Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis and Management

  • Chapter
Practical Management of Thyroid Cancer

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hazard JB, Hawk WA, Crile G Jr. Medullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid; a clinicopathologic entity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1959; 19:152–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Melvin KE, Tashjian AH Jr. The syndrome of excessive thyrocalcitonin produced by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968; 59:1216–1222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bergholm U, Adami HO, Telenius-Berg M, Johansson H, Wilander E. Incidence of sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in Sweden 1959 through 1981. A nationwide study in 126 patients. Swedish MCT Study Group. Acta Oncol 1990; 29:9–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Christensen SB, Ljungberg O, Tibblin S. A clinical epidemiologic study of thyroid carcinoma in Malmo, Sweden. Curr Probl Cancer 1984; 8:1–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bondeson L, Ljungberg O. Occult thyroid carcinoma at autopsy in Malmo, Sweden. Cancer 1981; 47:319–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhattacharyya N. A population-based analysis of survival factors in differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 128:115–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Negri E, Ron E, Franceschi S, et al. Risk factors for medullary thyroid carcinoma: a pooled analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13:365–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mulligan LM, Kwok JBJ, Healey CS, et al. Germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A). Nature 1993; 363:458–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Donis-Keller H, Shenshen D, Chi D, et al. Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with MEN 2A and FMTC. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:851–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mulligan MN, Marsh DJ, Robinson BG, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: report of the international RET mutation consortium. J Intern Med 1995; 238:343–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Machens A, Niccoli-Sire P, Hoegel J, et al.; European Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (EUROMEN) Study Group. Early malignant progression of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1517–1525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Baudin E, et al. Early or prophylactic thyroidectomy in MEN 2/FMTC gene carriers: results in 71 thyroidectomized patients. The French Calcitonin Tumours Study Group (GETC). Eur J Endocrinol 1999; 141:468–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sanso GE, Domene HM, Garcia R, et al. Very early detection of RET proto-oncogene mutation is crucial for preventive thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 children: presence of C-cell malignant disease in asymptomatic carriers Cancer. 2002; 94:323–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Christensen SB, Ljungberg O. Mortality from thyroid carcinoma in Malmo, Sweden 1960–1977. A clinical and pathologic study of 38 fatal cases. Cancer 1984; 54:1629–1634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gharib H, McConahey WM, Tiegs RD, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and long-term follow-up of 65 patients treated during 1946 through 1970. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67:934–940.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems. Cancer 2000; 88:1139–1148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Keiser HR, Beaven MA, Doppman J, et al. Sipple’s syndrome: medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78:561–579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cunliffe WJ, Hudgson P, Fulthorpe JJ, et al. A calcitonin-secreting medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with mucosal neuromas, marfanoid features, myopathy and pigmentation. Am J Med 1970; 48:120–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Farndon JR, Leight GS, Dilley WG, et al. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: a distinct clinical entity. Br J Surg 1986; 73:278–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Eng C, Mulligan LM, Smith DP, et al. Low frequency of germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in patients with apparently sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995; 43:123–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wiench M, Wygoda Z, Gubala E, et al. Estimation of risk of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma in apparent sporadic patients. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:1374–1380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Block MA, Jackson CE, Greenawald KA, et al. Clinical characteristics distinguishing hereditary from sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 1980; 115:142–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Baylin SB, Gann DS, Hsu SH. Clonal origin of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. Science 1976; 193:321–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wolfe HJ, DeLellis RA. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia. Baillières Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 10:351–365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cirafici AM, Salvatore G, De Vita G, et al. Only the substitution of methionine 918 with a threonine and not with other residues activates RET transforming potential. Endocrinology 1997; 138:1450–1455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carlomagno F, Salvatore G, Cirafici AM, et al. The different RET-activating capability of mutations of cysteine 620 or cysteine 634 correlates with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 disease phenotype. Cancer Res 1997; 57:391–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Eng C, Clayton D, Schuffenecker I, et al. The relationship between specific RET proto-oncogene mutations and disease phenotype in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. International RET mutation consortium analysis. JAMA 1996; 276:1575–1579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Rohmer V, et al.; French Calcitonin Tumors Group (GETC). Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma with noncysteine ret mutations: phenotype-genotype relationship in a large series of patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3746–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5658–5671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Carney JA, Roth SI, Heath H III, Sizemore GW, Hayles AB. The parathyroid glands in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b. Am J Pathol 1980; 99:387–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Williams ED, Pollok DJ. Multiple mucosal neuromata with endocrine tumours: a syndrome allied to Von Recklinghausen’s disease. J Pathol Bacteriol 1966; 91:71–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Carney JA, Sizemore GW, Hayles AV. C-cell disease of the thyroid gland in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b. Cancer 1979; 44:2173–2183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Rashid M, Khairi MR, Dexter RN, Burzynski NJ, Johnston CC Jr. Mucosal neuroma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975; 54:89–112.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gagel RF, Levy ML, Donovan DT, Alford BR, Wheeler T, Tschen JA. The association of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2a and cutaneous lichen amyloidosis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:551–552.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ceccherini I, Romei C, Barone V, et al. Identification of the Cys634→Tyr mutation of the RET proto-oncogene in a pedigree with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and localized cutaneous lichen amyloidosis. J Endocrinol Invest 1994; 17:201–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L, et al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:826–829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rieu M, Lame MC, Richard A, et al. Prevalence of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: the importance of routine measurement of serum calcitonin in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995; 42:453–460.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P, et al. Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:338–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vierhapper H, Raber W, Bieglmayer C, Kaserer K, Weinhausl A, Niederle B. Routine measurement of plasma calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1589–1593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kaserer K, Scheuba C, Neuhold N, et al. C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients routinely screened for serum calcitonin. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22:722–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ozgen AG, Hamulu F, Bayraktar F, et al. Evaluation of routine basal serum calcitonin measurement for early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in seven hundred seventy-three patients with nodular goiter. Thyroid 1999; 9:579–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, et al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid 2001; 11:73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Karanikas G, Moameni A, Poetzi C, et al. Frequency and relevance of elevated calcitonin levels in patients with neoplastic and nonneoplastic thyroid disease and in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:515–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Barbot N, Calmettes C, Schuffenecker I, et al. Pentagastrin stimulation test and early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma using an immunoradiometric assay of calcitonin: comparison with genetic screening in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:114–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Samaan NA, Castillo S, Schultz PN, Khalil KG, Johnston DA. Serum calcitonin after pentagastrin stimulation in patients with bronchogenic and breast cancer compared to that in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51:237–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ichimura T, Kondo S, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Katoh H. A calcitonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing pancreatic endocrine tumor associated with the WDHA syndrome. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 2003; 33:99–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tommasi M, Brocchi A, Cappellini A, Raspanti S, Mannelli M. False serum calcitonin high levels using a non-competitive two-site IRMA. Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24:356–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hodak SP, Barman KD. The calcitonin conundrum — is it time for routine measurement of serum calcitonin in patients with thyroid nodules? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:511–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Deftos LJ. Should serum calcitonin be routinely measured in patients with thyroid nodules — will the law answer before endocrinologists do? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4768-4769.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, et al. Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:163–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ukkat J, Gimm O, Brauckhoff M, Bilkenroth U, Dralle H. Single center experience in primary surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 2004; 28:1271–1274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. DeLellis RA, Rule AH, Spiler I, et al. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen as tumor markers in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1978; 70:587–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kodama T. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen in the C-cell of the normal thyroid. Cancer 1980; 45:98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jackson CE, Norum RA, Talpos GB, Feldkamp CS, Tashjian AH Jr. Clinical value of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1987; 35:120–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Jadoul M, Leo JR, Berends HH, et al. Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertensive encephalopathy revealing MEN IIa syndrome in a 13-year-old boy. Horm Metab Res 1989; 21(Suppl):46–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lips KJ, Van der Sluys Veer J, Struyvenberg A, et al. Bilateral occurrence of pheochromocytoma in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2A (Sipple’s syndrome). Am J Med 1981; 70:1051–1060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hamilton BP, Landsberg L, Levine RJ. Measurement of urinary epinephrine in screening for pheochromocytoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. Am J Med 1978; 65:1027–1032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Miyauchi A, Masuo K, Ogihara T, et al. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and their relatives. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1982; 58:1505–1516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lenders JW, Keiser HR, Goldstein DS, et al. Plasma metanephrines in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:101–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Weise M, Merke DP, Pacak K, Walther MM, Eisenhofer G. Utility of plasma free metanephrines for detecting childhood pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1955–1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. DeLellis RA, Wolfe HJ, Gagel RF, et al. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia. A morphometric analysis in patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1976; 83:177–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Carney JA, Sizemore GW, Tyce GM. Bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: the precursor of bilateral pheochromocytoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:3–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Beierwaltes WH. Scintigraphy with I-131 MIBG as an aid to the treatment of pheochromocytoma in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1984; 32:254–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, Siris E, Bilezikian JP. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1249–1255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Heath H III, Sizemore GW, Carney JA. Preoperative diagnosis of occult parathyroid hyperplasia by calcium infusion in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43:428–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fugazzola L, Pinchera A, Luchetti F, et al. Disappearance rate of serum calcitonin after total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 1994; 9:21–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Franc S, Niccoli-Sire P, Cohen R, et al.; French Medullary Study Group (GETC). Complete surgical lymph node resection does not prevent authentic recurrences of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001; 55:403–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Busnardo B, Girelli ME, Simioni N, Nacamulli D, Busetto E. Nonparallel patterns of calcitonin and carcino-embryonic antigen levels in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1984; 53:278–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Rougier P, Calmettes C, Laplanche A, et al. The values of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen in the treatment and management of nonfamilial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1983; 51:855–862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Baudin E, Lumbroso J, Schlumberger M, et al. Comparison of octreotide scintigraphy and conventional imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:912–916.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Szakall S Jr, Esik O, Bajzik G, et al. 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2002; 43:66–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Arslan N, Ilgan S, Yuksel D, et al. Comparison of In-111 octreotide and Tc-99m (V) DMSA scintigraphy in the detection of medullary thyroid tumor foci in patients with elevated levels of tumor markers after surgery. Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26:683–688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gotthardt M, Battmann A, Hoffken H, et al. 18F-FDG PET, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and CT in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma: a clinical study and an analysis of the literature. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25:439–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Abdelmoumene N, Schlumberger M, Gardet P, et al. Selective venous sampling catheterisation for localization of persisting medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:1141–1144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Frank-Raue K, Raue F, Buhr HJ, Baldauf G, Lorenz D, Ziegler R. Localization of occult persisting medullary thyroid carcinoma before microsurgical reoperation: high sensitivity of selective venous catheterization. Thyroid 1992; 2:113–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ben Mrad MD, Gardet P, Roche A, et al. Value of venous catheterization and calcitonin studies in the treatment and management of clinically inapparent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1989; 63:133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Soderstrom N, Telenius-Berg M, Akerman M. Diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Med Scand 1975; 197:71–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mendonca ME, Ramos S, Soares J. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid: a re-evaluation of the cytological criteria of diagnosis. Cytopathology 1991; 2:93–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Takeichi N, Ito H, Okamoto H, Matsuyama T, Tahara E, Dohi K. The significance of immunochemically staining calcitonin and CEA in fine-needle aspiration biopsy materials from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Jpn J Surg 1989; 19:674–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Papaparaskeva K, Nagel H, Droese M. Cytologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 22:351–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Forrest CH, Frost FA, de Boer WB, Spagnolo DV, Whitaker D, Sterrett BF. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: accuracy of diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration cytology. Cancer 1998; 84:295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tashjian AH Jr, Melvin EW. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Studies of thyrocalcitonin in plasma and tumor extracts. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:279–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Dube WJ, Bell GO, Aliapoulios MA. Thyrocalcitonin activity in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Further evidence for its parafollicular cell origin. Arch Intern Med 1969; 123:423–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Przepiorka D, Baylin SB, McBride OW, Testa JR, de Bustros A, Nelkin BD. The human calcitonin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 120:493–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hoppener JW, Steenbergh PH, Zandberg J, et al. The second human calcitonin/CGRP gene is located on chromosome 11. Hum Genet 1985; 70:259–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zaidi M, Breimer LH, MacIntyre I. Biology of peptides from the calcitonin genes. Q J Exp Physiol 1987; 72:371–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Pacini F, Fugazzola L, Basolo F, Elisei R, Pinchera A. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in medullary thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 1992; 15:539–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Schifter S, Williams ED, Craig RK, Hansen HH. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986; 25:703–710.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Cooper CW, Deftos LJ, Potts JT Jr. Direct measurement of in vivo secretion of pig thyrocalcitonin by radioimmunoassay. Endocrinology 1971; 88:747–754.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Emmertsen KK, Nielsen HE, Mosekilde L, Hansen HH. Pentagastrin, calcium and whisky stimulated serum calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Acta Radiol Oncol 1980; 19:85–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Vitale G, Ciccarelli A, Caraglia M, et al. Comparison of two provocative tests for calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma: omeprazole vs pentagastrin. Clin Chem 2002; 48:1505–1510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Oishi S, Yamauchi J, Fujimoto Y, Hamasaki S, Umeda T, Sato T. Calcitonin release from medullary thyroid carcinoma by thyrotropin-releasing hormone: comparison with calcium injection. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992; 126:325–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lin HY, Harris TL, Flannery MS, et al. Expression cloning of an adenylate cyclase-coupled calcitonin receptor. Science 1991; 254:1022–1024.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hoff AO, Catala-Lehnen P, Thomas PM, et al. Increased bone mass is an unexpected phenotype associated with deletion of the calcitonin gene. Clin Invest 2002; 110:1849–1857.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Deftos LJ, First BP. Calcitonin as a drug. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95:192–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Purdue BW, Tilakaratne N, Sexton PM. Molecular pharmacology of the calcitonin receptor. Receptors Channels 2002; 8:243–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Niccoli P, Conte-Devolx B, Lejeune PJ, et al. Hyper-calcitoninemia in conditions other than medullary cancers of the thyroid, Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 1996; 57:15–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Guyetant S, Wion-Barbot N, Rousselet MC, Franc B, Bigorgne JC, Saint-Andre JP. C-cell hyperplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: a retrospective quantitative study of 112 cases. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:514–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Albores-Saavedra J, Monforte H, Nadji M, Morales AR. C-cell hyperplasia in thyroid tissue adjacent to follicular cell tumors. Hum Pathol 1988; 19:795–799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Tsolakis AV, Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, et al. Malignant gastric ghrelinoma with hyperghrelinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3739–3744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mullerpatan PM, Joshi SR, Shah RC, et al. Calcitonin-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Dig Surg 2004; 21:321–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Demers LM, Spencer CA. Laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Calcitonin (Ct) and RET proto-oncogene measurement. Thyroid 2003; 13:68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Engelbach M, Gorges R, Forst T, Pfutzner A, et al. Improved diagnostic methods in the follow-up of medullary thyroid carcinoma by highly specific calcitonin measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1890–1894.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Baudin E, Bidart JM, Bachelot A, et al. Impact of chromogranin A measurement in the work-up of neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Oncol 2001; Suppl 2:S79–S82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Barakat MT, Meeran K, Bloom SR. Neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2004; 11:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pacini F, Elisei R, Anelli S, Gasperini L, Schipani E, Pinchera A. Circulating neuron-specific enolase in medullary thyroid cancer. Int J Biol Markers 1986; 1:85–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Pacini F, Basolo F, Elisei R, Fugazzola L, Cola A, Pinchera A. Medullary thyroid cancer. An immunohistochemical and humoral study using six separate antigens. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95:300–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wyon Y, Frisk J, Lundeberg T, Theodorsson E, Hammar M. Postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms have increased urinary excretion of calcitonin generelated peptide. Maturitas 1998; 30:289–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jaffe BM. Prostaglandins and serotonin: nonpeptide diarrheogenic hormones. World J Surg 1979; 3:565–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Le Douarin N, Le Lievre C. Demonstration of neural origin of calcitonin cells of ultimobranchial body of chick embryo. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1970; 270:2857–2860.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Wolfe HJ, Voelkel EF, Tashjian AH Jr. Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the normal adult human thyroid gland: a correlation of morphology with peptide content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 38:688–694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Robertson K, Mason I. The GDNF-RET signalling partnership. Trends Genet 1997; 13:1–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. de Lellis RA, Wolfe HJ. The pathobiology of the human calcitonin (C)-cell: a review. Pathol Annu 1981; 16(Pt2):25–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. LiVolsi VA. C cell hyperplasia/neoplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:39–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, De Lellis RA. Tumors of the thyroid gland. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Perry A, Molberg K, Albores-Saavedra J. Physiologic versus neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid: separation of distinct histologic and biologic entities. Cancer 1996; 77:750–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Komminoth P, Roth J, Saremaslani P, Matias-Guiu X, Wolfe HJ, Heitz PU. Polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule in the human thyroid: a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma and primary C-cell hyperplasia. An immunohistochemical study on 79 thyroid lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18:399–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sletten K, Westermark P, Natvig JB. Characterization of amyloid fibril proteins from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Exp Med 1976; 143:993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Matias-Guiu X. Mixed medullary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. On the search for its histogenesis. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:1413–1418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Biscolla RP, Ugolini C, Sculli M, et al. Medullary and papillary tumors are frequently associated in the same thyroid gland without evidence of reciprocal influence in their biologic behavior. Thyroid 2004; 14:946–952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Vantyghem MC, Pigny P, Leteurtre E, et al. Thyroid carcinomas involving follicular and parafollicular C cells: seventeen cases with characterization of RET oncogenic activation. Thyroid 2004; 14:842–847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Fluge O, Haugen DR, Akslen LA, et al. Expression and alternative splicing of c-ret RNA in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 2001; 20:885–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Elisei R, Pinchera A, Romei C, et al. Expression of thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R), thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, and calcitonin messenger ribonucleic acids in thyroid carcinomas: evidence of TSH-R gene transcript in medullary histotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:867–871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Katoh R, Miyagi E, Nakamura N, et al. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) in human C cells and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:386–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Elisei R, Cosci B, Romei C, et al. Identification of a novel point mutation in the RET gene (Ala883Thr), which is associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma phenotype only in homozygous condition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5823–5827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Pacini F, Romei C, Miccoli P, et al. Early treatment of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma after attribution of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 gene carrier status by screening for ret gene mutations. Surgery 1995; 118:1031–1035.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Santoro M, Melillo RM, Carlomagno F, Vecchio G, Fusco A. Minireview: RET: normal and abnormal functions. Endocrinology 2004; 145:5448–5451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Mathew CG, Chin KS, Easton DF, et al. A linked genetic marker for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A on chromosome 10. Nature 1987; 328:527–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Simpson NE, Kidd KK, Goodfellow PJ, et al. Assignment of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A to chromosome 10 by linkage. Nature 1987; 328:528–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Eng C, Smith DP, Mulligan LM, et al. Point mutation within the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET protooncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and related sporadic tumours. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:237–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Machens A, Gimm O, Hinze R, Hoppner W, Boehm BO, Dralle H. Genotype-phenotype correlations in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma: oncological features and biochemical properties. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1104–1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Gimm O, Marsh DJ, Andrew SD, et al. Germline dinucleotide mutation in codon 883 of the RET protooncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B without codon 918 mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3902–3904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Menko FH, van der Luijt RB, de Valk IA, et al. Atypical MEN type 2B associated with two germline RET mutations on the same allele not involving codon 918. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:393–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Schuffenecker I, Ginet N, Goldgar D, et al. Prevalence and parental origin of de novo RET mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Le Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs a Calcitonine. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:233–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Romei C, Elisei R, Pinchera A, et al. Somatic mutations of the ret protooncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma are not restricted to exon 16 and are associated with tumor recurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:1619–1622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Zedenius J, Larsson C, Bergholm U, et al. Mutations of codon 918 in the RET proto-oncogene correlate to poor prognosis in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:3088–3090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Elisei R, Cosci B, Romei C, et al. RET exon 11 (G691S) polymorphism is significantly more frequent in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma than in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3579–3584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Gimm O, Neuberg DS, Marsh DJ, et al. Overrepresentation of a germline RET sequence variant in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and somatic RET codon 918 mutation. Oncogene 1999; 18:1369–1373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Ruiz A, Antinolo G, Fernandez RM, Eng C, Marcos I, Borrego S. Germline sequence variant S836S in the RET proto-oncogene is associated with low level predisposition to sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma in the Spanish population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 55:399–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Jimenez C, Gagel RF. Genetic testing in endocrinology: lessons learned from experience with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14Suppl A:S150–S157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg 1999; 229:880–887; discussion 887–888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Fleming JB, Lee JE, Bouvet M, et al. Surgical strategy for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg 1999; 230:697–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Thanh PN, Dralle H. Malignant progression from C-cell hyperplasia to medullary thyroid carcinoma in 167 carriers of RET germline mutations. Surgery 2003; 134:425–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Dralle H, Gimm O, Simon D, et al. Prophylactic thyroidectomy in 75 children and adolescents with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma: German and Austrian experience. World J Surg 1998; 22:744–50; discussion 750–751.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Scollo C, Baudin E, Travagli JP, et al. Rationale for central and bilateral lymph node dissection in sporadic and hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2070–2075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dralle H, Damm I, Scheumann GF, Kotzerke J, Kupsch E. Frequency and significance of cervicomediastinal lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a compartment-oriented microdissection method. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1992; 40:264–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Gimm O, Ukkat J, Dralle H. Determinative factors of biochemical cure after primary and reoperative surgery for sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 1998; 22:562–567; discussion 567–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman AC, Bussemaker JK, Frolich M. Radioiodine in the treatment of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59:491–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Nusynowitz ML, Pollard E, Benedetto AR, Lecklitner ML, Ware RW. Treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with I-131. J Nucl Med 1982; 23:143–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Brierley J, Tsang R, Simpson WJ, Gospodarowicz M, Sutcliffe S, Panzarella T. Medullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors and the role of radiation therapy in local control. Thyroid 1996; 6:305–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Fersht N, Vini L, A’Hern R, Harmer C. The role of radiotherapy in the management of elevated calcitonin after surgery for medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2001; 11:1161–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Fife KM, Bower M, Harmer CL. Medullary thyroid cancer: the role of radiotherapy in local control. Eur J Surg Oncol 1996; 22:588–591.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Assalia A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Br J Surg 2004; 91:1259–1274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kocak S, Aydintug S, Canakci N. Alpha blockade in preoperative preparation of patients with pheochromocytomas. Int Surg 2002; 87:191–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cubeddu LX, Zarate NA, Rosales CB, Zschaeck DW. Prazosin and propranolol in preoperative management of pheochromocytoma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 32:156–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Sokoll LJ. Measurement of parathyroid hormone and application of parathyroid hormone in intraoperative monitoring. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24:199–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Niederle B, Roka R, Brennan MF. The transplantation of parathyroid tissue in man: development, indications, technique, and results. Endocr Rev 1982; 3:245–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Moley JF, Wells SA, Dilley WG, Tisell LE. Reoperation for recurrent or persistent medullary thyroid cancer. Surgery 1993; 114:1090–1095; discussion 1095–1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Jackson CE, Talpos GB, Kambouris A, Yott JB, Tashjian AH Jr, Block MA. The clinical course after definitive operation for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1983; 94:995–1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Tisell LE, Hansson G, Jansson S, Salander H. Reoperation in the treatment of asymptomatic metastasizing medullary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1986; 99:60–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Orlandi F, Caraci P, Mussa A, Saggiorato E, Pancani G, Angeli A. Treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. Endocr Relat Cancer 2001; 8:135–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Schlumberger M, Abdelmoumene N, Delisle MJ, Couette JE. Treatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer with an alternating combination of 5 FU-streptozocin and 5 FU-dacarbazine. The Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). Br J Cancer 1995; 71:363–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Nocera M, Baudin E, Pellegriti G, Cailleux AF, Mechelany-Corone C, Schlumberger M. Treatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer with an alternating combination of doxorubicin-streptozocin and 5 FUdacarbazine. Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs (GETC). Br J Cancer. 2000; 83:715–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Lupoli GA, Fonderico F, Fittipaldi MR, et al. The role of somatostatin analogs in the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26(8 Suppl):72–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Zatelli MC, Tagliati F, Taylor JE, Piccin D, Culler MD, degli Uberti EC. Somatostatin, but not somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 selective agonists, inhibits calcitonin secretion and gene expression in the human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line, TT. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34:229–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Zatelli MC, Tagliati F, Piccin D, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype 1-selective activation reduces cell growth and calcitonin secretion in a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:828–834.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Papotti M, Kumar U, Volante M, Pecchioni C, Patel YC. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor types 1-5 in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54:641–649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Mukherjee JJ, Kaltsas GA, Islam N, et al. Treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumours, phaeochromocytoma, paraganglioma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine [(131)I-mIBG]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 55:47–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Kaltsas G, Rockall A, Papadogias D, Reznek R, Grossman AB. Recent advances in radiological and radionuclide imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151:15–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Kraeber-Bodere F, Faivre-Chauvet A, Ferrer L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry studies for optimization of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen x anti-hapten bispecific antibody-mediated pretargeting of iodine-131-labeled hapten in a phase I radioimmunotherapy trial. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:3973S–3981S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Bodei L, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Grana C, et al. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-DOTATOC in patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2004; 19:65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Roche A, Girish BV, de Baere T, et al. Trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment for hepatic metastases from endocrine tumors. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:136–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Drosten M, Putzer BM. Gene therapeutic approaches for medullary thyroid carcinoma treatment. J Mol Med 2003; 81:411–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. DeGroot LJ, Zhang R. Viral mediated gene therapy for the management of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2004; 4:235–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Stift A, Sachet M, Yagubian R, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2944–2953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Maio M, Coral S, Sigalotti L, et al. Analysis of cancer/testis antigens in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: expression and humoral response to NY-ESO-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:748–754.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Gschwind A, Fischer OM, Ullrich A. The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:361–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mughal TI, Goldman JM. Chronic myeloid leukemia: current status and controversies. Oncology (Huntingt) 2004; 18:837–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Tanovic A, Alfaro V. Gefitinib: current status in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Drugs Today (Barc) 2004; 40:809–827.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Bates D. ZD-6474. AstraZeneca Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 4:1468–1472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Ciardiello F, Caputo R, Damiano V, et al. Antitumor effects of ZD6474, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with additional activity against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:1546–1556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Carlomagno F, Vitagliano D, Guida T, et al. ZD6474, an orally available inhibitor of KDR tyrosine kinase activity, efficiently blocks oncogenic RET kinases. Cancer Res 2002; 62:7284–7290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

    Aldo Pinchera MD, FRCP & Rossella Elisei MD

Authors
  1. Aldo Pinchera MD, FRCP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rossella Elisei MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Ernest L. Mazzaferri MD, MACP (Emeritus Professor) (Emeritus Professor)

  2. University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA

    Ernest L. Mazzaferri MD, MACP (Emeritus Professor) (Emeritus Professor)

  3. Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

    Clive Harmer FRCR, FRCP (Head of Thyroid Unit) (Head of Thyroid Unit)

  4. Northern Centre for Cancer Treatment, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Ujjal K. Mallick MS, FRCR (Vice-Chair) (Vice-Chair)

  5. Thyroid Cancer Subgroup, National Cancer Research Institute, UK

    Ujjal K. Mallick MS, FRCR (Vice-Chair) (Vice-Chair)

  6. Northern Cancer Network Thyroid Cancer Group, UK

    Ujjal K. Mallick MS, FRCR (Vice-Chair) (Vice-Chair)

  7. Department of Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Pat Kendall-Taylor MD, FRCP (Emeritus Professor) (Emeritus Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pinchera, A., Elisei, R. (2006). Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis and Management. In: Mazzaferri, E.L., Harmer, C., Mallick, U.K., Kendall-Taylor, P. (eds) Practical Management of Thyroid Cancer. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-013-3_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-013-3_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-910-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-013-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation