Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nitrogen Fixation in the Photosynthetic Purple Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus

  • Chapter
Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria

Part of the book series: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress ((NITR,volume 2))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arcondeguy, T., van Heeswijk, W. C., and Merrick, M. (1999). Studies on the roles of GlnK and GlnB in regulating Klebsiella pneumoniae NifL-dependent nitrogen control. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 180, 263–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armengaud, J., Meyer, C., and Jouanneau, Y. (1994). Recombinant expression of the fdxD gene of Rhodobacter capsulatus and characterization of its product, a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin. Biochem. J., 300, 413–418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armengaud, J., Meyer, C., and Jouanneau, Y. (1997). A [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (FdVI) is essential for growth of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 179, 3304–3309.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arsene, F., Kaminski, P. A., and Elmerich, C. (1996). Modulation of NifA activity by PII in Azospirillum brasilense: evidence for a regulatory role of the NifA N-terminal domain. J. Bacteriol., 178, 4830–4838.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arsene, F., Kaminski, P. A., and Elmerich, C. (1999). Control of Azospirillum brasilense NifA activity by PII: effect of replacing Tyr residues of the NifA N-terminal domain on NifA activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 179, 339–343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avtges, P., Kranz, R. G., and Haselkorn, R. (1985). Isolation and organization of genes for nitrogen fixation in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Mol. Gen. Genet., 201, 363–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertin, P., Benhabiles, N., Krin, E., Laurent-Winter, C., Tendeng, C., Turlin, E., et al. (1999). The structural and functional organization of H-NS-like proteins is evolutionary conserved in Gramnegative bacteria. Mol. Microbiol., 31, 319–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, T. H., Du, S., and Bauer, C. E. (1999). Autophosphorylation, phosphotransfer, and DNA-binding properties of the RegB/RegA two-component regulatory system in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 16343–16348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, P. E., and Premakumar, R. (1992). Alternative nitrogen fixation systems. In G. Stacey, R. H. Burris, and H. J. Evans (Eds.), Biological nitrogen fixation (pp. 736–762). New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, W. C., and Kranz, R. G. (1998). A bacterial ATP-dependent enhancer binding protein that activates the housekeeping RNA polymerase. Genes Development, 12, 1884–1893.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buggy, J. J., Sganga, M. W., and Bauer, C. E. (1994). Characterization of a light-responding trans-activator responsible for differentially controlling reaction center and light-harvesting-I gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 176, 6936–6943.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D. H., Alberti, M., and Hearst, J. E. (1993a). The Rhodobacter capsulatus chlorin reductase-encoding locus, bchA, consists of three genes, bchX, bchY, and bchZ. J. Bacteriol., 175, 2407–2413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D. H., Hearst, J. E., and Sidow, A. (1993b). Early evolution of photosynthesis: Clues from nitrogenase and chlorophyll iron proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7134–7138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W., Missailidis, S., Austin, S., Moore, M., Drake, A., and Buck, M. (1996). Purification and activities of the Rhodobacter capsulatus RpoN (σN) protein. Mol. Microbiol., 21, 233–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colnaghi, R., Rudnick, P., He, L., Green, A., Yan, D., Larson, E., and Kennedy, C. (2001). Lethality of glnD null mutations in Azotobacter vinelandii is suppressible by prevention of glutamine synthetase adenylylation. Microbiol., 147, 1267–1276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coutts, G., Thomas, G., Blakey, D., and Merrick, M. (2002). Membrane sequestration of the signal transduction protein GlnK by the ammonium transporter AmtB. EMBO J., 21, 536–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, N. L., and Nash, H. A. (1984). E. coli integration host factor binds to specific sites in DNA. Cell, 39, 707–716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, P. J., Bowman, W. C., Foster-Hartnett, D., Reilly, S. C., and Kranz, R. G. (1998). Translational activation by an NtrC enhancer-binding protein. J. Mol. Biol., 278, 903–914.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, P. J., Bowman, W. C., and Kranz, R. G. (1996). In vitro reconstitution and characterization of the Rhodobacter capsulatus NtrB and NtrC two-component system. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 6530–6536.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, P. J., Foster-Hartnett, D., Gabbert, K. K., and Kranz, R. G. (1994). Structure and expression of the alternative sigma factor, RpoN, in Rhodobacter capsulatus; Physiological relevance of an autoactivated nifU2-rpoN superoperon. Mol. Microbiol., 11, 51–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, P. J., Kaufman, C. K., Bowman, W. C., and Kranz, R. G. (1997). Characterization of the Rhodobacter capsulatus housekeeping RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 27266–27273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R., Lehman, L., Petrovich, R., Shah, V. K., Roberts, G. P., and Ludden, P. W. (1996). Purification and characterization of the alternative nitrogenase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol., 178, 1445–1450.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R. (1998). The oxygen-responsive NIFL-NIFA complex: A novel two-component regulatory system controlling nitrogenase synthesis in γ-proteobacteria. Arch. Microbiol., 169, 371–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drepper, T., Groß, S., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (2000). Ammonium and molybdenum regulation of the molybdenum nitrogenase and the alternative nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. In F. O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, G. Yates and W. E. Newton (Eds.), Nitrogen fixation: From molecules to crop productivity (p. 129). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drepper, T., Groß, S., Yakunin, A. F., Hallenbeck, P. C., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (2003). Role of GlnB and GlnK in ammonium control of both nitrogenase systems in the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Microbiol., 149, 2203–2212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, M., Walmsley, J., and Kennedy, C. (1996). Expression from the nifB promoter of Azotobacter vinelandii can be activated by NifA, VnfA, or AnfA transcriptional activators. J. Bacteriol., 178, 788–792.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duport, C., Jouanneau, Y., and Vignais, P. M. (1990). Nucleotide sequence of fdxA encoding a 7Fe ferredoxin of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 4618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duport, C., Jouanneau, Y., and Vignais, P. M. (1992). Transcriptional analysis and promoter mapping of the fdxA gene which encodes the 7Fe ferredoxin (FdII) of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Gen. Genet., 231, 323–328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsen, S., Dischert, W., Colbeau, A., and Bauer, C. E. (2000). Expression of uptake hydrogenase and molybdenum nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus is coregulated by the RegB-RegA two-component regulatory system. J. Bacteriol., 182, 2831–2837.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmerich, R., Hennecke, H., and Fischer, H.-M. (2000). Evidence for a functional similarity between the two-component regulatory systems RegSR, ActSR, and RegBA (PrrBA) in α-proteobacteria. Arch. Microbiol., 174, 307–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fani, R., Gallo, R., and Lio, P. (2000). Molecular evolution of nitrogen fixation: The evolutionary history of the nifD, nifK, nifE, and nifN genes. J. Mol. Evol., 51, 1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, H.-M. (1994). Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobia. Microbiol. Rev., 58, 352–386.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonstein, M., Koshy, E. G., Nikolskaya, T., Mourachov, P., and Haselkorn, R. (1995). Refinement of the high-resolution physical and genetic map of Rhodobacter capsulatus and genome surveys using blots of the cosmid encyclopedia. EMBO J., 14, 1827–1841.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonstein, M., Nikolskaya, T., Kogan, Y., and Haselkorn, R. (1998). Genome encyclopedias and their use for comparative analysis of Rhodobacter capsulatus strains. Electrophoresis, 19, 469–477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonstein, M., Zheng, S., and Haselkorn, R. (1992). Physical map of the genome of Rhodobacter capsulatus SB 1003. J. Bacteriol., 174, 4070–4077.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Förster, B., Maner, K., Fassbinder, F., and Oelze, J. (1999). Reversible inactivation of nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus strain W107I deleted in the draTG gene region. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 170, 167–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Hartnett, D., Cullen, P. J., Gabbert, K. K., and Kranz, R. G. (1993). Sequence, genetic, and lacZ fusion analyses of a nifR3-ntrB-ntrC operon in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Microbiol., 8, 903–914.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Hartnett, D., Cullen, P. J., Monika, E. M., and Kranz, R. G. (1994). A new type of NtrC transcriptional activator. J. Bacteriol., 176, 6175–6187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Hartnett, D., and Kranz, R. G. (1992). Analysis of the promoters and upstream sequences of nifA1 and nifA2 in Rhodobacter capsulatus; activation requires ntrC but not rpoN. Mol. Microbiol., 6, 1049–1060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Hartnett, D., and Kranz, R. G. (1994). The Rhodobacter capsulatus glnB gene is regulated by NtrC at tandem rpoN-independent promoters. J. Bacteriol., 176, 5171–5176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gennaro, G., Hübner, P., Sandmeier, U., Yakunin, A. F., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (1996). Cloning, characterization, and regulation of nifF from Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 178, 3949–3952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gollan, U., Schneider, K., Müller, A., Schüddekopf, K., and Klipp, W. (1993). Detection of the in vivo incorporation of a metal cluster into a protein. The FeMo cofactor is inserted into the FeFe protein of the alternative nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur. J. Biochem., 215, 25–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosink, M. M., Franklin, N. M., and Roberts, G. P. (1990). The product of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifX gene is a negative regulator of the nitrogen fixation (nif) regulon. J. Bacteriol., 172, 1441–1447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grabau, C., Schatt, E., Jouanneau, Y., and Vignais, P. M. (1991). A new [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 3294–3299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, J., and Klug, G. (1999). Regulation of bacterial photosynthesis genes by oxygen and light. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 179, 1–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunden, A. M., Ray, R. M., Rosentel, J. K., Healy, F. G., and Shanmugam, K. T. (1996). Repression of the Escherichia coli modABCD (molybdate transport) operon by ModE. J. Bacteriol., 178, 735–744.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, S. M., and Merritt, B. (1986). Purification and characterization of a molybdenum-pterin-binding protein (Mop) in Clostridium pasteurianum W5. J. Bacteriol., 168, 688–693.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, S. M., Slaughter, C., Eisner, W., and Fisher, T. (1987). The molybdenum-pterin binding protein is encoded by a multigene family in Clostridium pasteurianum. Gene, 54, 211–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, T. R. (2000). Control of nitrogen fixation genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae. In E. W. Triplett (Ed.), Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation. (pp. 131–147). Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover, T. R., Santero, E., Porter, S., and Kustu, S. (1990). The integration host factor stimulates interaction of RNA polymerase with NIFA, the transcriptional activator for nitrogen fixation operons. Cell, 63, 11–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hübner, P., Masepohl, B., Klipp, W., and Bickle, T. A. (1993). nif gene expression studies in Rhodobacter capsulatus: ntrC-independent repression by high ammonium concentrations. Mol. Microbiol., 10, 123–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hübner, P., Willison, J. C., Vignais, P. M., and Bickle, T. A. (1991). Expression of regulatory nif genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 173, 2993–2999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imhoff, J. F., Trüper, H. G., and Pfennig, N. (1984). Rearrangement of the species and genera of the phototrophic “purple nonsulfur bacteria”. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 34, 340–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack, R., de Zamaroczy, M., and Merrick, M. (1999). The signal transduction protein GlnK is required for NifL-dependent nitrogen control of nif gene expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol., 181, 1156–1162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M. R., Brigle, K. E., Bennett, L. T., Setterquist, R. A., Wilson, M. S., Cash, V. L., et al. (1989). Physical and genetic map of the major nif gene cluster from Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Bacteriol., 171, 1017–1027.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakoby, M., Krämer, R., and Burkovski, A. (1999). Nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum: isolation of genes involved and biochemical characterization of corresponding proteins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 173, 303–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, H.-S., and Jouanneau, Y. (2000). Enhanced nitrogenase activity in strains of Rhodobacter capsulatus that overexpress the rnf genes. J. Bacteriol., 182, 1208–1214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, B., Money, T., and Austin, S. (2002). In vitro activity of the transcriptional activator AnfA from Azotobacter vinelandii. In T. M. Finan, M. R. O’Brien, D. B. Layzell, J. K. Vessey and W. E. Newton (Eds.), Nitrogen fixation: Global perspectives (p. 398). Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, P., Peliska, J. A., and Ninfa, A. J. (1998). The regulation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase revisited: role of 2-ketoglutarate in the regulation of glutamine synthetase adenylylation state. Biochem., 37, 12802–12810.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, M., and Nordlund, S. (1996). Transcription of the glnB and glnA genes in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Microbiol., 142, 1265–1272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, M., and Nordlund, S. (1997). Uridylylation of the PII protein in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol., 179, 4190–4194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, M., and Nordlund, S. (1999). Purification of PII and PII-UMP and in vitro studies of regulation of glutamine synthetase in Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol., 181, 6524–6529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R., and Haselkorn, R. (1989). The DNA sequence of the Rhodobacter capsulatus ntrA, ntrB and ntrC gene analogues required for nitrogen fixation. Mol. Gen. Genet., 215, 507–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, H. M., and Tabita, F. R. (1996). A global two component signal transduction system that integrates the control of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide assimilation, and nitrogen fixation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 14515–14520.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Duport, C., Meyer, C., and Gaillard, J. (1992). Expression in Escherichia coli and characterization of a recombinant 7Fe ferredoxin of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochem. J., 286, 269–273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Jeong, H.-S., Hugo, N., Meyer, C., and Willison, J. C. (1998). Overexpression in Escherichia coli of the rnf genes from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Characterization of two membrane-bound iron-sulfur proteins. Eur. J. Biochem., 251, 54–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Meyer, C., Asso, M., Guigliarelli, B., and Willison, J. C. (2000). Characterization of a nif-regulated flavoprotein (FprA) from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Redox properties and molecular interaction with a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin. Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 780–787.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Meyer, C., Gaillard, J., Forest, E., and Gagnon, J. (1993). Purification and characterization of a novel dimeric ferredoxin (FdIII) from Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 10636–10644.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Meyer, C., Gaillard, J., and Vignais, P. M. (1990). Purification and characterization of a 7Fe-ferredoxin from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 171, 273–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, Y., Roby, C., Meyer, C. M., and Vignais, P. M. (1989). ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochem., 28, 6524–6530.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, M., Kamp, P.-B., Paschen, A., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (1998). Evidence for a regulatory link of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus via HvrA. J. Bacteriol., 180, 1965–1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keuntje, B., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (1995). Expression of the putA gene encoding proline dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus is independent of NtrC regulation but requires an Lrp-like activator protein. J. Bacteriol., 177, 6432–6439.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirndörfer, M., Jäger, A., and Klug, G. (1998). Integration host factor affects the oxygen-regulated expression of photosynthesis genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Gen. Genet., 258, 297–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klipp, W., Drepper, T., Groß, S., Masepohl, B., Raabe, K., Riedel, K.-U., et al. (2000). Genetics of nitrogen fixation in Rhodobacter capsulatus: Ammonium and molybdenum control of both nitrogenase systems. In F. O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, G. Yates and W. E. Newton (Eds.), Nitrogen fixation: From molecules to crop productivity (pp. 141–142). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klipp, W., Masepohl, B., and Pühler, A. (1988). Identification and mapping of nitrogen fixation genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus: Duplication of a nifA-nifB region. J. Bacteriol., 170, 693–699.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krahn, E., Weiss, R., Krockel, M., Groppe, J., Henkel, G., Cramer, P., et al. (2002). The Fe-only nitrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: Identification of the cofactor, an unusual, high-nuclearity iron-sulfur cluster, by Fe K-edge EXAFS and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 7, 37–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, R. G., and Foster-Hartnett, D. (1990). Transcriptional regulatory cascade of nitrogen-fixation genes in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: Oxygen-and nitrogen-responsive factors. Mol. Microbiol., 4, 1793–1800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, R. G., and Haselkorn, R. (1985). Characterization of nif regulatory genes in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata using lac gene fusions. Gene, 40, 203–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, R. G., Pace, V. M., and Caldicott, I. M. (1990). Inactivation, sequence, and lacZ fusion analysis of a regulatory locus required for repression of nitrogen fixation genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 172, 53–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai, H., Fujiwara, T., Matsubara, H., and Saeki, K. (1997). Membrane localization, topology, and mutual stabilization of the rnfABC gene products in Rhodobacter capsulatus and implications for a new family of energy-coupling NADH oxidoreductases. Biochem., 36, 5509–5521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsche, M., Leimkühler, S., Angermüller, S., and Klipp, W. (1996). Promoters controlling expression of the alternative nitrogenase and the molybdenum uptake system in Rhodobacter capsulatus are activated by NtrC, independent of σ54, and repressed by molybdenum. J. Bacteriol., 178, 2010–2017.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, L. J., and Roberts, G. P. (1991). Identification of an alternative nitrogenase system in Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol., 173, 5705–5711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, J., Madden, M., Shah, V. K., and Burris, R. H. (1990). Citrate substitutes for homocitrate in nitrogenase of a nifV mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem., 29, 8577–8581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R., Reyes-Ramirez, F., Zhang, Y., van Heeswijk, W. C., and Dixon, R. (2000). Signal transduction to the Azotobacter vinelandii NIFL-NIFA regulatory system is influenced directly by interaction with 2-oxoglutarate and the PII regulatory protein. EMBO J., 19, 6041–6050.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, M. T. (1995). Microbiology of nitrogen fixation by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. In R. E. Blankenship, M. T. Madigan and C. E. Bauer (Eds.), Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (pp. 915–928). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, M., Cox, S. S., and Stegeman, R. A. (1984). Nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activities in members of the family Rhodospirillaceae. J. Bacteriol., 157, 73–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maner, K., and Oelze, J. (1999). Control by light of whole-cell nitrogenase activity and of nitrogenase and bacteriochlorophyll a formation in Rhodobacter capsulatus strain B10S. Arch. Microbiol., 171, 243–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrs, B. (1974). Genetic recombination in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 971–973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. E., and Reinhold-Hurek, B. (2002). Distinct roles of PII-like signal transmitter proteins and amtB in regulation of nif gene expression, nitrogenase activity, and posttranslational modification of NifH in Azoarcus sp. strain BH72. J. Bacteriol., 184, 2251–2259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., Angermüller, S., Hennecke, S., Hübner, P., Moreno-Vivian, C., and Klipp, W. (1993a). Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the Rhodobacter capsulatus ORF6-nifU I -SVW gene region: Possible role of NifW in homocitrate processing. Mol. Gen. Genet., 238, 369–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., Drepper, T., Paschen, A., Groß, S., Pawlowski, A., Raabe, K., et al. (2002). Regulation of nitrogen fixation in the phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 4, 243–248.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., Kaiser, B., Isakovic, N., Richard, C. L., Kranz, R. G., and Klipp, W. (2001). Urea utilization in the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus is regulated by the transcriptional activator NtrC. J. Bacteriol., 183, 637–643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (1996). Organization and regulation of genes encoding the molybdenum nitrogenase and the alternative nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Arch. Microbiol., 165, 80–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., Klipp, W., and Pühler, A. (1988). Genetic characterization and sequence analysis of the duplicated nifA/nifB gene region of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Gen. Genet., 212, 27–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masepohl, B., Krey, R., and Klipp, W. (1993b). The draTG gene region of Rhodobacter capsulatus is required for post-translational regulation of both the molybdenum and the alternative nitrogenase. J. Gen. Microbiol., 139, 2667–2675.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, W. G., and Tabita, F. R. (1992). Isolation and characterization of the nifUSVW-rpoN gene cluster from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol., 174, 3855–3866.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michel-Reydellet, N., and Kaminski, P. A. (1999). Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK proteins control nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation. J. Bacteriol., 181, 2655–2658.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, R. A., Souza, E. M., Yates, M. G., Pedrosa, F. O., and Chubatsu, L. S. (1999). In-trans regulation of the N-truncated-NIFA protein of Herbaspirillum seropedicae by the N-terminal domain. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 180, 157–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Vivian, C., Hennecke, S., Pühler, A., and Klipp, W. (1989a). Open reading frame 5 (ORF5), encoding a ferredoxinlike protein, and nifQ are cotranscribed with nifE, nifN, nifX, and ORF4 in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 171, 2591–2598.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Vivian, C., Schmehl, M., Masepohl, B., Arnold, W., and Klipp, W. (1989b). DNA sequence and genetic analysis of the Rhodobacter capsulatus nifENX gene region: Homology between NifX and NifB suggests involvement of NifX in processing of the iron-molybdenum cofactor. Mol. Gen. Genet., 216, 353–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Vivian, C., Soler, G., and Castillo, F. (1992). Arginine catabolism in the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1. Purification and properties of arginase. Eur. J. Biochem., 204, 531–537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morett, E., and Buck, M. (1988). NifA-dependent in vivo protection demonstrates that the upstream activator sequence of nif promoters is a protein binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 9401–9405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morett, E., and Buck, M. (1989). In vivo studies on the interaction of RNA polymerase-σ54 with the Klebsiella pneumoniae and Rhizobium meliloti nifH promoters. The role of NifA in the formation of an open promoter complex. J. Mol. Biol., 210, 65–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mylona, P. V., Premakumar, R., Pau, R. N., and Bishop, P. E. (1996). Characteristics of orf1 and orf2 in the anfHDGK genomic region encoding nitrogenase 3 of Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Bacteriol., 178, 204–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naud, I., Vincon, M., Garin, J., Gaillard, J., Forest, E., and Jouanneau, Y. (1994). Purification of a sixth ferredoxin from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Primary structure and biochemical properties. Eur. J. Biochem., 222, 933–939.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninfa, A. J., and Atkinson, M. R. (2000). PII signal transduction proteins. Trends in Microbiology, 8, 172–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overbeek, R., Larsen, N., Pusch, G. D., D’Souza, M., Selkov, E. Jr., Kyrpides, N., Fonstein, M., Maltsev, N., and Selkov, E. (2000). WIT: integrated system for high-throughput genome sequence analysis and metabolic reconstruction. Nucl. Acids Res., 28, 123–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paschen, A., Drepper, T., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (2001). Rhodobacter capsulatus nifA mutants mediating nif gene expression in the presence of ammonium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 200, 207–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, C., Chen, W., Heck, C., and Klug, G. (1996). Cloning, nucleotide sequence and characterization of the rpoD gene encoding the primary sigma factor of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Gene, 176, 177–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pau, R. N., Klipp, W., and Leimkühler, S. (1997). Molybdenum transport, processing and gene regulation. In G. Winkelmann and C. J. Carrano (Eds.), Transition metals in microbial metabolism (pp. 217–234). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierrard, J., Ludden, P. W., and Roberts, G. P. (1993). Posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus: Existence of two independent regulatory effects of ammonium. J. Bacteriol., 175, 1358–1366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittard, A. J., and Davidson, B. E. (1991). TyrR protein of Escherichia coli and its role as repressor and activator. Mol. Microbiol., 5, 1585–1592.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preker, P., Hübner, P., Schmehl, M., Klipp, W., and Bickle, T. A. (1992). Mapping and characterization of the promoter elements of the regulatory nif genes rpoN, nifA1 and nifA2 in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Microbiol., 6, 1035–1047.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Y., and Tabita, F. R. (1996). A global signal transduction system regulates aerobic and anaerobic CO2 fixation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol., 178, 12–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Y., and Tabita, F. R. (1998). Expression of glnB and a glnB-like gene (glnK) in a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol., 180, 4644–4649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raabe, K., Drepper, T., Riedel, K.-U., Masepohl, B., and Klipp, W. (2002). The H-NS-like protein HvrA modulates expression of nitrogen fixation genes in the phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus by binding to selected nif promoters. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 216, 151–158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rangaraj, P., Rüttimann-Johnson, C., Shah, V. K., and Ludden, P. W. (2000). Biosynthesis of the ironmolybdenum and iron-vanadium cofactors of the nif-and vnf-encoded nitrogenases. In E. W. Triplett (Ed.), Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation (pp. 55–79). Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rangaraj, P., Rüttimann-Johnson, C., Shah, V. K., and Ludden, P. W. (2001). Accumulation of 55Felabeled precursors of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase on NifH and NifX of Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 15968–15974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, P. R., Meunier, B., and Ward, F. B. (1995). Predicted structure and possible ionmotive mechanism of the sodium-linked NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of Vibrio alginolyticus. FEBS Lett., 375, 5–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick, P. A., Arcondeguy, T., Kennedy, C. K., and Kahn, D. (2001). glnD and mviN are genes of an essential operon in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol., 183, 2682–2685.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saeki, K., and Kumagai, H. (1998). The rnf gene products in Rhodobacter capsulatus play an essential role in nitrogen fixation during anaerobic DMSO-dependent growth in the dark. Arch. Microbiol., 169, 464–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saeki, K., Miyatake, Y., Young, D. A., Marrs, B. L., and Matsubara, H. (1990). A plant-ferredoxin-like gene is located upstream of ferredoxin I gene (fdxN) of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 1060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saeki, K., Suetsugu, Y., Tokuda, K.-i., Miyatake, Y., Young, D. A., Marrs, B. L., and Matsubara, H. (1991). Genetic analysis of functional differences among distinct ferredoxing in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 12889–12895.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saeki, K., Tokuda, K.-i., Fujiwara, T., and Matsubara, H. (1993). Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the region essential for functional expression of the gene for ferredoxin I, fdxN, in Rhodobacter capsulatus: Sharing of one upstream activator sequence in opposite directions by two operons related to nitrogen fixation. Plant Cell Physiol., 34, 185–199.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saez, L. P., Garcia, P., Martinez-Luque, M., Klipp, W., Blasco, R., and Castillo, F. (2001). Role for draTG and rnf genes in reduction of 2,4-dinitrophenol by Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 183, 1780–1783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santero, E., Hoover, T. R., North, A. K., Berger, D. K., Porter, S. C., and Kustu, S. (1992). Role of integration host factor in stimulating transcription from the σ54-dependent nifH promoter. J. Mol. Biol., 227, 602–620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmehl, M., Jahn, A., Meyer zu Vilsendorf, A., Hennecke, S., Masepohl, B., Schuppler, M., et al. (1993). Identification of a new class of nitrogen fixation genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus:A putative membrane complex involved in electron transport to nitrogenase. Mol. Gen. Genet., 241, 602–615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K., Gollan, U., Dröttboom, M., Selsemeier-Voigt, S., and Müller, A. (1997). Comparative biochemical characterization of the iron-only nitrogenase and the molybdenum nitrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur. J. Biochem., 244, 789–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K., Müller, A., Johannes, K.-U., Diemann, E., and Kottmann, J. (1991a). Selective removal of molybdenum traces from growth media of N2-fixing bacteria. Analyt. Biochem., 193, 292–298.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K., Müller, A., Schramm, U., and Klipp, W. (1991b). Demonstration of a molybdenum-and vanadium-independent nitrogenase in a nifHDK-deletion mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur. J. Biochem., 195, 653–661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schüddekopf, K., Hennecke, S., Liese, U., Kutsche, M., and Klipp, W. (1993). Characterization of anf genes specific for the alternative nitrogenase and identification of nif genes required for both nitrogenases in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol. Microbiol., 8, 673–684.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schüttelkopf, A. W., Harrison, J. A., Boxer, D. H., and Hunter, W. N. (2002). Passive acquisition of ligand by the MopII molbindin from Clostridium pasteurianum; Structures of apo and oxyanionbound forms. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 15013–15020.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Self, W. T., Grunden, A. M., Hasona, A., Shanmugam, K. T. (2001). Molybdate transport. Res. Microbiol., 152, 311–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sganga, M. W., and Bauer, C. E. (1992). Regulatory factors controlling photosynthetic reaction center and light-harvesting gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Cell, 68, 945–954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, V. K., Rangaraj, P., Chatterjee, R., Allen, R. M., Roll, J. T., Roberts, G. P., and Ludden, P. W. (1999). Requirement of NifX and other nif proteins for in vitro biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. J. Bacteriol., 181, 2797–2801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siemann, S., Schneider, K., Behrens, K., Knöchel, A., Klipp, W., and Müller, A. (2001). FeMo cofactor biosynthesis in a nifE− mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur. J. Biochem., 268, 1940–1952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, P. S., Shaw, A. L., Young, M. D., Leimkühler, S., Hanson, G. R., Klipp, W., and McEwan, A. G. (2000). Molybdate-dependent expression of dimethylsulfoxide reductase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 190, 203–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souza, E. M., Pedrosa, F. O., Drummond, M., Rigo, L. U., and Yates, M. G. (1999). Control of Herbaspirillum seropedicae NifA activity by ammonium ions and oxygen. J. Bacteriol., 181, 681–684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suetsugu, Y., Saeki, K., and Matsubara, H. (1991). Transcriptional analysis of two Rhodobacter capsulatus ferredoxins by translational fusion to Escherichia coli lacZ. FEBS Lett., 292, 13–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G., Coutts, G., and Merrick, M. (2000). The glnKamtB operon. A conserved gene pair in prokaryotes. Trends Genet., 16, 11–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, B., Bosc, C., Richaud, P., Colbeau, A., and Vignais, P. M. (1991). A mutation in a Rhodobacter capsulatus gene encoding an integration host factor-like protein impairs in vivo hydrogenase expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 10749–10753.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, B., Delic-Attree, I., De Sury dďAspremont, R., David, L., Vincon, M., and Vignais, P. M. (1993). Purification of the integration host factor homolog of Rhodobacter capsulatus: Cloning and sequencing of the hip gene, which encodes the b subunit. J. Bacteriol., 175, 6499–6504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, J. D., and Braddock, K. (1984). Mapping of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata nif genes. J. Bacteriol., 158, 404–410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, J. D., Love, J., and Quinn, S. P. (1984). Spontaneous Nif-mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. J. Bacteriol., 159, 652–657.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., Angermüller, S., and Klipp, W. (1993). Characterization of Rhodobacter capsulatus genes encoding a molybdenum transport system and putative molybdenum-pterin-binding proteins. J. Bacteriol., 175, 3031–3042.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wassem, R., Maltempi de Souza, E., Yates, M. G., de Oliveira Pedrosa, F., and Buck, M. (2000). Two roles for integration host factor at an enhancer-dependent nifA promoter. Mol. Microbiol., 35, 756–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, P. F., Wall, J. D., and Gest, H. (1975). Characterization of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Arch. Microbiol., 105, 207–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. C., and Taguchi, A. K. W. (1995). Genetic manipulation of purple photosynthetic bacteria. In R. E. Blankenship, M. T. Madigan and C. E. Bauer (Eds.), Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (pp. 1029–1065). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willison, J. C., Pierrard, J., and Hübner, P. (1993). Sequence and transcript analysis of the nitrogenase structural gene operon (nifHDK) of Rhodobacter capsulatus: Evidence for intramolecular processing of nifHDK mRNA. Gene, 133, 39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfinger, E. D., and Bishop, P. E. (1991). Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the vnfENX region of Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Bacteriol., 173, 7565–7572.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., and Hoover, T. R. (2001). Transcriptional regulation at a distance in bacteria. Curr. Opinion Microbiol., 4, 138–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., Fedorov, A. S., Laurinavichene, T. V., Glaser, V. M., Egorov, N. S., Tsygankov, A. A., et al. (2001). Regulation of nitrogenase in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides containing draTG and nifHDK genes from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Can. J. Microbiol., 47, 206–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., Gennaro, G., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (1993). Purification and properties of a nif-specific flavodoxin from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol., 175, 6775–6780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (1998a). Purification and characterization of pyruvate oxidoreductase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1409, 39–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (1998b). Short-term regulation of nitrogenase activity by NH4+ in Rhodobacter capsulatus: multiple in vivo nitrogenase responses to NH4+ addition. J. Bacteriol., 180, 6392–6395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (2000a). Regulation of nitrogenase activity in Rhodobacter capsulatus under dark microoxic conditions. Arch. Microbiol., 173, 366–372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (2000b). AmtB is necessary for NH4+ induced nitrogenase switch-off and ADP-ribosylation in Rhodobacter capsulatus. In F. O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, G. Yates and W. E. Newton (Eds.), Nitrogen fixation: From molecules to crop productivity (pp. 95–96). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakunin, A. F., Laurinavichene, T. V., Tsygankov, A. A., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (1999). The presence of ADP-ribosylated Fe protein of nitrogenase in Rhodobacter capsulatus is correlated with cellular nitrogen status. J. Bacteriol., 181, 1994–2000.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuvaniyama, P., Agar, J. N., Cash, V. L., Johnson, M. K., and Dean, D. R. (2000). NifS-directed assembly of a transient [2Fe-2S] cluster within the NifU protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 599–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Pohlmann, E. L., Ludden, P. W., and Roberts, G. P. (2000). Mutagenesis and functional characterization of the glnB, glnA, and knifA genes from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol., 182, 983–992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Pohlmann, E. L., Ludden, P. W., and Roberts, G. P. (2001). Functional characterization of three GlnB homologs in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum: Roles in sensing ammonium and energy status. J. Bacteriol., 183, 6159–6168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinchenko, V., Babykin, M., Glaser, V., Mekhedov, S., and Shestakov, S. (1997). Mutation in ntrC gene leading to the derepression of nitrogenase synthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. FEMS Microbiol., Lett. 147, 57–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany

    B. Masepohl, T. Drepper & W. Klipp

Authors
  1. B. Masepohl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Drepper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Klipp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen Fakultät für Biologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany

    Werner Klipp  & Bernd Masepohl  & 

  2. Biochemistry Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, UK

    John R. Gallon

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, USA

    William E. Newton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Masepohl, B., Drepper, T., Klipp, W. (2004). Nitrogen Fixation in the Photosynthetic Purple Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. In: Klipp, W., Masepohl, B., Gallon, J.R., Newton, W.E. (eds) Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria. Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2179-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation