Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to the Taxonomy of Actinobacteria

  • Firmicutes with High GC Content of DNA
  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Prokaryotes

Introduction

During the past 25 years, comparative analysis of sequences of homologous and genetically stable semantides has demonstrated that several classification systems based on morphology and physiology do not reflect the natural relationships among actinomycetes and related organisms. Though today’s taxonomists can better recognize the phylogenetic branching pattern of lineages than previous generations of systematists could, this ability obscures the view that previous classification systems also were established in the belief that they reflected conceptual and methodological progress. In this respect, no difference exists in the history of the actinomycetes classification and that of other groups of bacteria. In hindsight, it is their tempo and mode of evolution that make actinomycetes and their relatives difficult to classify outside the context of phylogeny: though the majority of taxa evolved rather late in Earth’s history, individual characteristics (traditionally used in...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Anderson, R. C., M. A. Rasmussen, A. A. DiSpirito, and M. J. Allison. 1997 Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen Can. J. Microbiol. 43 617–624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreyev, L. V., L. I. Evtushenko, and N. S. Agre. 1983 Fatty acid composition of Promicromonospora citrea Mikrobiologiya 52 58–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Austwick, P. K. C. 1958 Curaneous streptotrichosis, mycotic dermatitis and strawberry foot root and the genus Dermatophilus Van Saceghem Vet. Rev. Annot. 4 33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Balows, A., TrÜper, H. G., Dworkin, M. Harder, W., and K.-H. Schleifer. 1992 The prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications Springer-Verlag, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers, H. K., Stackebrandt, E., Hayward, C., and L. L. Blackall. 1998 Molecular investigation of a microbial mat associated with the Great Artesian basin FEMS Micro. Ecol. 25 391–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergan, T., and M. Kocur. 1982 Stomatococcus mucilaginosus gen. nov. sp. nov. ep. rev., a member of the family Micrococcaceae Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32 374–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackall, L. L., Seviour, E. M., Cunningham, M. A., Seviour, R. J., and P. Hugenholtz. 1994 “Microthrix parvicella” is a novel deep branching member of the actinomycetes subphylum System. Appl. Microbiol. 17 513–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanovsky, D., E. Interschick-Niebler, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and O. Kandler. 1971 Γ-Glutamyl-glutamic acid, an interpeptide bridge in murein of some micrococci and Arthrobacter sp Eur. J. Biochem. 22 173–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boldt, Y. R., M. J. Sadowsky, L. B. M. Ellis, L. Que Jr., and L. P. Wackett. 1995 A manganese-dependent dioxygenase from Arthrobacter globiformis CM-2 belongs to the major extradiol dioxygenase family J. Bacteriol. 177 1225–1232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brierley, J. A. 1978 Thermophilic iron-oxydizing bacteria found in copper leaching dumps Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36 523–525

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, B. W., and R. G. E. Murray. 1981 Nomenclature for “Micrococcus radiodurans” and other radiation-resistant cocci: Deinococcaceae fam. nov. and Deinococcus gen. nov., including five species Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31 353–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. E. 1917 Studies in the nomenclature and classification of the bacteria. II. The primary subdivisions of the Schizomycetes J. Bacteriol. 2 155–164

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. E. 1918 Studies in the classification and nomenclature of the bacteria. VIII. The subgroups and genera of the Actinomycetales J. Bacteriol. 3 403–406

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. E. 1925 General Systematic Bacteriology The William and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, R. E., J. G. Holt, and E. F. Lessel Jr. 1966 Index Bergeyana Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore 3–1472

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, J., and M. D. Collins. 1994 Phylogenetic analysis of species of the meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing genera Brevibacterium and Dermabacter Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 583–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreto, L., E. Moore, M. F. Nobre, R. Wait, P. W. Riley, R. J. Sharp, and M. S. da Costa. 1996 Rubrobacter xylanophilus sp. nov., a new thermophilic species isolated from a thermally polluted effluent Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46 460–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, F. D. 1897 Report of the mycologist: bacteriological work Ann. Rep. Del. agric. Exp. Sta. 10 47–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Chien, M.-S., T. L. Gilbert, C. Huang, M. L. Landolt, P. J. O’Hara, and J. R. Winton. 1992 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene coding for the 57-kDs major soluble antigen of the salmonid fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 96 259–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, M., J.-H. Moon, S.-B. Kim, and Y. H. Park. 1998 Application of the ribonuclease P (RNase P) RNA gene sequence for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Saccharomonospora Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 1223–1230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensson, M., L. L. Blackall, and T. Welander. 1998 Metabolic transformations and characterisation of the sludge community in an enhanced biological phosphorous removal system Appl. Micro. Biotech. 49 226–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A., and P. R. Norris. 1996 Acidimicrobium ferrooxydans gen. nov., sp. nov.: mixed-culture ferrous iron oxidation with Sulfobacillus species Microbiology (Reading) 142 785–790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, C. E. 1950 Introduction to the bacteria McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, F. 1872 Untersuchungen Über Bakterien Beitr. Biol. Pfl. Heft 2 1 127–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, F. 1975 Untersuchungen Über Bakterien. II Beitr. Biol. Pfl. Heft 3 1 141–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D. 1987 Transfer of Arthrobacter variabilis (MÜller) to the genus Corynebacterium, as Corynebacterium variabilis comb. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 287–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D. 1982 Lipid composition of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Sanders and Fryer) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 13 295–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., and R. M. Kroppenstedt. 1983 Lipid composition as a guide to the classification of some coryneform bacteria containing an A4 type peptidoglycan (Schleifer and Kandler) System. Appl. Microbiol. 4 95–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., and D. Jones. 1981 Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural types in bacteria and their taxonomic implications Microbiol. Rev. 45 316–354

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., and S. Wallbanks. 1992 Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of Lactobacillus minutus, Lactobacillus rimae and Streptococcus parvulus: proposal for the creation of a new genus Atopobium FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 95 235–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., J. Brown, and D. Jones. 1988 Brachybacterium faecium gen. nov., sp. nov., a coryneform bacterium from poultry deep litter Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 45–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., M. Dorsch, and E. Stackebrandt. 1989 Transfer of Pimelobacter tumescens to Terrabacter gen. nov. as Terrabacter tumescens comb. nov. and of Pimelobacter jensenii to Nocardioides as Nocardioides jensenii comb. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39 1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., D. Jones, and R. M. Kroppenstedt. 1981a Reclassification of Corynebacterium ilicis (Mandel, Guba and Litsky) in the genus Arthrobacter, as Arthrobacter ilicis comb. nov Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C 2 318–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., D. Jones, R. M. Keddie, R. M. Kroppenstedt, and K. H. Schleifer. 1983 Classification of some coryneform bacteria in a new genus Aureobacterium Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4 236–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, M. D., M. Goodfellow, and D. E. Minnikin. 1979 Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria J. Gen. Microbiol. 110 127–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, H. J., and I. Dimmick. 1947 Soil bacteria similar in morphology to Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium J. Bacteriol. 54 291–303

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Corda, A. C. J. 1839 Pracht-Flora Europaeischer Schimmelbildungen Gerhard Fleischer, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Demharter, W., Hensel, R. Smida, J., and E. Stackebrandt. 1989 Sphaerobacter thermophilus gen. nov., spec. nov. a deeply rooting member of the actinomycetes subdivision isolated from thermophilically treated sewage plant System. Appl. Microbiol. 11 261–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Embley, T. M. 1992 The genus Renibacterium A. Balows, H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin, W. Horder, and K.-H. Schleifer. The prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications Springer-Verlag, New York 1312–1319

    Google Scholar 

  • Embley, T. M., M. Goodfellow, D. E. Minnikin, and B. Austin. 1983 Fatty acid, isoprenoid quinone and polar lipid composition of Renibacterium salmoninarum J. Appl. Bacteriol. 55 31–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Embley, T. M., and Stackebrandt, E. 1994 The molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Actinomycetes Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48 257–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evelyn, T. P. T. 1993 Bacterial kidney disease-BKD Ingli, V., R. J. Roberts, and N. R. Bromage. Bacterial diseases of fish Blackwell, Oxford, UK 177–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Evtushenko, L. I., G. F. Levanova, and N. S. Agre. 1984 Nucleotide composition of DNA and amino acid composition of A4 peptidoglycan in Promicromonospora citrea Mikrobiologiya 53 519–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evtushenko, L. I., S. D. Taptykova, V. N. Akimov, S. A. Semyonova, and L. V. Kalakoutskii. 1991 Glycomyces tenuis sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 154–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felske, A., Rheims, H., Wolterink, A., Stackebrandt, E., and Akkermans, A. D. L. 1997 Ribosome analysis reveals prominent activity of an uncultured member of the class Actinobacteria in grassland soils Microbiology (Reading) 143 2983–2989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FernÁndez-GarayzÁbal, J. F., L. Dominguez, C. Pascual, D. Jones, and M. D. Collins. 1995 Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of some unknown coryneform bacteria isolated from bovine blood and milk: description of Sanguibacter gen. nov Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 20 69–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F., and R. Draxl. 1986 Biochemical and immunochemical properties of the cell surface of Renibacterium salmoninarum J. Bacteriol. 168 799–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F., and J. Seger. 1983 The murein types of Listeria grayi, Listeria murrayi, and Listeria denitrificans System. Appl. Microbiol. 4 440–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F., J. Seger, A. Schrettenbrunner, and H. P. R. Seeliger. 1984 The biochemistry of murein and cell wallteichoic acids in the genus Listeria Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5 52–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FlÜgge, C. 1896 Die Mikroorganismen F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman, J. A., McCallum, K., and Davis, A. A. 1993 Phylogenetic diversity of subsurface marine microbial communities from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 1294–1302

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Funke, G., R. A. Hutson, K. A. Bernard, G. E. Pfyffer, G. Wauters, and M. D. Collins. 1996 Isolation of Arthrobacter spp. from clinical specimens and description of Arthrobacter cumminsii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter woluwensis sp. nov J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 2356–2363

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gerencser, M. A., and G. H. Bowden. 1986 Genus Rothia Georg and Brown 1967 P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore 2 1342–1346

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodfellow, M. 1998 The Actinomycetes: Micrococcus and related genera L. Collier, A. Balows, and M. Sussman. Topley Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections Arnold, London 491–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. A. 1964 The genus Dermatophilus J. Bact. 88 509–522

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. A. 1989 Genus Dermatophilus Van Saceghem 1915 S. T. Wiliams, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD 4 2409–2410

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto-Yamamoto, N., S. Sato, H. Miki, Y. K. Park, and M. Tadenuma. 1993 Taxonomic studies on yeast-lysing bacteria, and a new species Rarobacter incanus J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 39 261–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, T. H., L. F. Cooper, F. A. Atienzar, M. R. Knowles, and M. L. Gilpin. 1999 Molecular Differentiation of Renibacterium salmoninarum isolated from worldwide locations Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 961–968

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, T. H., A. J. Evenden, M. L. Gilpin, K. L. Martin, and C. B. Munn. 1995 A gene from Renibacterium salmoninarum encoding a product which shows homology to zinc-matalloproteases Microbiology (Reading) 141 1331–1341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groth, I., P. Schumann, F. A. Rainey, K. Martin, B. Schuetze, and K. Augsten. 1997a Demetria terragena gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus of actinomycetes isolated from compost soil Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 1129–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groth, I., P. Schumann, F. A. Rainey, K. Martin, B. Schuetze, and K. Augsten. 1997b Bogoriella caseilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic actinomycete from a soda lake in Africa Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 788–794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gvozdyak, O. R., T. M. Nogina, and P. Schumann. 1992 Taxonomic study of the genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium nesterenkovii sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42 74–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, E. S., A. B. Banta, K. J. Harris, N. R. Pace, and J. W. Brown. 1996 Structure and evolution of ribonuclease P RNA in Gram-positive bacteria Nucl. Acids Res. 24 4775–4782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, F., and H. König. 1988 Coriobacterium glomerans gen. nov., sp. nov. from the intestinal tract of the red soldier bug Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 382–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haraguchi, K., K. Seki, M. Kishimoto, T. Nagata, T. Kasumi, K. Kainuma, and S. Kobayashi. 1995 Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the inulin fructotransferase (DFA I-producing) gene of Arthrobacter globiformis S14-3 Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59 1809–1812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harz, C. O. 1877 Actinomyces bovis, ein neuer Schimmel in den Geweben des Rindes Jahresber. K. Cent. ThierÄrzt. Schule MÜnchen (1877–1878) 125–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou, X.-G., Y. Kawamura, F. Sultana, S. Shu, K. Hirose, K. Goto, and T. Ezaki. 1998 Description of Arthrobacter creatinolyticus sp. nov., isolated from human urine Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 423–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JÁger, K., K. MÁrialigeti, M. Hauck, and G. BarabÁs. 1983 Promicromonospora enterophila sp. nov., a new species of monospore actinomycetes Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33 525–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. L. 1934 Studies on saprophytic mycobacteria and corynebacteria Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 59 19–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D., and M. D. Collins. 1986 Irregular, non-sporing Gram-positive rods P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD 2 1261–1266

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D., and M. D. Collins. 1988 Taxonomic studies on some human cutaneous coryneform bacteria: Description of Dermabacter hominis gen. nov., sp. nov FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 51 51–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D., and R. M. Keddie. 1992 The genus Arthrobacter Balows, A., H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin., W. Harder and K.-H. Schleifer [{http://www.prokaryotes.com}The Prokaryotes, 2nd ed.] Springer-Verlag, New York 1283–1299

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalakoutskii, L. V. 1989 Genus Intrasporangium Kalakoutskii, Kirillova and Krassil’nikov S. T. Wiliams, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD 4 2395–2397

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalakoutskii, L. V., I. P. Kirillova, and N. A. Krassil’nikov. 1967 A new genus of the Actinomycetales-Intrasporangium gen. nov J. Gen. Microbiol. 48 79–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kano, A., Y. Andachi, T. Ohama, and S. Osawa. 1991 Novel anticodon composition of transfer RNAs in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic G+C content J. Mol. Biol. 221 387–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluyver, A. J., and C. B. Van Niel. 1936 Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria Zbl. Bakt. Abt. 2 94 369–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocur, M., W. E. Kloos, and K.-H. Schleifer. 1992 The genus Micrococcus Balows, A., H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin., W. Harder and K.-H. Schleifer [{http://www.prokaryotes.com}The Prokaryotes, 2nd ed.] Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 1300–1311

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C., S. Klatte, P. Schumann, J. Burghardt, R. M. Kroppenstedt, and E. Stackebrandt. 1995a Transfer of Arthrobacter picolinophilus Tate and Ensign 1974 to Rhodococcus erythropolis Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 576–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C., F. A. Rainey, and E. Stackebrandt. 1994 16S rDNA studies on members of Arthrobacter and Micrococcus, an aid for their future taxonomic restructuring FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 123 167–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C., P. Schumann, and E. Stackebrandt. 1995 Reclassification of Micrococcus agilis Ali-Cohen 1889 to the genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter agilis comb. nov. and emendation of the genus Arthrobacter Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 837–839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocur, M. 1986 Genus Micrococcus Cohn 1872 P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD 2 1004–1008

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodama, Y., H. Yamamoto, N. Amano, and T. Amachi. 1992 Reclassification of two strains of Arthrobacter oxydans and proposal of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42 234–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komagata, K., and K. Suzuki. 1987 Lipid and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics R. R. Colwell and R. Grigorova. Methods in microbiology, vol. 19 Academic Press Ltd, London 161–207

    Google Scholar 

  • KovÁcs, G., J. Burghardt, S. Pradella, P. Schumann, E. Stackebrandt, and K. MÁrialigeti. 1999 Kocuria palustris sp. nov. and Kocuria rhizophila sp. nov., isolated from the rhizoplane of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 167–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krassil’nikov, N. A. 1959 Diagnostik der Bakterien und Actinomyceten VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  • Krassil’nikov, N. A., L. V. Kalakoutskii, and N. E. Kirillova. 1961 A new genus of ray fungi-Promicromonospora. gen. nov. (in Russian) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Ser Biol.) 1 107–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruse, W. 1896 Systematik der Streptotricheen und Bakterien FlÜgge, C. Die Mikroorganismen, 3nd. edition 185–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, T., Matsushima, K., Itoh, T., Sasaki, J., and K. Suzuki. 1998 Description of four new species of the genus Kineosporia: Kineosporia succinea sp. nov., Kineosporia rhizophila sp. nov., Kineosporia mikuniensis sp. nov. and Kineosporia rhamnosa sp. nov., isolatd from plant samples, and amended description of the genus Kineosporia Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 1245–1255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KÜster, E. 1967 Taxonomy of soil Actinomycetales and related organisms T. R. G. Gray and D. Parkinson. The ecology of the soil bacteria: An international symposium Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 322–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Labeda, D. P., R. T. Testa, M. P. Lechevalier, and H. Lechevalier. 1985 Glycomyces, a new genus of the Actinomycetales Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35 417–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laura, C. More, E., Nobre, M. F. Wait, R. Riley, P. W., Sharp, R. J., and M. S. DaCosta. 1996 Rubrobacter xylanophilus sp. nov., a new thermohilic species isolated from a thermally polluted effluent Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46 460–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, K. B., and Neumann, R. 1896 Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speciellen bacteriologischen Diagnostik MÜnchen

    Google Scholar 

  • Liesack, W., and E. Stackebrandt. 1992 Occurrence of novel groups of the domain Bacteria as revealed by analysis of genetic material isolated from an Australian terrestrial environment J. Bacteriol. 174 5072–5078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lieske, R. 1921 Morphologie und Biologie der Strahlenpilze (Actinomyceten) Borntraeger, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K., P. Schumann, F. A. Rainey, B. Schuetze, and I. Groth. 1997 Janibacter limosus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new actinomycete with meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 529–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, A. M., T. M. Ellis, J. M. Carson, S. S. Sutherland, and A. R. Gregory. 1995 Dermatophilus chelonae sp. nov., isolated from chelonids in Australia Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 50–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyen, F. J. F. 1827 Actinomyce, Strahlenpilz. Eine neue Pilz-Gattung Linnaea 2 433–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Migula, W. 1894 Ueber ein neues System der Bakterien Arb. bact. Inst. Karlsruhe 1 235–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Minnikin, D. E., M. Goodfellow, M. D. Collins. 1978 Lipid composition in the classification and identification of coryneform and related taxa I. J. Bousfield and A. G. Callely. Coryneform bacteria Academic Press, London 85–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyadoh, S., M. Hamada, K. Hotta, T. Kudo, A. Seino, G. Vobis, and A. Yokota. 1977 Atlas of Actinomycetes Asakura Publishing Co., Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Murata, M., H. Tanaka, and S. Omura. 1987 7-Hydro-8-methyl-pteroyl glutamylglutamic acid, a new antifolate. fermentation, isolation, structure, and biological activity J. Antibiot. 40 251–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizawa, M., M. Shimizu, H. Ohkawa, and M. Kanaoka. 1995 Stereoselective production of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid by a microbial esterase: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and overexpression of the esterase gene of Arthrobacter globiformis in Escherichia coli App. Envir. Microbiol. 61 3208–3215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochi, K. 1992 Electrophoretic heterogeneity of ribosomal protein AT L-30 among actinomycete genera Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42 144–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochi, K. 1993 A taxonomic review of the genus Microbispora by analysis of ribosomal protein AT-L30 Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43 58–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, A. G., M. Goodfellow, and D. E. Minnikin. 1982 Lipids in the classification of Nocardioides: reclassification of Arthrobacter simplex (Jensen) Lochhead in the genus Nocardioides (Prauser) emend. O’Donnell et al. as Nocardioides simplex comb. nov Arch. Microbiol. 133 323–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohama, T., A. Muto, and S. Osawa. 1989 Spectinomycin operon of Micrococcus luteus: evolutionary implications of organization and novel codon usage J. Mol. Evol. 29 381–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohama, T., F. Yamao, A. Muto, and S. Osawa. 1987 Organization and codon usage of the streptomycine operon in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic G+C content J. Bacteriol. 169 4770–4777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, I., J. L. Johnson, L. V. H. Moore, and W. E. C. Moore. 1991 Lactobacillus uli sp. nov. and Lactobacillus rimae, sp. nov., from the human gingival crevice and emended descriptions of Lactobacillus minutus and Streptococcus parvulus Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 261–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PrÉvot, S. 1961 TraitÉ de bactÉriologie systÉmatique Dunod, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Onishi, M. 1949 Studies on the actinomyces isolated from the deeper layer of carious dentine J. Dent. Res. 6 273–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Onishi, H., and M. Kamekura. 1972 Micrococcus halobius sp. n Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 22 233–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagani, H., and F. Parenti. 1978 Kineosporia, a new genus of the order Actinomycetales Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28 401–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual, C., M. D. Collins, P. A. D. Grimont, and J. F. FernÁndez-GarayzÁbal. 1996 Sanguibacter inulinus sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 46 811–813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piersen, C. E., M. A. Prince, M. L. Augustine, M. L. Dodson, and R. S. Lloyd. 1995 Purification and cloning of Micrococcus luteus ultraviolet endonuclease, an N-glycosylase/abasic lyase that proceeds via an imino enzyme-DNA intermediate J. Biol. Chem. 270 23475–23484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prauser, H. 1975 The Actinomycetales—an order? T. Hasegawa. Proc. 1st Intersect. Congr. IAMS Science council of Japan, Tokyo 19–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Prauser, H. 1976 New nocardioform organisms and their relationship T. Arai Actinomycetes: The boundary microorganisms Toppan Co., Ltd, Tokyo 193–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Prauser, H., P. Schumann, F. A. Rainey, R. M. Kroppenstedt, and E. Stackebrandt. 1997 Terracoccus luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., an LL-diaminopimelic acid-containing coccoid actinomycete from soil Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 1218–1224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pribham, E. 1929 A contribution to the classification of microorganisms J. Bacteriol. 18 361–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, F. A., and E. Stackebrandt. 1994 Coriobacterium and Atopobium are phylogenetic neighbors within the actinomycetes line of descent System. Appl. Microbiol. 17 202–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, F. A., Ward, N. L., and Stackebrandt, E. 1993 Molecular ecology study of a New Zealand acidothermal soil. Thermophiles’ 93, Hamilton University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Abstract A7

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, F. A., N. Weiss, and E. Stackebrandt. 1995 Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Cellulomonas, Promicromonospora, and Jonesia and proposal to exclude the genus Jonesia from the family Cellulomonadaceae Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 649–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, F. A., M. F. Nobre, P. Schumann, E. Stackebrandt, and M. S. Da Costa. 1997 Phylogenetic diversity of the deinococci as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequence comparison Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 510–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rheims, H., C. Sproer, F. A. Rainey, and E. Stackebrandt. 1996 Molecular biological evidence for the occurrence on uncultured members of the actinomycete line of descent in different environments and geographical locations Microbiol. (UK) 142 2863–2870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rheims, H., Felske, A., Seufert, S., and E. Stackebrandt. 1999 Molecular monitoring of an uncultured group of the class Actinobacteria in two terrestrial environments J. Microbial. Meth. 36 65–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocourt, J., U. Wehmeyer, and E. Stackebrandt. 1987 Transfer of Listeria denitrificans into a new genus Jonesia gen. nov. as Jonesia denitrificans comb. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 266–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T., H. Terato, and O. Yamamoto. 1994 Pigments of Rubrobacter radiotolerans Arch. Microbiol. 162 412–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirling, E. B., and D. Gottlieb. 1966 Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 16 313–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J. E., and J. L. Fryer. 1980 Renibacterium salmoninarum gen. nov., sp. nov., the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30 496–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaal, K. P. 1992 The genera Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, and Rothia A. Balows, H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin, W. Horder, and K.-H. Schleifer. The prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications Springer-Verlag, New York 850–905

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, K. H. 1986 Gram-positive cocci P. H. A. Sneath, N. S. Mir, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology] The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD 999–1003

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, K. H., and O. Kandler. 1972 Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications Bacteriol. Rev. 36 407–477

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, K. H., and W. Ludwig. 1989 Phylogenetic relationships among bacteria Fernholm, B., Bremer, K., and Jörnwall, H. The hierarchy of life Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 103–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, K., W. Ludwig, N. Springer, R. M. Kroppenstedt, J.-P. Accolas, and F. Fiedler. 1996 Two coryneform bacteria isolated from the surface of French Gruyère and Beaufort cheeses are new species of the genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium alimentarium sp. nov. and Brachybacterium tyrofermentans sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46 81–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, P., H. Prauser, F. A. Rainey, E. Stackebrandt, and P. Hirsch. 1997 Friedmanniella antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov., an LL-diaminopimelic acid-containing actinomycete from antarctic sandstone Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 278–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, P., C. Spröer, J. Burghardt, G. KovÁcs, and E. Stackebrandt. 1999 Reclassification of the species Kocuria erythromyxa (Brooks and Murray, 1981) as Kocuria rosea (FlÜgge, 1886) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 393–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger, H. P. R., and D. Jones. 1986 Genus listeria pirie 1940 Sneath, P. H. A., N. S. Mair, N. E. Sharpe and J. G. Holt [{http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys/}Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed.] Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1235–1245

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu, N., Koyama, T., and K. Ogura. 1998 Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of the genes encoding the two essential protein components of Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase J. Bacteriol. 180 1578–1581

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shimoi, H., Y. Iimura, and T. Obata. 1995 Molecular cloning of CWP1: a gene encoding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall protein solubilized with Rarobacter faecitabidus protease I J. Biochem. 118 302–311

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiota, S., and H. Nakayama. 1997 UV endonuclease of Micrococcus luteus, a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer-DNA glycolsylase/abasic lyase: cloning and characterization of the gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 593–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Skerman, V. B. D., V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath. 1980 Approved lists of bacterial names Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30 225–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohier, R., F. Benazet, and M. Piechaud. 1948 Sur un germe du genre Listeria apparemment non pathogene Ann. Inst. Pasteur. 74 54–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., and C. R. Woese. 1979 A phylogenetic dissection of the family Micrococcaceae Curr. Microbiol. 2 317–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., B. J. Lewis, and C. R. Woese. 1980 The phylogenetic structure of the coryneform group of bacteria Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. C2 137–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., and C. R. Woese. 1981a Towards a phylogeny of actinomycetes and related organisms Curr. Microbiol. 5 131–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., B. Wunner-FÜssl, V. J. Fowler, and K. H. Schleifer. 1981b Molecular genetic relatedness of sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales. I. Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 31 420–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., V. J. Fowler, F. Fiedler, and H. Seiler. 1983 Taxonomic studies on Arthrobacter nicotianae and related taxa: description of Arthrobacter uratoxydans sp. nov. and Arthrobacter sulfureus sp. nov. and reclassification of Brevibacterium protophormiae as Arthrobacter protophormiae comb. nov System. Appl. Microbiol. 4 470–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., C. Scheuerlein, and K.-H. Schleifer. 1983a Phylogenetic and biochemical studies on Stomatococcus mucilaginosus System. Appl. Microbiol. 4 207–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., W. Ludwig, E. Seewaldt, and K. H. Schleifer. 1983b Phylogeny of sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 33 173–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., R. M. Kroppenstedt, and V. J. Fowler. 1983cA phylogenetic analysis of the family Dermatophilaceae J. Gen. Microbiol. 129 1831–1838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. 1988 Phylogenetic relationships vs. phenotypic diversity: how to achieve a phylogenetic classification system of the eubacteria Can. J. Microbiol. 34 552–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. 1992a The family Dermatophilaceae A. Balows, H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin, W. Horder, and K.-H. Schleifer The prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications Springer-Verlag, New York 1346–1350

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., and H. Prauser. 1992b The family Cellulomonadaceae A. Balows, H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder and K. H. Schleifer [{http://www.prokaryotes.com}The Prokaryotes], 2nd ed Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 1323–1345

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. 1992cThe genus Stomatococcus Balows, H. G. TrÜper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder and K. H. Schleifer [{http://www.prokaryotes.com}The Prokaryotes], 2nd. ed Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 1320–1322

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., W. Liesack, and B. M. Goebel. 1993 Bacterial diversity ina soil sample from a subtropical Australian environment as determined by 16S rDNA analysis FASEB 7 232–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., C. Koch, O. Gvozdiak, and P. Schumann. 1995 Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 682–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., F. A. Rainey, and N. L. Ward-Rainey. 1997 Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 479–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. 1999 Defining taxonomic ranks Dworkin, M., S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer and E. Stackebrandt [{http://www.prokaryotes.com}The Prokaryotes] Springer-Verlag, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Staliper, C. E. 1996 Genetic diversity of North American isolates of Renibacterium salmoninarum Dis. Aquat. Org. 27 207–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanier, R. Y., and C. B. Van Niel. 1941 The main outlines of bacterial classification J. Bacteriol. 42 437–466

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, K.-I., and K. Komagata. 1983 Pimelobacter gen. nov., a new genus of coryneform bacteria with LL-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall J. Gen. Microbiol. 29 59–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, K., M. D. Collins, E. Iijima, and K. Komagata. 1988 Chemotaxonomic characterization of a radiotolerant bacterium Arthrobacter radiotolerans: description of Rubrobacter radiotolerans gen. nov., comb. nov FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 52 33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, D. S., V. Kapur, K. Stockbauer, X. Pan, R. Frothingham, and J. M. Musser. 1997 Subspecific differentiation of Mycobacterium avium complex strains by automated sequencing of a region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kilodalton heat shock protein Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 414–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, Y., Y. Tanaka, Y. Iwai, and S. Omura. 1987 Promicromonospora sukumoe sp. nov., a new species of the Actinomycetales J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 33 507–519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, M., and K. Hatano. 1998 Union of the genera Microbacterium Orla-Jensen and Aureobacterium Collins et al. in a redefined genus Microbacterium Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 739–747

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, M., C.-X. Fang, and A. Yokota. 1995 Taxonomic study of the genus Brachybacterium: Proposal of Brachybacterium conglomeratum sp. nov., nom. rev., Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum sp. nov., and Brachybacterium rhamnosum sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 160–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, T., Suga, Y., and Matsuguchi, T. 1995 Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a soil microbial community in a soybean field Eur. J. Soil Sci. 46 415–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Saceghem, R. 1915 Dermatose contagieuse (impetigo contagieux) Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 8 354–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Viale, A. M., A. K. Arakaki, F. C. Soncini, and R. G. Ferreyra. 1994 Evolutionary relationships among eubacterial groups as inferred from GroEL (chaperonin) sequence comparisons Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 527–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, W. G., J. Downes, D. Dymock, S. H. Hiom. A. J. Weightman, F. E. Dewhirst, B. J. Paster, N. Tzellas, and B. Coleman. 1999 The family Coriobacteriaceae: reclassification of Eubacterium exiguum (Poco et al. 1996) and Peptostreptococcus heliotrinreducens (Lanigan 1976) as Slackia exigua gen. nov., comb. nov. and Slackia heliotrinireducens gen. nov., comb. nov., and Eubacterium lentum (Prevot 1938) as Eggerthella lenta gen. nov., comb. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 595–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, S. A. 1950 The Actinomycetes. Their nature, occurrence, activities, and importance Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, S. A. 1967 The Actinomycetes. A summary of current knowledge Ronald Press Co, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, S. A., and Henrici, A. T. 1943 The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes J. Bacteriol. 46 337–341

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, L., D. J. Brenner, R. R. Colwell, P. A. D. Grimont, O. Kandler, M. I. Krichevsky, L. H. Moore, W. E. C. Moore, R. G. E. Murray, E. Stackebrandt, M. P. Starr, H. G. TrÜper. 1987 International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology: Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 463–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winslow, C.-E., J. Broadhurst, R. E. Buchanan, C. Krumwiede Jr., L. A. Rogers, and G. H. Smith. 1917 The families and genera of the bacteria. Preliminary report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on characterization and classification of bacterial types J. Bacteriol. 2 505–566

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, N., S. Sato, K. Saito, T. Hasuo, M. Tadenuma, K. Suzuki, J. Tamaoka, and K. Komagata. 1988 Rarobacter faecitabidus gen. nov., sp. nov., a yeast-lysing coryneform bacterium Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 7–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota, A., T. Tamura, T. Nishii, and T. Hasegawa. 1993 Kineococcus aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new aerobic Gram-positive, motile coccus with meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinogalactane in the cell wall Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43 52–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshinaka, T., Yano, K., and H. Yamagushi. 1973 Isolation of highly radioresistant bacterium Arthrobacter radiotolerans nov. sp Agric. Biol. Chem. 37 2269–2275

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Erko Stackebrandt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Schumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA

    Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA

    Stanley Falkow

  3. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  4. Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Schleifer

  5. DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Stackebrandt, E., Schumann, P. (2006). Introduction to the Taxonomy of Actinobacteria. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30743-5_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation