Abstract
In various biotechnological processes, filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus niger, are widely applied for the production of high value-added products due to their secretion efficiency. There is, however, a tangled relationship between the morphology of these microorganisms, the transport phenomena and the related productivity. The morphological characteristics vary between freely dispersed mycelia and distinct pellets of aggregated biomass. Hence, advantages and disadvantages for mycel or pellet cultivation have to be balanced out carefully. Due to this inadequate understanding of morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms, fungal morphology, along with reproducibility of inocula of the same quality, is often a bottleneck of productivity in industrial production. To obtain an optimisation of the production process it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of the molecular and cell biology of these microorganisms as well as the approaches in biochemical engineering and particle technique, in particular to characterise the interactions between the growth conditions, cell morphology, spore–hyphae-interactions and product formation. Advances in particle and image analysis techniques as well as micromechanical devices and their applications to fungal cultivations have made available quantitative morphological data on filamentous cells. This chapter provides the ambitious aspects of this line of action, focussing on the control and characterisation of the morphology, the transport gradients and the approaches to understand the metabolism of filamentous fungi. Based on these data, bottlenecks in the morphogenesis of A. niger within the complex production pathways from gene to product should be identified and this may improve the production yield.
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Abbreviations
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- CFD:
-
Computational fluid dynamics
- CLSM:
-
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
- (dc/dr)max :
-
Maximum oxygen concentration gradient
- dh/dr :
-
Gradient of the hyphal fraction h within the outer pellet periphery
- GFP:
-
Green fluorescent protein
- h :
-
Hyphal fraction
- L c :
-
Concentration boundary layer
- LES:
-
Large eddy simulation
- P/V:
-
Volumetric power input
- PIV:
-
Particle image velocimetry
- pspd:
-
Position-sensitive photo-detector
- r :
-
Radial coordinate
- RANS:
-
Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations
- Re P :
-
Reynolds number at the pellet
- RT-PCR:
-
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SST:
-
Shear stress transport turbulence model
- STR:
-
Stirred tank reactor
- TKE:
-
Turbulent kinetic energy
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Collaborative Research Center SFB 578 “From Gene to Product” at the Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany. Special thanks are given to the colleagues involved in the different SFB-projects: Christina Appel, Kathrin Bohle, Markus Emmler, Alex Dalpiaz, Matthias Gehder, Yvonne Göcke, Luis H. Grimm, Timo Hagemann, Andrea Hille, Rochus Jonas, Anke Jungebloud, Christian J. Kähler (Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Universität der Bundeswehr München), Sven Kelly, Katina Kiep, Pey-Jin Lin, Xin Lu, Guido Melzer, Becky Sommer, Alexander Stintzing, Andreas Wargenau and Michael Wulkow (CiT GmbH, Rastede, Germany).
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Dedicated to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dietmar C. Hempel on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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Krull, R. et al. (2010). Morphology of Filamentous Fungi: Linking Cellular Biology to Process Engineering Using Aspergillus niger . In: Wittmann, C., Krull, R. (eds) Biosystems Engineering II. Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, vol 121. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2009_60
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2009_60
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