchli M, Torchia M, Groth D, Carlson G, DeArmond SJ, Westaway D, Prusiner SB (1989) Transgenic mice expressing hamster prion protein produce species-specific scrapie infectivity and amyloid plaques. Cell 59:847–857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Büeler H, Fischer M, Lang Y, Bluethmann H, Lipp H-P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB, Aguet M, Weissmann C (1992) Normal development and behaviour of mice lacking the neuronal cell-surface PrP protein. Nature 356:577–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Telling GC, Scott M, Hsiao KK, Foster D, Yang SL, Torchia M, Sidle KC, Collinge J, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1994) Transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease from humans to transgenic mice expressing chimeric human-mouse prion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9936–9940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Telling GC, Scott M, Mastrianni J, Gabizon R, Torchia M, Cohen FE, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1995) Prion propagation in mice expressing human and chimeric PrP transgenes implicates the interaction of cellular PrP with another protein. Cell 83:79–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Telling GC, Haga T, Torchia M, Tremblay P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1996) Interactions between wild-type and mutant prion proteins modulate neurodegeneration in transgenic mice. Genes Dev 10:1736–1750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chiesa R, Piccardo P, Ghetti B, Harris DA (1998) Neurological illness in transgenic mice expressing a prion protein with an insertional mutation. Neuron 21:1339–1351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gombojav A, Shimauchi I, Horiuchi M, Ishiguro N, Shinagawa M, Kitamoto T, Miyoshi I, Mohri S, Takata M (2003) Susceptibility of transgenic mice expressing chimeric sheep, bovine and human PrP genes to sheep scrapie. J Vet Med Sci 65:341–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kupfer L, Eiden M, Buschmann A, Groschup MH (2007) Amino acid sequence and prion strain specific effects on the in vitro and in vivo convertibility of ovine/murine and bovine/murine prion protein chimeras. Biochim Biophys Acta 1772:704–713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Scott MR, Safar J, Telling G, Nguyen O, Groth D, Torchia M, Koehler R, Tremblay P, Walther D, Cohen FE, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1997) Identification of a prion protein epitope modulating transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14279–14284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Telling GC (2010) Nucleic acid-free mutation of prion strains. Prion 4:252–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bishop MT, Hart P, Aitchison L, Baybutt HN, Plinston C, Thomson V, Tuzi NL, Head MW, Ironside JW, Will RG, Manson JC (2006) Predicting susceptibility and incubation time of human-to-human transmission of vCJD. Lancet Neurol 5:393–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Asante EA, Linehan JM, Desbruslais M, Joiner S, Gowland I, Wood AL, Welch J, Hill AF, Lloyd SE, Wadsworth JD, Collinge J (2002) BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J 21:6358–6366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Clouscard C, Beaudry P, Elsen JM, Milan D, Dussaucy M, Bounneau C, Schelcher F, Chatelain J, Launay JM, Laplanche JL (1995) Different allelic effects of the codons 136 and 171 of the prion protein gene in sheep with natural scrapie. J Gen Virol 76(Pt 8):2097–2101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hunter N, Foster JD, Goldmann W, Stear MJ, Hope J, Bostock C (1996) Natural scrapie in a closed flock of Cheviot sheep occurs only in specific PrP genotypes. Arch Virol 141:809–824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Westaway D, Zuliani V, Cooper CM, Da Costa M, Neuman S, Jenny AL, Detwiler L, Prusiner SB (1994) Homozygosity for prion protein alleles encoding glutamine-171 renders sheep susceptible to natural scrapie. Genes Dev 8:959–969

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hunter N, Goldmann W, Foster JD, Cairns D, Smith G (1997) Natural scrapie and PrP genotype: case-control studies in British sheep. Vet Rec 141:137–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bruce ME (2003) TSE strain variation. Br Med Bull 66:99–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bruce ME, Dickinson AG (1987) Biological evidence that the scrapie agent has an independent genome. J Gen Virol 68:79–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Dickinson AG (1976) Scrapie in sheep and goats. In: Kimberlin RH (ed) Slow virus diseases of animals and man. North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, pp 209–241

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bruce ME, Boyle A, Cousens S, McConnell I, Foster J, Goldmann W, Fraser H (2002) Strain characterization of natural sheep scrapie and comparison with BSE. J Gen Virol 83:695–704

    Google Scholar 

  37. Benestad SL, Sarradin P, Thu B, Schonheit J, Tranulis MA, Bratberg B (2003) Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet Rec 153:202–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Simmons MM, Konold T, Simmons HA, Spencer YI, Lockey R, Spiropoulos J, Everitt S, Clifford D (2007) Experimental transmission of atypical scrapie to sheep. BMC Vet Res 3:20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Everest SJ, Thorne L, Barnicle DA, Edwards JC, Elliott H, Jackman R, Hope J (2006) Atypical prion protein in sheep brain collected during the British scrapie-surveillance programme. J Gen Virol 87:471–477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Luhken G, Buschmann A, Brandt H, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Erhardt G (2007) Epidemiological and genetical differences between classical and atypical scrapie cases. Vet Res 38:65–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Le Dur A, Beringue V, Andreoletti O, Reine F, Lai TL, Baron T, Bratberg B, Vilotte JL, Sarradin P, Benestad SL, Laude H (2005) A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:16031–16036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Crozet C, Bencsik A, Flamant F, Lezmi S, Samarut J, Baron T (2001) Florid plaques in ovine PrP transgenic mice infected with an experimental ovine BSE. EMBO Rep 2:952–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Crozet C, Flamant F, Bencsik A, Aubert D, Samarut J, Baron T (2001) Efficient transmission of two different sheep scrapie isolates in transgenic mice expressing the ovine PrP gene. J Virol 75:5328–5334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Vilotte JL, Soulier S, Essalmani R, Stinnakre MG, Vaiman D, Lepourry L, Da Silva JC, Besnard N, Dawson M, Buschmann A, Groschup M, Petit S, Madelaine MF, Rakatobe S, Le Dur A, Vilette D, Laude H (2001) Markedly increased susceptibility to natural sheep scrapie of transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP. J Virol 75:5977–5984

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Thackray AM, Hopkins L, Spiropoulos J, Bujdoso R (2008) Molecular and transmission characteristics of primary-passaged ovine scrapie isolates in conventional and ovine PrP transgenic mice. J Virol 82:11197–11207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tixador P, Herzog L, Reine F, Jaumain E, Chapuis J, Le Dur A, Laude H, Beringue V (2010) The physical relationship between infectivity and prion protein aggregates is strain-dependent. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Baron T, Biacabe AG (2007) Molecular behaviors of “CH1641-like” sheep scrapie isolates in ovine transgenic mice (TgOvPrP4). J Virol 81:7230–7237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Baron T, Crozet C, Biacabe AG, Philippe S, Verchere J, Bencsik A, Madec JY, Calavas D, Samarut J (2004) Molecular analysis of the protease-resistant prion protein in scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy transmitted to ovine transgenic and wild-type mice. J Virol 78:6243–6251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Eloit M, Adjou K, Coulpier M, Fontaine JJ, Hamel R, Lilin T, Messiaen S, Andreoletti O, Baron T, Bencsik A, Biacabe AG, Beringue V, Laude H, Le Dur A, Vilotte JL, Comoy E, Deslys JP, Grassi J, Simon S, Lantier F, Sarradin P (2005) BSE agent signatures in a goat. Vet Rec 156:523–524

    Google Scholar 

  50. Jeffrey M, Martin S, Gonzalez L, Foster J, Langeveld JP, van Zijderveld FG, Grassi J, Hunter N (2006) Immunohistochemical features of PrP(d) accumulation in natural and experimental goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J Comp Pathol 134:171–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jacobs JG, Langeveld JP, Biacabe AG, Acutis PL, Polak MP, Gavier-Widen D, Buschmann A, Caramelli M, Casalone C, Mazza M, Groschup M, Erkens JH, Davidse A, van Zijderveld FG, Baron T (2007) Molecular discrimination of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy strains from a geographical region spanning a wide area in Europe. J Clin Microbiol 45:1821–1829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Casalone C, Zanusso G, Acutis P, Ferrari S, Capucci L, Tagliavini F, Monaco S, Caramelli M (2004) Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3065–3070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Richt JA, Hall SM (2008) BSE case associated with prion protein gene mutation. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Buschmann A, Groschup MH (2005) Highly bovine spongiform encephalopathy-sensitive transgenic mice confirm the essential restriction of infectivity to the nervous system in clinically diseased cattle. J Infect Dis 192:934–942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Castilla J, Gutierrez Adan A, Brun A, Pintado B, Ramirez MA, Parra B, Doyle D, Rogers M, Salguero FJ, Sanchez C, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Torres JM (2003) Early detection of PrPres in BSE-infected bovine PrP transgenic mice. Arch Virol 148:677–691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Scott MR, Will R, Ironside J, Nguyen H-OB, Tremblay P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1999) Compelling transgenetic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(26):15137–15142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Beringue V, Andreoletti O, Le Dur A, Essalmani R, Vilotte JL, Lacroux C, Reine F, Herzog L, Biacabe AG, Baron T, Caramelli M, Casalone C, Laude H (2007) A bovine prion acquires an epidemic bovine spongiform encephalopathy strain-like phenotype on interspecies transmission. J Neurosci 27:6965–6971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Beringue V, Bencsik A, Le Dur A, Reine F, Lai TL, Chenais N, Tilly G, Biacabe AG, Baron T, Vilotte JL, Laude H (2006) Isolation from cattle of a prion strain distinct from that causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS Pathog 2:e112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Buschmann A, Gretzschel A, Biacabe AG, Schiebel K, Corona C, Hoffmann C, Eiden M, Baron T, Casalone C, Groschup MH (2006) Atypical BSE in Germany–proof of transmissibility and biochemical characterization. Vet Microbiol 117:103–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Capobianco R, Casalone C, Suardi S, Mangieri M, Miccolo C, Limido L, Catania M, Rossi G, Di Fede G, Giaccone G, Bruzzone MG, Minati L, Corona C, Acutis P, Gelmetti D, Lombardi G, Groschup MH, Buschmann A, Zanusso G, Monaco S, Caramelli M, Tagliavini F (2007) Conversion of the BASE prion strain into the BSE strain: the origin of BSE? PLoS Pathog 3:e31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Korth C, Kaneko K, Groth D, Heye N, Telling G, Mastrianni J, Parchi P, Gambetti P, Will R, Ironside J, Heinrich C, Tremblay P, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (2003) Abbreviated incubation times for human prions in mice expressing a chimeric mouse-human prion protein transgene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4784–4789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wadsworth JD, Asante EA, Desbruslais M, Linehan JM, Joiner S, Gowland I, Welch J, Stone L, Lloyd SE, Hill AF, Brandner S, Collinge J (2004) Human prion protein with valine 129 prevents expression of variant CJD phenotype. Science 306:1793–1796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Beringue V, Herzog L, Reine F, Le Dur A, Casalone C, Vilotte JL, Laude H (2008) Transmission of atypical bovine prions to mice transgenic for human prion protein. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1898–1901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kong Q, Zheng M, Casalone C, Qing L, Huang S, Chakraborty B, Wang P, Chen F, Cali I, Corona C, Martucci F, Iulini B, Acutis P, Wang L, Liang J, Wang M, Li X, Monaco S, Zanusso G, Zou WQ, Caramelli M, Gambetti P (2008) Evaluation of the human transmission risk of an atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion strain. J Virol 82:3697–3701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Beringue V, Le Dur A, Tixador P, Reine F, Lepourry L, Perret-Liaudet A, Haik S, Vilotte JL, Fontes M, Laude H (2008) Prominent and persistent extraneural infection in human PrP transgenic mice infected with variant CJD. PLoS ONE 3:e1419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Williams ES, Young S (1992) Spongiform encephalopathies in Cervidae. Rev Sci Tech 11:551–567

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Browning SR, Mason GL, Seward T, Green M, Eliason GA, Mathiason C, Miller MW, Williams ES, Hoover E, Telling GC (2004) Transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid PrP. J Virol 78:13345–13350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Marsh RF, Kincaid AE, Bessen RA, Bartz JC (2005) Interspecies transmission of chronic wasting disease prions to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Virol 79:13794–13796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sigurdson CJ, Mathiason CK, Perrott MR, Eliason GA, Spraker TR, Glatzel M, Manco G, Bartz JC, Miller MW, Hoover EA (2008) Experimental chronic wasting disease (CWD) in the ferret. J Comp Pathol 138:189–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Angers RC, Seward TS, Napier D, Green M, Hoover EA, Spraker T, O’Rourke K, Balachandran A, Telling GC (2009) Prions in antler velvet of CWD-infected elk. Emerg Infect Dis 15:696–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Green KM, Browning SR, Seward TS, Jewell JE, Ross DL, Green MA, Williams ES, Hoover EA, Telling GC (2008) The elk PRNP codon 132 polymorphism controls cervid and scrapie prion propagation. J Gen Virol 89:598–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kong Q, Huang S, Zou W, Vanegas D, Wang M, Wu D, Yuan J, Zheng M, Bai H, Deng H, Chen K, Jenny AL, O’Rourke K, Belay ED, Schonberger LB, Petersen RB, Sy MS, Chen SG, Gambetti P (2005) Chronic wasting disease of elk: transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models. J Neurosci 25:7944–7949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. LaFauci G, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Ye X, Kim JI, Natelli M, Cedeno M, Petersen RB, Kascsak R, Rubenstein R (2006) Passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) PrPC. J Gen Virol 87:3773–3780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Meade-White K, Race B, Trifilo M, Bossers A, Favara C, Lacasse R, Miller M, Williams E, Oldstone M, Race R, Chesebro B (2007) Resistance to chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice expressing a naturally occurring allelic variant of deer prion protein. J Virol 81:4533–4539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tamguney G, Giles K, Bouzamondo-Bernstein E, Bosque PJ, Miller MW, Safar J, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (2006) Transmission of elk and deer prions to transgenic mice. J Virol 80:9104–9114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Trifilo MJ, Ying G, Teng C, Oldstone MB (2007) Chronic wasting disease of deer and elk in transgenic mice: oral transmission and pathobiology. Virology 365:136–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Haley NJ, Mathiason CK, Zabel MD, Telling GC, Hoover EA (2009) Detection of sub-clinical CWD infection in conventional test-negative deer long after oral exposure to urine and feces from CWD+ deer. PLoS ONE 4:e7990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Haley NJ, Seelig DM, Zabel MD, Telling GC, Hoover EA (2009) Detection of CWD prions in urine and saliva of deer by transgenic mouse bioassay. PLoS ONE 4:e4848

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Mathiason CK, Powers JG, Dahmes SJ, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Warren RJ, Mason GL, Hays SA, Hayes-Klug J, Seelig DM, Wild MA, Wolfe LL, Spraker TR, Miller MW, Sigurdson CJ, Telling GC, Hoover EA (2006) Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science 314:133–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Tamguney G, Miller MW, Wolfe LL, Sirochman TM, Glidden DV, Palmer C, Lemus A, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (2009) Asymptomatic deer excrete infectious prions in faeces. Nature 461:529–532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jewell JE, Conner MM, Wolfe LL, Miller MW, Williams ES (2005) Low frequency of PrP genotype 225SF among free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease. J Gen Virol 86:2127–2134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Johnson C, Johnson J, Clayton M, McKenzie D, Aiken J (2003) Prion protein gene heterogeneity in free-ranging white-tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of Wisconsin. J Wildl Dis 39:576–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Raymond GJ, Bossers A, Raymond LD, O’Rourke KI, McHolland LE, Bryant PK 3rd, Miller MW, Williams ES, Smits M, Caughey B (2000) Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease. EMBO J 19:4425–4430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Heaton MP, Leymaster KA, Freking BA, Hawk DA, Smith TP, Keele JW, Snelling WM, Fox JM, Chitko-McKown CG, Laegreid WW (2003) Prion gene sequence variation within diverse groups of U.S. sheep, beef cattle, and deer. Mamm Genome 14:765–777

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. O’Rourke KI, Spraker TR, Hamburg LK, Besser TE, Brayton KA, Knowles DP (2004) Polymorphisms in the prion precursor functional gene but not the pseudogene are associated with susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer. J Gen Virol 85:1339–1346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. O’Rourke KI, Baszler TV, Miller JM, Spraker TR, Sadler-Riggleman I, Knowles DP (1998) Monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5 defines a conserved epitope on the ruminant prion protein. J Clin Microbiol 36:1750–1755

    Google Scholar 

  87. Schatzl HM, Wopfner F, Gilch S, von Brunn A, Jager G (1997) Is codon 129 of prion protein polymorphic in human beings but not in animals? Lancet 349:1603–1604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. O’Rourke KI, Besser TE, Miller MW, Cline TF, Spraker TR, Jenny AL, Wild MA, Zebarth GL, Williams ES (1999) PrP genotypes of captive and free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 10):2765–2769

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hamir AN, Gidlewski T, Spraker TR, Miller JM, Creekmore L, Crocheck M, Cline T, O’Rourke KI (2006) Preliminary observations of genetic susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) to chronic wasting disease by experimental oral inoculation. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:110–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. O’Rourke KI, Spraker TR, Zhuang D, Greenlee JJ, Gidlewski TE, Hamir AN (2007) Elk with a long incubation prion disease phenotype have a unique PrPd profile. Neuroreport 18:1935–1938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Green KM, Castilla J, Seward TS, Napier DL, Jewell JE, Soto C, Telling GC (2008) Accelerated high fidelity prion amplification within and across prion species barriers. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Angers RC, Kang HE, Napier D, Browning S, Seward T, Mathiason C, Balachandran A, McKenzie D, Castilla J, Soto C, Jewell J, Graham C, Hoover EA, Telling GC (2010) Prion strain mutation determined by prion protein conformational compatibility and primary structure. Science 328:1154–1158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Johnson C, Johnson J, Vanderloo JP, Keane D, Aiken JM, McKenzie D (2006) Prion protein polymorphisms in white-tailed deer influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease. J Gen Virol 87:2109–2114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sigurdson CJ, Manco G, Schwarz P, Liberski P, Hoover EA, Hornemann S, Polymenidou M, Miller MW, Glatzel M, Aguzzi A (2006) Strain fidelity of chronic wasting disease upon murine adaptation. J Virol 80:12303–12311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Raymond GJ, Raymond LD, Meade-White KD, Hughson AG, Favara C, Gardner D, Williams ES, Miller MW, Race RE, Caughey B (2007) Transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains. J Virol 81:4305–4314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB (2004) Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 10:977–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Mawhinney S, Pape WJ, Forster JE, Anderson CA, Bosque P, Miller MW (2006) Human prion disease and relative risk associated with chronic wasting disease. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1527–1535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Sandberg M, Al-Doujaily H, Sigurdson C, Glatzel M, O’Malley C, Powell C, Asante EA, Linehan JM, Brandner S, Wadsworth JD, Collinge J (2010) Chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice over-expressing human prion protein. J Gen Virol 91:2651–2657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Race B, Meade-White KD, Miller MW, Barbian KD, Rubenstein R, LaFauci G, Cervenakova L, Favara C, Gardner D, Long D, Parnell M, Striebel J, Priola SA, Ward A, Williams ES, Race R, Chesebro B (2009) Susceptibilities of nonhuman primates to chronic wasting disease. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1366–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Robinson MM, Hadlow WJ, Huff TP, Wells GAH, Dawson M, Marsh RF, Gorham JR (1994) Experimental infection of mink with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 75:2151–2155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Marsh RF, Bessen RA, Lehmann S, Hartsough GR (1991) Epidemiological and experimental studies on a new incident of transmissible mink encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 72:589–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Hanson RP, Eckroade RJ, Marsh RF, ZuRhein GM, Kanitz CL, Gustafson DP (1971) Susceptibility of mink to sheep scrapie. Science 172:859–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Barlow RM, Rennie JC (1970) Transmission experiments with a scrapie-like encephalopathy of mink. J Comp Pathol 80:75–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Harrington RD, Baszler TV, O’Rourke KI, Schneider DA, Spraker TR, Liggitt HD, Knowles DP (2008) A species barrier limits transmission of chronic wasting disease to mink (Mustela vison). J Gen Virol 89:1086–1096

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hamir AN, Kunkle RA, Miller JM, Bartz JC, Richt JA (2006) First and second cattle passage of transmissible mink encephalopathy by intracerebral inoculation. Vet Pathol 43:118–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Robinson MM, Hadlow WJ, Knowles DP, Huff TP, Lacy PA, Marsh RF, Gorham JR (1995) Experimental infection of cattle with the agents of transmissible mink encephalopathy and scrapie. J Comp Pathol 113:241–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Windl O, Buchholz M, Neubauer A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Groschup M, Walter S, Arendt S, Neumann M, Voss AK, Kretzschmar HA (2005) Breaking an absolute species barrier: transgenic mice expressing the mink PrP gene are susceptible to transmissible mink encephalopathy. J Virol 79:14971–14975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Mastrianni JA, Nixon R, Layzer R, Telling GC, Han D, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (1999) Prion protein conformation in a patient with sporadic fatal insomnia. N Engl J Med 340:1630–1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hofman A, Smith PG (1996) A new variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 347:921–925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Bruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW, McConnell I, Drummond D, Suttie A, McCardle L, Chree A, Hope J, Birkett C, Cousens S, Fraser H, Bostock CJ (1997) Transmissions to mice indicate that ‘new variant’ CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 389:498–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Collinge J, Sidle KC, Meads J, Ironside J, Hill AF (1996) Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of ‘new variant’ CJD. Nature 383:685–690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hill AF, Desbruslais M, Joiner S, Sidle KCL, Gowland I, Collinge J, Doey LJ, Lantos P (1997) The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature 389:448–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Beck J, Mead S, Thomas DJ, Alpers MP (2006) Kuru in the 21st century–an acquired human prion disease with very long incubation periods. Lancet 367:2068–2074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Llewelyn CA, Hewitt PE, Knight RS, Amar K, Cousens S, Mackenzie J, Will RG (2004) Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet 363:417–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wroe SJ, Pal S, Siddique D, Hyare H, Macfarlane R, Joiner S, Linehan JM, Brandner S, Wadsworth JD, Hewitt P, Collinge J (2006) Clinical presentation and pre-mortem diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease associated with blood transfusion: a case report. Lancet 368:2061–2067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Brown P, Gibbs CJ Jr, Rodgers-Johnson P, Asher DM, Sulima MP, Bacote A, Goldfarb LG, Gajdusek DC (1994) Human spongiform encephalopathy: the National Institutes of Health series of 300 cases of experimentally transmitted disease. Ann Neurol 35:513–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC, Amyx H (1979) Strain variation in the viruses of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and kuru. In: Prusiner SB, Hadlow WJ (eds) Slow transmissible diseases of the nervous system, vol 2. Academic, New York, pp 87–110

    Google Scholar 

  118. Manuelidis E, Gorgacz EJ, Manuelidis L (1978) Interspecies transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to Syrian hamsters with reference to clinical syndromes and strains of agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:3422–3436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Manuelidis E, Kim J, Angelo J, Manuelidis L (1976) Serial propagation of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in guinea pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:223–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Tateishi J, Kitamoto T (1995) Inherited prion diseases and transmission to rodents. Brain Pathol 5:53–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Tateishi J, Sato Y, Ohta M (1983) Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans and laboratory animals. In: Zimmerman HM (ed) Progress in neuropathology, vol 5. Raven Press, New York, pp 195–221

    Google Scholar 

  122. Scott MR, Köhler R, Foster D, Prusiner SB (1992) Chimeric prion protein expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Protein Sci 1:986–997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Telling GC, Parchi P, DeArmond SJ, Cortelli P, Montagna P, Gabizon R, Mastrianni J, Lugaresi E, Gambetti P, Prusiner SB (1996) Evidence for the conformation of the pathologic isoform of the prion protein enciphering and propagating prion diversity. Science 274:2079–2082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bessen RA, Marsh RF (1994) Distinct PrP properties suggest the molecular basis of strain variation in transmissible mink encephalopathy. J Virol 68:7859–7868

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hill AF, Joiner S, Wadsworth JD, Sidle KC, Bell JE, Budka H, Ironside JW, Collinge J (2003) Molecular classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Brain 126:1333–1346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Parchi P, Castellani R, Capellari S, Ghetti B, Young K, Chen SG, Farlow M, Dickson DW, Sima AAF, Trojanowski JQ, Petersen RB, Gambetti P (1996) Molecular basis of phenotypic variability in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 39:767–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Polymenidou M, Stoeck K, Glatzel M, Vey M, Bellon A, Aguzzi A (2005) Coexistence of multiple PrPSc types in individuals with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Lancet Neurol 4:805–814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Giles K, Glidden DV, Patel S, Korth C, Groth D, Lemus A, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB (2010) Human prion strain selection in transgenic mice. Ann Neurol 68:151–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Bishop MT, Will RG, Manson JC (2010) Defining sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease strains and their transmission properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:12005–12010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nonno R, Di Bari MA, Cardone F, Vaccari G, Fazzi P, Dell’Omo G, Cartoni C, Ingrosso L, Boyle A, Galeno R, Sbriccoli M, Lipp HP, Bruce M, Pocchiari M, Agrimi U (2006) Efficient transmission and characterization of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease strains in bank voles. PLoS Pathog 2:e12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Mead S, Poulter M, Uphill J, Beck J, Whitfield J, Webb TE, Campbell T, Adamson G, Deriziotis P, Tabrizi SJ, Hummerich H, Verzilli C, Alpers MP, Whittaker JC, Collinge J (2009) Genetic risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 8:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Sidle KC, Hill AF, Gowland I, Meads J, Asante E, Bradley R, Doey LJ, Lantos PL (1995) Unaltered susceptibility to BSE in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. Nature 378:779–783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Plinston C, Hart P, Chong A, Hunter N, Foster J, Piccardo P, Manson JC, Barron RM (2011) Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection following passage in sheep. J Virol 85:1174–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Peretz D, Williamson RA, Legname G, Matsunaga Y, Vergara J, Burton DR, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB, Scott MR (2002) A change in the conformation of prions accompanies the emergence of a new prion strain. Neuron 34:921–932

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Scott MR, Peretz D, Nguyen HO, Dearmond SJ, Prusiner SB (2005) Transmission barriers for bovine, ovine, and human prions in transgenic mice. J Virol 79:5259–5271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Collinge J (1999) Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Lancet 354:317–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Collinge J, Clarke AR (2007) A general model of prion strains and their pathogenicity. Science 318:930–936

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Li J, Browning S, Mahal SP, Oelschlegel AM, Weissmann C (2010) Darwinian evolution of prions in cell culture. Science 327:869–872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Angers RC, Browning SR, Seward TS, Sigurdson CJ, Miller MW, Hoover EA, Telling GC (2006) Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science 311:1117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Race B, Meade-White K, Race R, Chesebro B (2009) Prion infectivity in fat of deer with chronic wasting disease. J Virol 83:9608–9610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Glenn C. Telling .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Telling, G.C. (2011). Transgenic Mouse Models and Prion Strains. In: Tatzelt, J. (eds) Prion Proteins. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 305. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2011_166

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics