Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatitis Delta Antigen

Biochemical Properties and Functional Roles in HDV Replication

  • Chapter
Hepatitis Delta Virus

Part of the book series: Medical Intelligence Unit ((MIUN))

Abstract

Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was first detected in the nucleus of the hepatocytes of some patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).68 The presence of HDAg was frequently associated with severe hepatitis. This antigen was initially thought to be a previously unrecognized HBV-encoded antigen, but later was found to be associated with a novel virus, hepatitis delta virus (HDV).69 HDAg is an internal component of the HDV virion particles, and, together with the viral RNA genome, forms viral nucleocapsid.2 There are ap-proximately 70 HDAg molecules per RNA molecule in each virion particle,72 but the precise structure of the nucleocapsid has not been determined. HDAg in virus preparations from most of the patients usually consists of two distinct forms of different size (27 and 24 kDa, termed the large and the small HDAg, L- and S-HDAg, respectively). The nucleocapsid is released from the virus particle after the latter is treated with nonionic detergents.72 Besides this struc-tural role, HDAg also plays a very critical role in the HDV life cycle by participating in various steps of viral replication, including viral RNA synthesis (by S-HDAg), virus assembly (by L-HDAg) and others. HDAg is the only known functional protein encoded by HDV RNA. It is encoded by the antigenomic-sense strand of HDV RNA, but is translated from a 0.8-kb mRNA, which is transcribed from the viral genomic RNA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Beard MR, Macnaughton TB, Gowans EJ. Identification and characterization of a hepatitis delta virus RNA transcriptional promoter. J Virol 1996; 70:4986–4995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bonino F, Hoyer B, Shih J et al. Delta hepatitis agent: Structural and antigenic properties of the delta-associated particles. Infect Immunity 1984; 43:1000–1005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bordier BB, Marion PL, Ohashi K et al. A prenylation inhibitor prevents production of infectious hepatitis delta virus particles. J Virol 2002; 76:10465–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brazas R, Ganem D. A cellular homolog of hepatitis delta antigen: Implications for viral replication and evolution. Science 1996; 274:90–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Casey JL, Brown TL, Colan EJ et al. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:9016–9020.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Casey JL, Gerin JL. Genotype-specific complementation of hepatitis delta virus RNA replication by hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 1998; 72:2806–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chang F-L, Chen P-J, Tu S-J et al. The large form of hepatitis Δ antigen is crucial for assembly of hepatitis Δ virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:8490–8494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chang J, Morabda G, Taylor J. Limitations to replication of hepatitis delta virus in avian cells. J Virol 2000; 74:8861–8866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chang M-F, Baker SC, Soe LH et al. Human hepatitis delta antigen is a nuclear phosphoprotein with RNA-binding activity. J Virol 1988; 62:2403–2410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang MF, Chen CH, Lin SL et al. Functional domains of delta antigens and viral RNA required for RNA packaging of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1995; 69:2508–2514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chang M-F, Chen C-J, Chang S-C. Mutational analysis of delta antigen: Effect on assembly and replication of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1994; 68:646–653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chao M, Hsieh S-Y, Taylor J. The antigen of hepatitis delta virus: Examination of in vitro RNA binding specificity. J Virol 1991; 65:4057–4062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chao M, Hsieh S-Y, Taylor J. Role of two forms of hepatitis delta virus antigen: Evidence for a mechanism of self-limiting genome replication. J Virol 1990; 64:5066–5069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen CW, Tsay YG, Wu HL et al. The double-stranded RNA-activated kinase, PKR, can phosphorylate hepatitis D virus small delta antigen at functional serine and threonine residues. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33058–33067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen P-J, Chang F-L, Wang C-J et al. Functional studies of hepatitis delta virus large antigen in packaging and replication inhibition: Role of the amino-terminal leucine zipper. J Virol 1992; 66:2853–2859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen P-J, Kalpana G, Goldberg J et al. Structure and replication of the genome of hepatitis delta virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:8774–8778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheng Q, Jayan GC, Casey JL. Differential inhibition of RNA editing in hepatitis delta virus genotype III by the short and long forms of hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 2003; 77:7786–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Choi S-S, Rasshofer R, Roggendorf M. Propagation of woodchuck hepatitis delta virus in primary woodchuck hepatocytes. Virology 1988; 167:451–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chou H-C, Hsieh T-Y, Sheu G-T et al. Hepatitis delta antigen mediates the nuclear import of hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1998; 72:3684–3690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cole SM, Gowans EJ, Macnaughton TB et al. Direct evidence for cytotoxicity associated with expression of hepatitis delta virus antigen. Hepatology 1991; 13:845–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. De Bruin W, Leenders W, Kos T et al. In vitro binding properties of the hepatitis delta antigens to the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins: Potential significance for the formation of delta particles. Virus Res 1994; 31:27–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Filipovska J, Konarska MM. Specific HDV RNA-templated transcription by Pol II in vitro. RNA 2000; 6:41–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fu T-B, Taylor J. The RNAs of hepatitis delta virus are copied by RNA polymerase II in nuclear homogenates. J Virol 1993; 67:6965–6972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Glenn JS, Watson JA, Havel CM et al. Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science 1992; 256:1331–1333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Goto T, Kato N, Ono-Nita SK et al. Large isoform of hepatitis delta antigen activates serum response factor-associated transcription. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37311–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Guilhot S, Huang S-N, Xia Y-P et al. Expression of the hepatitis delta virus large and small antigens in transgenic mice. J Virol 1994; 68:1052–1058.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hsieh S-Y, Chao M, Coates L et al. Hepatitis delta virus genome replication: A polyadenylated mRNA for delta antigen. J Virol 1990; 64:3192–3198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hsieh S-Y, Yang P-Y, Ou JT et al. Polyadenylation of the mRNA of hepatitis delta virus is dependent upon the structure of the nascent RNA and regulated by the small or large delta antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:391–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Huang WH, Yung BY, Syu WJ et al. The nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 interacts with hepatitis delta antigens and modulates the hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25166–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Huang YH, Wu JC, Hsu SC et al. Varied immunity generated in mice by DNA vaccines with large and small hepatitis delta antigens. J Virol 2003; 77:12980–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Huang ZS, Wu HN. Identification and characterization of the RNA chaperone activity of hepatitis delta antigen peptides. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:26455–26461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hwang SB, Lai MMC. Isoprenylation masks a conformational epitope and enhances trans-dominant function of the large hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 1994; 68:2958–2964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hwang SB, Lai MMC. Isoprenylation mediates direct protein-protein interactions between hepatitis large delta antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Virol 1993; 67:7659–7662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hwang SB, Lee CZ, Lai MMC. Hepatitis delta antigen expressed by recombinant baculoviruses: Comparison of biochemical properties and post-translational modifications between the large and small forms. Virology 1992; 190:413–422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hwang SB, Lai MMC. A unique conformation at the carboxyl terminus of the small hepatitis delta antigen revealed by a specific monoclonal antibody. Virology 1993; 193:924–931.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jayan GC, Casey JL. Inhibition of hepatitis delta virus RNA editing by short inhibitory RNA-mediated knockdown of ADAR1 but not ADAR2 expression. J Virol 2002; 76:12399–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jeng KS, Su PY, Lai MMC. Hepatitis delta antigens enhance the ribozyme activities of hepatitis delta virus RNA in vivo. J Virol 1996; 70:4205–4209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kuo MY-P, Chao M, Taylor J. Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned DNA: Role of Delta Antigen. J Virol 1989; 63:1945–1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lazinski D, Grzadzielska E, Das A. Sequence-specific recognition of RNA hairpins by bacteriophage antiterminators requires a conserved arginine-rich motif. Cell 1989; 59:207–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lazinski DW, Taylor JM. Expression of hepatitis delta virus RNA deletions: Cis and trans requirements for self-cleavage, Ligation and RNA packaging. J Virol 1994; 68:2879–2888.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lazinski DW, Taylor JM. Relating structure to function in the hepatitis delta virus antigen. J Virol 1993; 67:2672–2680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee CH, Chang SC, Chen CJ et al. The nucleolin binding activity of hepatitis delta antigen is associated with nucleolus targeting. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7650–7656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee CH, Chang SC, Wu CH et al. A Novel chromosome region maintenance 1-independent nuclear export signal of the large form of hepatitis delta antigen that is rerquired for the viral assembly. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8142–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee C-Z, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Large hepatitis delta antigen in packaging and replication inhibition: Role of the carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids and aminoterminal sequences. J Virol 1995; 69:5332–5336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lee C-Z, Chen P-J, Lai MMC et al. Isoprenylation of large hepatitis delta antigen is necessary but not sufficient for hepatitis delta virus assembly. Virology 1994; 199:169–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lee C-Z, Lin J-H, Mcknight K et al. RNA-binding activity of hepatitis delta antigen involves two arginine-rich motifs and is required for hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. J Virol 1993; 67:2221–2229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Li YJ, Stallcup MR, Lai MMC. Hepatitis delta virus antigen is methylated at arginine residues, and methylation regulates subcellular localization and RNA replication. J Virol 2004; 78(23):13325–13334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lin J-H, Chang M-F, Baker SC et al. Characterization of hepatitis delta antigen: Specific binding to hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1990; 64:4051–4058.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lo K, Hwang SB, Duncan R et al. Characterization of mRNA for hepatitis delta antigen: Exclusion of the full-length antigenomic RNA as an mRNA. Virology 1998a; 250:94–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lo K, Sheu G-W, Lai MMC. Inhibition of cellular RNA polymerase II transcription by delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus. Virology 1998b; 247:178–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Luo G, Chao M, Hsieh SY et al. A specific base transition occurs on replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1990; 64:1021–1027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Macnaughton TB, Beard MR, Chao M et al. Endogenous promoters can direct the transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA from a recircularized cDNA template. Virology 1993; 196:629–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Macnaughton TB, Gowans EJ, Jilbert AR et al. Hepatitis delta virus RNA, protein synthesis and associated cytotoxicity in a stably transfected cell line. Virology 1990a; 177:692–698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Macnaughton TB, Gowans EJ, Mcnamara SP et al. Hepatitis δ antigen is necessary for access of hepatitis δ virus RNA to the cell transcriptional machinery but is not part of the transcriptional complex. Virology 1991; 184:387–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Macnaughton TB, Gowans EJ, Reinboth B et al. Stable expression of hepatitis delta virus antigen in a eukaryotic cell line. J Gen Virol 1990b; 71:1339–1345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Macnaughton TB, Lai MMC. Genomic but not antigenomic hepatitis delta virus RNA is preferentially exported from the nucleus immediately after synthesis and processing. J Virol 2002a; 76:3928–3935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Macnaughton TB, Lai MMC. Large hepatitis delta antigen is not a suppressor of hepatitis delta virus RNA synthesis once RNA replication is established. J Virol 2002b; 76:9910–9919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Macnaughton TB, Li YI, Doughty AL et al. Hepatitis delta virus RNA encoding the large delta antigen cannot sustain replication due to rapid accumulation of mutations associated with RNA editing. J Virol 2003; 77:12048–12056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Macnaughton TB, Shi ST, Modahl LE et al. Rolling circle replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA is carried out by two different cellular RNA polymerases. J Virol 2002; 76:3920–3927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Modahl LE, Lai MM. The large delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus potently inhibits genomic but not antigenomic RNA synthesis: A mechanism enabling initiation of viral replication. J Virol 2000; 74:7375–7380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Modahl LE, Lai MMC. Transcription of hepatitis delta antigen mRNA continues throughout hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication: A new model of HDV RNA transcription and replication. J Virol 1998; 72:5449–5456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Modahl LE, Macnaughton TB, Zhu N et al. RNA-dependent replication and transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA involve distinct cellular RNA polymerases. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6030–6039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Mu J-J, Chen DS, Chen P-J. The conserved serine 177 in the delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus is one putative phosphorylation site and is required for efficient viral RNA replication. J Virol 2001; 75:9087–9095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mu J-J, Tsay YG, Juan LJ et al. The small delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus is an acetylated protein and acetylation of lysine 72 may influence its cellular localization and viral RNA synthesis. Virology 2004; 319:60–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mu J-J, Wu H-L, Chiang B-L et al. Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. J Virol 1999; 73:10540–10545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Otto JC, Casey PJ. The hepatitis delta virus large antigen is farnesylated both in vitro and in animal cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4569–4572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Poisson F, Roingeard P, Baillou A et al. Characterization of RNA-binding domains of hepatitis delta antigen. J Gen Virol 1993; 74:2473–2477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Polo JM, Jeng KS, Lim B et al. Transgenic mice support replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in multiple tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle. J Virol 1995; 69:4880–4887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Poison AG, Bass BL, Casey JL. RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature (London) 1996; 380:454–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S et al. Immunofluorescence detection of A new antigen-antibody system (Delta/Anti-Delta) associated with hepatitis B virus in liver and serum of HBsAg carrier. Gut 1977; 18:997–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rizzetto M, Hoyer B, Canese MG et al. Delta agent: Association of A antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of Δ-infected chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77:6124–6128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rozzelle JE, Wang JG, Wagner DS et al. Self-association of a synthetic peptide from the N terminus of the hepatitis delta virus protein into an immunoreactive alpha helical multimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:382–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ryu W-S, Bayer M, Taylor J. Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles. J Virol 1992; 66:2310–2315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ryu W-S, Netter H J, Bayer M et al. Ribonucleoprotein complexes of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1993; 67:3281–3287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sheu G-T, Lai MMC. Recombinant hepatitis delta antigen from E. Coli promotes hepatitis delta virus RNA replication only from the genomic strand but the antigenomic strand. Virology 2000; 278:578–586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sureau C, Jacob JR, Eichberg JW et al. Tissue culture system for infection with human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1991; 65:3443–3450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sureau C, Moriarty AM, Thornton GB et al. Production of infectious hepatitis delta virus in vitro and neutralization with antibodies directed against hepatitis B virus preS antigens. J Virol 1992; 66:1241–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tai F-P, Chen P-J, Chang F-L et al. Hepatitis delta virus cDNA can be used in transfection experiments to initiate Viral RNA replication. Virology 1993; 197:137–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Tavanez JP, Cunha C, Silva MCA et al. Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA 2002; 8:637–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Taylor J, Mason W, Summers J et al. Replication of human hepatitis delta virus in primary cultures of woodchuck hepatocytes. J Virol 1987; 61:2891–2895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Taylor JM. Human hepatitis delta virus: An agent with similarities to certain satellite RNAs of plants. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 239:107–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wang CC, Chang TC, Lin CW et al. Nucleic acid binding properties of the nucleic acid chaperone domain of hepatitis delta antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:6481–6492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wang D, Pearlberg J, Liu YT et al. Deleterious effects of hepatitis delta virus replication on host cell proliferation. J Virol 2001; 75:3600–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wang H-W, Chen P-J, Lee C-Z et al. Packaging of hepatitis delta virus RNA via the RNA-binding domain of hepatitis delta antigens: Different roles for the small and large delta antigens. J Virol 1994; 68:6363–6371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wang J-G, Lemon SM. Hepatitis delta virus antigen forms dimers and multimeric complexes in vivo. J Virol 1993; 67:446–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wei Y, Ganem D. Activation of heterologous gene expression by the large isoform of hepatitis delta antigen. J Virol 1998; 72:2089–2096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Weiner AJ, Choo Q-L, Wang K-S et al. A single antigenomic open reading frame of the hepatitis delta virus encodes the epitope(s) of both hepatitis delta antigen polypeptides P24δ and P27δ. J Virol 1988; 62:594–599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wong SK, Lazinski DW. Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:15118–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Xia Y-P, Chang M-F, Wei D et al. Heterogeneity of hepatitis delta antigen. Virology 1990; 178:331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Xia Y-P, Lai MMC. Oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen is required for both the trans-activating and trans-dominant inhibitory activities of the delta antigen. J Virol 1992; 66:6641–6648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Xia Y-P, Yeh C-T, Ou J-H et al. Characterization of nuclear targeting signal of hepatitis delta antigen: Nuclear transport as a protein complex. J Virol 1992; 66:914–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Yamaguchi Y, Delehouzee S, Handa H. HIV and Hepatitis delta virus: Evolution takes different paths to relieve blocks in transcriptional elongation. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1169–1175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Yamaguchi Y, Filipovska J, Yano K et al. Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen. Science 2001; 293:124–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Yeh TS, Lo SJ, Chen PJ et al. Casein kinase II and protein kinase C modulate hepatitis delta virus RNA replication but not empty viral particle assembly. J Virol 1996; 70:6190–6198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Zuccola HJ, Rozzelle JE, Lemon SM et al. Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen. Structure 1998; 6:821–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, 90033, USA

    Michael M. C. Lai

  2. Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115

    Michael M. C. Lai

Authors
  1. Michael M. C. Lai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lai, M.M.C. (2006). Hepatitis Delta Antigen. In: Hepatitis Delta Virus. Medical Intelligence Unit. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-35103-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation