Abstract
This chapter addresses the continuing trend in colleges and universities toward loss of control by faculty over the conduct of academic and institutional affairs and the further deterioration of the ideology of shared governance. The chapter argues for the reinstitutionalization of a fastdisappearing traditional quality of higher education organizations—an ambiguity of institutional goals, culture, organizational structures, authority, and individual responsibilities. This proposed anomalous new strategy/policy would seem to violate long-standing bureaucratic maxims that organizations should be guided by clarity of purpose and rationality in practices and procedures. In this chapter, however, an argument is made for the installation of a more ambiguous institutional academic culture and structure as an important means of preserving and enhancing shared and democratic decision making—the hallmark of academic self-governance and a critical venue for creativity and innovation. The chapter considers how ambiguity and democracy are inextricably linked and why in higher education, ambiguity is needed to support academia’s indispensable democratic modes of governance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
REFERENCES
AAUP/ACE/AGB. (1966). Statement on government of colleges and universities. Academe 52(4).
Abrahamson, E. (2002). Disorganization theory and disorganizational behavior: Towards and etiology of messes. Research in Organizational Behavior 24: 139–180.
Almond, G.A. (1980). The intellectual history of the civic culture concept. In G.A. Almond and S. Verba (eds.), The Civic Culture Revisited (pp. 1–36). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Almond, G.A., and Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Amaral, A., Jones, G.A., and Karseth, B. (eds.) (2002). Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Arendt, H. (1963). Between Past and Future: Six Exercises in Political Thought. Cleveland: World Publishing Company.
Argyris, C. (1964). Integrating the Individual and the Organization. New York: Wiley.
Bachmann, R. (2003). Trust and power as means of coordinating the internal relations of the organization: A conceptual framework. In B. Nooteboom and F. Six (eds.), The Trust Process in Organizations, Empirical Studies of the Determinants and the Pro cess of Trust Development (pp. 58–74). Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Ball, T., and Dagger, R. (1999). Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal (3rd edition). New York: Longman.
Barley, S.R. (1991). Contextualizing conflict: Notes on the anthropology of disputes and negotiations. Research on Negotiation in Organizations 3: 165–202.
Barnard, C.I. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bateman, T.S., and Organ, D.W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The rela tionship between affect and employee “citizenship.” Academy of Management Journal 26: 587–595.
Batteau, A. W (2001). Negations and ambiguities in the cultures of organization. American Anthropologist 102(4): 726–740.
Bell, D. (1966). The Reforming of General Education: The Columbia College Experience in Its National Setting. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bellah, R.N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W.M., Swidler, A., and Tipton, S.M. (1991). The Good Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Bennis, W.G. (1973). The Leaning Ivory Tower. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bennis, W.G. (1969). Organizational Development: Its Nature, Origins, and Prospects. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Bereleson, B. (1970). Survival through apathy. In H.S. Kariel (ed.), Frontiers of Democratic Theory (pp. 68–77). New York: Random House Inc.
Berger, P. (1973). The Homeless Mind (with B. Berger and H. Kellner). New York: Vintage.
Bess J.L. (2002). Academic administration. In J.J.E Forest and K. Kinser (eds.), Encyclopedia on Higher Education in the United States. Washington, DC: ABC-CLIO Publishers.
Bess, J.L. (1995). Creative R& D Leadership, Insights from Japan. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Bess J.L. (1988). Collegiality and Bureaucracy in the Modern University. New York: Teachers College Press.
Birnbaum, R. (1988). How Colleges Work, The Cybernetics of Academic Organization and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Birnbaum, R. (1983). Maintaining Diversity in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Blau, P.M. (1994). The Organization of Academic Work (2nd edition). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Blauner, R. (1964). Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bolino, M.C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? Academy of Management Review 24: 82–98.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice (R. Nice, Trans.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Burke, J.C. and Associates. (2005). Achieving Accountability in Higher Education: Balancing Public, Academic, and Market Demands. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Burns, T., and Stalker, G.M. (1961). The Management of Innovation. London: TheTavistock Institute.
Chaffee, E.F. (1983). Rational Decisionmafeing in Higher Education. Boulder, CO: National Center for Higher Education Management Systems.
Clark, B.R. (1972). The organizational saga in higher education. Administrative Science Quarterly 17(2): 178–184.
Cohen, M.D., and March, J.G. (1974). Leadership and Ambiguity, The American College President. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Cole, M.S. (1999). Ambiguity in research: Not necessarily a bad thing. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist 36(4): 32–35.
Collins, D. (1997). Two cheers for empowerment: Some critical reflections. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 18(1): 23.
Committee T of the American Association of University Professors. (1995). Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities, AAUP Policy Documents & Reports (pp. 179–185). Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors.
Connolly, W.E. (2000). The nobility of democracy. In J.A. Frank and j. Tambornino (eds.), Vocations of Political Theory (pp. 305–325). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Corley K.G., and Gioia, D.A. (2004). Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Administrative Science Quarterly 49(2): 173–208.
Creed, W.E., and Miles, R.E. (1996). Trust in organizations: A conceptual framework linking organizational forms, managerial philosophies, and the opportunity costs of control. In R.M. Kramer and T.R. Tyler (eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research (pp. 16–39). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Currie, J., and Vidovich, L. (1998). The ascent toward corporate managerialism in American and Australian Universities. In R. Martin (ed.), Chalk Lines, The Politics of Work in the Managed University (pp. 112–144). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cyert, R., and March, J.G. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Dahl, R.A. (1990). After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society (revised edition). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R.A. (1956). Hierarchy, democracy and bargaining in politics and economics. In H. Eulau, S.J. Eldersfeld, and M. Janowitz (eds.), Political Behavior. A Reader in Theory and Research (pp. 83–90). Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Dansereau, F., Yammarino, E.J., and Kohles, J.C. (1999). Multiple levels of analysis from a longitudinal perspective: Some implications for theory building. Academy of Management Review 24(2): 346–357.
de Boer, H. (2002). Trust: The essence of governance. In A. Amaral, G.A. Jones, and B. Karseth (eds.), Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance (pp. 43–61). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
de Boer, H., and Deniers, B. (1999). Analysis of institutions of university governance: A classification scheme applied to postwar changes in Dutch higher education. In B. Jongbloed, P. Maassen, and G. Neave (eds.), From the Eye of the Storm, Higher Education’s Changing Institution (pp. 211–233). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Deem, R. (1998). “New managerialism” and higher education: The management of per formances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom. International Studies in Sociology of Education 8(1): 47–70.
Deetz, S.A. (1992). Democracy in an Age of Corporate Colonization. Developments in Communication and the Politics of Everyday Life. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Dequech, D. (2000). Fundamental uncertainty and ambiguity, Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), Winter, 41–60.
Dewey J. (1960). The Quest for Certainty, A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action. New York: Putnam.
Donaldson, L. (2001). The Contingency Theory of Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dreier, A. (2005, July 8). Sarbanes-Oxley and college accountability. The Chronicle of Higher Education LI (44): B10-B11.
Duncan, R. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived envi ronmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly 17: 313–327.
Durkheim, E. (1933). The Division of Labor in Society (George Simpson, Trans.). New York: The Free Press.
Einhorn, H.J., and Hogarth, R.M. (1986). Decision making under ambiguity. Journal of Business 59(4): 225–250.
Ellul, J. (1964). The Technological Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
Enteman, W.F. (1993). Managerialism, The Emergence of a New Ideology. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Etzioni, A. (1961). A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, On Power, Involvement, and their Correlates. New York: The Free Press.
Farrell, C., and Morris, J. (2003). The ‘neo-bureaucratic’ state: Professionals, managers and professional managers in schools, general practices and social work. Organisation 10(1): 129–156.
Feldman, M.S. (1991). The meanings of ambiguity: Learning from stories and metaphors. In P.J. Frost, L.E Moore. M.R. Louis, C.C. Lundberg, J. Martin (eds.), Reframing Organizational Culture (pp. 145–156). Newbury Park: Sage.
Flynn, R. (1999). Managerialism, professionalism and quasi-markets. In M. Exworthy and S. Haiford (Eds.), Professionals and the New Managerialism in the Public Sector. Buckingham, England, Open University Press.
Forrester, R. (2000). Empowerment: Rejuvenating a potent idea. The Academy of Management Executive 14(3): 67–71.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Freund, J. (1968). The Sociology of Max Weber. New York: Vintage Books.
Frohock, F.M. (1999). Public Reason, Mediated Authority in theLiberal State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from Freedom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Froosman, J. (1999). Stakeholder influence strategies. Academy of Management Review 24(2): 191–205.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust, the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: The Free Press.
Fulton, O. (2003). Managerialism in UK universities: Unstable hybridity and the complications of implementation. In A. Amaral, V.L. Meek, and I.M. Larsen (eds.), The Higher Education Managerial Revolution? (pp. 155–178). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Gadamer, H.G. (1975). Truth and Method (G. Barden and J. Gumming, Trans.) New York: Seabury Press.
Gamson, Z., Hollander, E., and Klang, P.N. (1998). The university in engagement with society, Liberal Education, 84(2), Spring, 20–26.
Gerber, L.G. (1997). Reaffirming the value of shared governance, Academe, 83(5), Sep/Oct, 14–19.
Gergen, K.J. (1992). Behavioral and Social Science, Fifty Years of Discovery by N.J. Smelser and D.R. Gerstein (Book Review), Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 28(4), October, 406–409.
Goffman, E. (1957). The characteristics of total institutions. In Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry (1957: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Gouldner, A.W (1957). Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles. Administrative Science Quarterly 2: 281–307.
Gouldner, A.W. (1954). Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 73(6): 1360–1380.
Griffin, M.A., Mathieu, J.E., and Jacobs, R.R. (2001). Perceptions of work contexts: Disentangling influences at multiple levels of analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74(5): 563–579.
Habermas, J. (1987). The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 2: Life-world and System (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, J. (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 1: Reason and the Ratio nalization of Society (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Hackman, J.R., and Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Halpern, J.J., and Stem, R.N. (1998). Beneath the social science debate: Economic and social notions of rationality. In J.J. Halpern and R.N. Stern (eds.), Debating Rationality, Nonrational Aspects of Organizational Decision Making (pp. 1–17). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hannan, M.T., Polos, L., and Carroll, G.R. (2003). The fog of change: Opacity and asperity in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 48(3): 399–432.
Hardin, R. (2000). Democratic epistemology and accountability. In E.E. Paul, E.D. Miller, Jr., and j. Paul (eds.), Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hare, A.P., Borgatta, E.E., and Bales, R.E. (eds.) (1965). Small Groups: Studies in Social Interaction (revised edition). New York: Knopf.
Hargadon, A.B. (2002). Brokering knowledge: Linking learning and innovation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24: 41–85.
Harvard University, Committee on the Objectives of a General Education in a Free So ciety. (1945). General Education in a Free Society: Report of the Harvard Committee. Cambridge, MA: The University.
Helsabeck, R.E. (1973). The Compound System. Berkeley: Center for Research and Development in Higher Education.
Hoggett, P. (1991). New modes of control in the public service, Policy and Politics 19(4): 243–256.
Homans, G. (1950). The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World Inc.
Huxham, C., and Vangen, S. (2000). Ambiguity, complexity and dynamics of the membership of collaborations. Human Relations 53(6): 771–806.
Kauffman, S.A. (1995). At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kelemen, M. (2000). Too much or too little ambiguity: The language of total quality management. Journal of Management Studies 37(4): 483–498.
Keller, G. (1989). Shotgun marriage. The growing connection between academic man agement and faculty governance. In J.H. Schuster, L.H. Miller and Associates (eds.), Governing Tomorrow’s Campus, Perspectives and Agendas (pp. 133–140). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Kerfoot, D., and Knights, D. (1995). Empowering the quality worker? The seduction and contradiction of total quality phenomenon. In A. Wilkinson and H. Willmott (eds.), Making Quality Critical: New Perspectives on Organisational Change (pp. 219–239). London: Routledge.
Kerr, J.L. (2004). The limits of organizational democracy. The Academy of Management Executive 18(3): 81–95.
Kezar, A., and Eckel, P.D. (2004). Meeting today’s governance challenges. A synthesis of the literature and examination of a future agenda for scholarship. The Journal of Higher Education 75(4): 371–399.
Knights, D., and Verdubakis, T. (1994). Foucault, power, resistance and all that. In J.M. Jermier, G. Knights, and W.R. Nord (eds.), Resistance and Power in Organisations (pp. 167–199). London: Routledge.
Kramer, R.M., and Tyler, T.R. (eds.) (1996). Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lamal, P.A. (2001). Higher education: Social institution or business? Behavior and Social Issues 11: 65–70.
Laski, H.J. (1935). The State in Theory and Practice. New York: The Viking Press.
Lazarsfeld, P.F., and Thielens, W., Jr. (1958). The Academic Mind: Social Scientists in a Time of Crisis. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Levin, D.Z., and Cross, R. (2004). The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediat ing role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management Science 50(11): 1477–1490.
Levine, D.N. (1985). The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays in Social and Cultural Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lewicki, R.J., and Bunker, B.B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work rela tionships. In R.M. Kramer and T.R. Tyler (eds.), Trust in Organizations, Frontiers of Theory and Research (pp. 114–139). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper & Row.
Lindblom, C. (1954). The science of‘muddling through.’ Public Administration Review 29: 79–88.
Lindblom, C.E., and Woodhouse, E.J. (1993). Policy-Making Process (3rd edition, p. 59). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lipsky, M. (1978). Standing the study of public policy implementation on its head. In W.D. Burnham and M.W. Weinberg (eds.), American Politics and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and Power. New York: Wiley.
Lunsford, T. (1970). Authority and ideology in the administered university. In C.E. Kruytbosch and S.L. Messinger (eds.), The State of the University. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Lynn, M.L. (2005). Organizational buffering: Managing boundaries and cores. Organization Studies 26(1): 37–61.
Maclver, R.M. (1965). The Web of Government (revised edition). New York: The Free Press.
Macpherson, C.B. (1973). Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval. London: Oxford University Press.
Malhotra, D., and Murnighan, J.K. (2002). The effects of contracts on interpersonal trust. Administrative Science Quarterly 47(3): 534–559.
Marceau, J. (1995). Management of higher education policy. In S. Rees and G. Rodley (eds.), The Human Costs of Managerialism, Advocating the Recovery of Humanity (pp. 111–120). Leichhardt, Australia: Pluto Press Australia Limited.
Marginson, S., and Considine, M. (2000). The Enterprise University, Power, Governance and Reinvention in Australia. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in Organizations, Three Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J., and Meyerson, D. (1988). Organizational cultures and the denial, channeling and acknowledgment of ambiguity. In L.R. Pondy Boland, R.J., Jr., and Thomas, H. (eds.), Managing Ambiguity and Change (pp. 93–125). New York: Wiley.
Martin, R. (ed.) (1998). Chalk Lines. The Politics of Work in the Managed University. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Marx, K. (1975). Karl Marx, Frederick Engles: Collected Works (R. Dixon, Trans.). New York: International Publishers.
McCaskey M.B. (1982). The Executive Challenge: Managing Change and Ambiguity. Marsh-field, MA: Pitman.
McLoughlin, I.P., Badham, R.J., and Palmer, G. (2005). Cultures of ambiguity: Design, emergence and ambivalence in the introduction of normative control. Work, Employment, and Society 19(1): 67–89.
McLuhan, M. (1965). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Merton, R.K. (1976). Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays. New York: The Free Press.
Merton, R.K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review 3: 672–682.
Meyerson, D.E. (1991a). Acknowledging and uncovering ambiguities in cultures. In P. J. Frost, L.F. Moore, M.R. Louis, C.C. Lundberg, and J. Martin (eds.), Reframing Orga nizational Culture (pp. 254–270). Newbury Park: Sage.
Meyerson, D.E. (1991b). Normal ambiguity? A glimpse of an occupational culture. In P.J. Frost, L.E Moore, M.R. Louis, C.C. Lundberg, and j. Martin (eds.), Reframing Organizational Culture (pp. 131–144). Newbury Park: Sage.
Michels, R. (1962). Political Parties. A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: The Free Press.
Milliken, F.J. (1990). Perceiving and interpreting environmental change: An examina tion of college administrators’ interpretation of changing demographics. Academy of Management Journal 33: 42–63.
Milliken, F.J. (1987). Three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment: State, effect, and response uncertainty. Academy of Management Review 12: 133–143.
Minor, J.T. (2004). Understanding faculty senates: Moving from mystery to models. Review of Higher Education 27(3): 343–363.
Mintzberg, H. (1983a). Structure in Fives. Designing Effective Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mintzberg, H. (1983b). Power in and Around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mortimer, K.P., and McConnell, T.R. (1978). Sharing Authority Effectively. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nadler, D.A., and Tushman, M.L. (1977). A diagnostic model for organizational behavior. In J.R. Hackman, E.E. Lawler, III, and L.W. Porter (eds.), Perspectives on Behavior in Organizations (pp. 85–98). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
O’Connell, B. (1999). Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Ortega y Gasset, J. (1985). The Revolt of the Masses (K. Moore ed.; A. Kerrigan, Trans.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Ostroff, F. (1999). The Horizontal Organization: What the Organization of the Future Looks Like and How It Delivers Value to Customers. New York: Oxford Press.
Ouchi, W.G. (1980). Markets, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly 25: 129–141.
Parker, M., and Jary, D. (1995). The McUniversity: Organization, management and academic subjectivity. Organization 2(2): 319–338.
Parsons, T. (1969). Some ingredients of a general theory of formal organization. In J. Litterer (ed.), Organizations: Structure and Behavior. New York: Basic Books, 197–213.
Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and Process in Modern Societies. Chicago: Chicago Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1954). The professions and social structure (1939). In T. Parsons (ed.), Essays in Sociological Theory (revised edition, pp. 34–49). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Parsons, T., and Platt, G.M. (1968). The American Academic Profession: A Pilot Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Perrow, C.A. (1967). A framework for comparative organizational analysis. American Sociological Review 32(2): 194–208.
Pfeffer, J., and Salancik, G.R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row.
Pfeffer, J., Salancik, G.R., and Leblebici, H. (1976). The effect of uncertainty on the use of social influence in organizational decision making, Administrative Science Quarterly 21(2): 227–245.
Plato. (1945). The Republic of Plato (F.M. Cornford, Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Pollitt, C. (1990). Managerialism in the Public Sector. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Quinn, J.B. (1980). Strategies for Change, Logical Incrementalism. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Randolph, W.A. (2000). Re-thinking empowerment: Why is it so hard to achieve? Organizational Dynamics 29(2): 94–107.
Readings, B. (1996). The University in Ruins. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reed, M.I. (2002). New managerialism, professional power and organizational governance in UK universities: A review and assessment. In A. Amaral, G .A. Jones, and B. Karseth (eds.), Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ritzer, G. (2000). The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Rodale, J.I. (ed.) (1978). The Synonym Finder. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.
Rosenzweig, R.M. (1998). The Political University, Policy, Politics, and Presidential Leadership in the American Research University. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rosovsky H. (1990). The University: An Owner’s Manual. New York: W.W. Norton.
Rustow, D.A. (1970). Transitions to democracy. Comparative Politics 2: 337–363.
Schein, E.H. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership (2nd edition). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E.H. (1972). Professional Education. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Schön, D.A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York. Basic Books.
Schuster, J.H., Smith, D.G., Corak, K.A., and Yamada, M.M. (1994). Strategic Governance. How to Make Big Decisions Better. Phoenix: The American Council on Education, Oryx Press.
Scott, J.W. (2002). The critical state of shared governance. Academe 88(4): 41–48.
Scott, W.R. (2001). Institutions and Organizations (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Selznick, P. (1980). TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study of Politics and Organizations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson & Co.
Sharkansky I., and Friedberg, A. (1997). Ambiguities in policymaking and administra tion: A typology. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior 1(1): 1–17.
Shinn, L.D. (2004). A conflict of cultures, governance at liberal arts colleges. Change 36(1): 18–26.
Simon, H. (1947). Administrative Behavior. New York: Free Press.
Simon, H.E. (1957). Administrative Behavior. New York: Free Press.
Slaughter, S., and Leslie, L.L. (1997). Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Solomon, R., and Solomon, J. (1993). Up the University: Re-creating Higher Education in America. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Suddaby R., and Greenwood, R. (2005). Rhetorical strategies of legitimacy, Administrative Science Quarterly 50(1), March, 35–67.
Sullivan, J.L., and Transue, J.E. (1999). The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selected review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital. Annual Review of Psychology 50: 625–650.
Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Tierney W.G. (2005). When divorce is not an option. The board and the faculty. Academe 91(3): 43–46.
Tierney, W.G., and Minor, J.T. (2003). Challenges for Governance: A National Report. Los Angeles: Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis, University of Southern California.
Touraine, A. (1998). What Is Democracy ?(D. Macey Trans.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Trow, M. (1997). The politics of motivation: A comparative perspective. In J.L. Bess (ed.), Teaching Well and Liking It: Motivating Faculty to Teach Effectively. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Trow, M. (1993). Managerialism and the Academic Profession: The Case of England. Stock holm: Council for Studies in Higher Education.
Tschannen-Moran, M., and Hoy, WK. (2000). A multidisciplinary analysis of the nature, meaning, and measurement of trust. Review of Educational Research 70(4): 547–593.
Tversky A., and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124–1131.
Victor, B., and Blackburn, R.S. (1987). Interdependence-An Alternative Conceptualiza tion, Academy of Management Review, 12(3), July, 486–498.
Waugh, W.L. Jr. (2003). Issues in university governance: More “professional” and less academic, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 585, January, 84–96.
Waugh, W.L., Jr. (2000). Conflicting values and cultures: The managerial threat to uni versity governance. In R. Weissberg (ed.), Democracy and the Academy (pp. 3–19). Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc.
Waugh, W.L. Jr. (1998). Conflicting values and cultures: The managerial threat to univer sity governance, Policy Studies Review, 15, Winter, 71–84.
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (G. Roth and C. Wittich, eds.; E. Fischoff et al., Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weber, M. (1958). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (T. Parsons ed.; A.M. Henderson and T. Parsons, Trans.). Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Weick, K.E. (2003). Contradictions in a community of scholars: The cohesion-accuracy tradeoff. In J.L. Bess (ed.), College and University Organization: Insights from the Behavioral Sciences (pp. 15–29). Amherst, MA: I & I Occasional Press.
Weick, K.E. (1985). Sources of order in underorganized systems: Themes in recent organi zational theory. In Y.Lincoln (ed.), Organizational Theory and Inquiry: The Paradigm Revolution. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Weick, K.E. (1979). The Social Psychology of Organizing (2nd edition). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weick, K.E. (1978). The spines of leaders. In M.W. McCall,Jr., and M.M. Lombarde (eds.), Leadership: Where Else Can We Go? (pp. 37–61). Durham, NC: Duke.
Weiss, C. (1977). Using Social Science in Public Policy Making. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Welch, A.R. (1998). The cult of efficiency in education: Comparative reflections on the reality and the rhetoric. Comparative Education 34(2): 57–155.
Wolff, R.P. (1970). In Defense of Anarchism. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Wolin, S.S. (1988). On the theory and practice of power. In J. Arac (ed.), After Foucault. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University Press.
Source of Burke ref: Suddaby, R., and Greenwood, R. (2005). Rhetorical strategies of legitimacy, Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(1), March, 35–67.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bess, J.L. (2006). TOWARD STRATEGIC AMBIGUITY: ANTIDOTE TO MANAGERIALISM IN GOVERNANCE. In: Smart, J.C. (eds) HIGHER EDUCATION:. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4512-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4512-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4509-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4512-7
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)