Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, D. C., Rohlf, F. J., and Slice, D. E., 2004, Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress after the “revolution,” Italian Journal of Zoology. 71(1):5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, W. R. and Anderson, D., 1978, Ratios and the Statistical Analysis of Biological Data, Syst. Zool. 27(1):71–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, W. R., Gaskins, C. T., and Anderson, D., 1976, Statistical properties of ratios. I. Empirical results. Syst. Zool. 25(2):137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackith R. and Reyment R. A., 1971, Multivariate Morphometrics, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, F., 1905, The horizontal plane of the skull and the general problem of the comparison of variable forms, Sci. 21(544):862–863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1986, Size and shape spaces for landmark data in two dimensions (with discussion), Stat. Sci. 1:181–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1989, Principal warps: thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Anal. and Machine Intell. 11:567–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein F. L., 1991, Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1993, A brief history of the morphometric synthesis, in: Contributions to Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, E. Bello, and Garciá-Valdecasas, eds., Monografias del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 8, Madrid, pp. 15–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1996a, A standard formula for the uniform shape component in landmark data, in: Advances in Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G. J. P. Naylor, and D. E. Slice, eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1996b, Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis, Bull. of Math. Biol. 58:313–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., 1997, Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: Localizing group differences in outline shape, Med. Image. Anal. 1:225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein F. L. and Smith, B. R., 2000, Inverting development: geometric singularity theory in embryology, in: Mathematical Modeling, Estimation, and Imaging, D. Wilson, H. Tagare, F. Bookstein, F. Préteauz, and E. Dougherty, eds., Proc. SPIE, vol. 4121, pp. 139–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Chernoff, B., Elder R. L., Humphries, J. M. Jr., Smith, G. R., and Strauss, R. E., 1985, Morphometrics in Evolutionary Biology, Special Publication 15, Academy of Natural Sciences Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Gunz, P., Mitteröcker, P., Prossinger, H., Schäfer, K., and Seidler, H., 2003, Cranial integration in Homo: Singular warps analysis of the midsagittal plane in ontogeny and evolution, J. Hum. Evol. 44(2):167–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookstein, F. L., Schäfer, K., Prossinger, H., Seidler, H., Fieder, M., Stringer, C. et al., 1999, Comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern Homo by morphometric analysis, Anatomi. Rec. (New Anatomist) 257:217–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnaby, T. P., 1966, Growth-invariant discriminant functions and generalized distances, Biometrics 22:96–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. D. and Green, P. E., 1997, Mathematical Tools for Applied Multivariate Analysis, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, T. M. III., 1996, Historical note: early anthropological contributions to “geometric morphometrics,” Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 101(2):291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dryden, I. L. and Mardia, K. V., 1993, Multivariate shape analysis, Sankhya 55:460–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryden, I. L. and Mardia K. V., 1998, Statistical Shape Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feder, J., 1988, Fractals, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton, F., 1907, Classification of portraits, Nature 76:617–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J. and Palmqvist, P., 1995, Fractal analysis of the Orce skull sutures, J. Hum. Evol. 28:561–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, C. R., 1991, Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape, J. Roy. Statistical Society, Series B, 53:285–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J., 1981, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gower, J. C., 1975, Generalized Procrustes analysis, Psychometrika, 40:33–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanihara, T., 2000, Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations, Am. J. Phy. Anthropol. 111(1):105–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells, W. W., 1973, Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Difference Among Recent Human Populations, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 67. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, W.W., 1989, Skull shapes and the map: craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 79. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J. S., 1932, Problems of Relative Growth, Methuen, London. Reprinted 1972, Dover Publications, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. A. and Wichern, D. W., 1982, Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Prentice-Hall Inc., Inglewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, D. G., 1984, Shape-manifolds, Procrustean metrics and complex projective spaces, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 16:81–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, D. G., 1985, Exact distributions for shapes of random triangles in convex sets, Advan. Appl. Prob. 17:308–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, D. G., 1989, A survey of the statistical theory of shape, Stat. Sci. 4:87–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, D. G. and Kendall, W. S., 1980, Alignments in two dimensional random sets of points, Advan. Appl. Prob. 12:380–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, J. T. and Mardia, K. V., 2001, Shape, Procrustes tangent projections and bilateral symmetry, Biometrika 88:469–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klingenberg C. P. and Leamy, L. J., 2001, Quantitative genetics of geometric shape in the mouse mandible, Evolution 55:2342–2352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingenberg, C. P. and McIntyre, G. S., 1998, Geometric morphometrics of developmental instability: Analyzing patterns of fluctuating asymmetry with Procrustes methods, Evolution 52:1363–1375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klingenberg, C. P. and Zaklan, S. D., 2000, Morphological integration between developmental compartments in the Drosophila wing, Evolution 54(4):1273–1285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingenberg C. P., Leamy L. J., Routman E. J., and Cheverud J. M., 2001, Genetic architecture of mandible shape in mice: Effects of quantitative trait loci analyzed by geometric morphometrics, Genetics 157:785–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolar, J. C. and Salter, E. M., 1996, Craniofacial Anthropometry, Charles C. Thomas Publishers Ltd., Springfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krzanowski, W. J., 1988, Principles of Multivariate Analysis, Claredon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, F. P. and Giardina, C. R., 1982, Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour, Comp. Graph. Imag. Process. 18:236–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R., 1993, Euclidean distance matrix analysis: estimation of mean form and form difference, Math. Geol. 25:573–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R. and Cole T. M. III, 1995, Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a statistical review, in: Current Issues in Statistical Shape Analysis, Volume 3, University of Leeds, Leeds, pp. 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R. and Cole, T. M. III, 1996, A new test for shape differences when variancecovariance matrices are unequal, J. Hum. Evol. 31:193–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R. and McCulloch, C., 2002, Invariance and morphometrics, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 97(459):796–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R. and Richtsmeier, J. T., 1990, Statistical models in morphometrics: Are they realistic? Syst. Zool. 39(1):60–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele S. R. and Richtsmeier, J. T., 1991, Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data, Am. J. Phy. Anthropol. 86:415–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, S. R. and Richtsmeier, J. T., 2001, An Invariant Approach to Statistical Analysis of Shapes, Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, C. A., 1985, Intricate sutures as fractal curves, J. Morph. 185:285–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalanobis, P. C., 1928, On the need for standardization in measurements on the living, Biometrika 20A(1/2):1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalanobis, P. C., 1930, A statistical study of certain anthropometric measurements from Sweden, Biometrika 22(1/2):94–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelbrot, B. B., 1983, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, 2nd Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manly, B. F. J., 1997, Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, 2nd Edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, L. F., 1990, Traditional morphometrics, in: Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop, F. J. Rohlf and F. L. Bookstein, eds., Special Publication Number 2, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 77–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mardia, K. V., Bookstein, F. L., and I. J. Moreton, I. J., 2000, Statistical assessment of bilateral symmetry of shapes, Biometrika 87:285–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, L. R., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., dos Reis, S. F., and Araújo, E. D., 2002, Geometric estimates of heritability in biological shape, Evolution 56:563–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morant, G. M., 1928, A preliminary classification of European races based on cranial measurements, Biometrika 20B(3/4):301–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morant, G. M., 1939, The use of statistical methods in the investigation of problems of classification in anthropology: Part I. The general nature of the material and the form of intraracial distributions of metrical characters, Biometricka 31(1/2):72–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosier, C. I., 1939, Determining a simple structure when loadings for certain tests are known, Psychometrika 4:149–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosimann, J. E., 1970, Size allometry: size and shape variables with characterization of the log-normal and generalized gamma distributions, Jour. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 65:930–945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A. R., 1996, Waltzing with asymmetry, BioScience 46:518–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A. R. and Strobeck, C., 1986, Fluctuating asymmetry: measurement, analysis, patterns, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17:391–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmqvist, P., 1997, A critical re-evaluation of the evidence for the presence of hominids in Lower Pleistocene times at Venta Micena, Southern Spain, J. Hum. Evol. 33:83–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, K., 1897, Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution-on a form of spurious correlation which may arise when indices are used in the measurement of organs, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 60:489–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, K., 1903, Craniological notes: Professor Aurel von Torok’s attack on the arithmetical mean, Biometrika 2(3):339–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, K., 1933, The cranial coordinatograph, the standard planes of the skull, and the value of Cartesian geometry to the craniologist, with some illustrations of the uses of the new methods, Biometrika 25(3/4):217–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peitgen, H. and Saupe, D., 1988, The Science of Fractal Images, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, C. R. and Suryawanshi, S., 1996, Statistical analysis of shape of objects based on landmark data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 93:12132–12136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, C. R. and Suryawanshi, S., 1998, Statistical analysis of shape through triangulation of landmarks: A study of sexual dimorphism in hominids, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 95:4121–4125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyment, R. A., 1996, An idiosyncratic history of early morphometrics, in: L. F. Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G. J. P. Naylor and D. E. Slice, eds., Advances in Morphometrics, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richtsmeier, J. T. and Lele, S. R., 1993, A coordinate-free approach to the analysis of growth-patterns: Models and theoretical considerations, Biol. Rev. 68:381–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, G., 1994, Proportion and Style in Ancient Egyptian Art, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 1990, Fitting curves to outlines. Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop, in: Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop, F. J. Rohlf and F. L. Bookstein, eds., Special Publication Number 2, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 1993, Relative warp analysis and an example of its application to mosquito wings, in: Contributions to Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, E. Bello and Garciá-Valdecasas, eds., Monografias del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 8, Madrid, pp. 131–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 1999a, Shape statistics: Procrustes superimpositions and tangent spaces, Journal of Classification 16:197–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 1999b, On the use of shape spaces to compare morphometric methods, Hystrix 11:9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 2000, Statistical power comparisons among alternative morphometric methods, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111:463–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 2001, tpsDig, Version 1.31. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 2002, tpsTri. Version 1.17. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J., 2003, Bias and error in estimates of mean shape in morphometrics, J. Hum. Evol. 44:665–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J. and Bookstein, F. L., 2003, Computing the uniform component of shape variation, Syst. Biol. 52:66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J. and Marcus, L. F., 1993, A revolution in morphometrics, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:129–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlf, F. J. and Slice, D. E., 1990, Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks, Syst. Zool. 39:40–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, A. F. and Benson, R. H., 1982, A robust comparison of biological shapes, Biometrics 38:341–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, A. F. and Pinkerton, J. R., 1982, Robust comparison of three-dimensional shapes with an application to protein molecule configurations, Technical Report No. 217. Series 2, Department of Statistics, Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 1993a, Extensions, comparisons, and applications of superimposition methods for morphometric analysis, Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 1993b, The fractal analysis of shape, in: Contributions to Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, E. Bello, and Garciá-Valdecasas, eds., Monografias del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales 8, Madrid, pp. 161–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 1994, GRF-ND: Generalized rotational fitting of N-dimensional data, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 1996, Three-dimensional, generalized resistant fitting and the comparison of least-squares and resistant-fit residuals, in: Advances in Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G. J. P. Naylor and D. E. Slice, eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 179–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 1998, Morpheus et al.: Software for morphometric research. Revision 01-31-00, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., 2001, Landmark coordinates aligned by Procrustes analysis do not lie in Kendall’s shape space, Syst. Biol. 50:141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slice, D. E., Bookstein, F. L., Marcus, L. F., and Rohlf, F. J., 1996, A glossary for morphometrics, in: Advances in Morphometrics, L. F. Marcus, M. Corti, A. Loy, G. J. P. Naylor and D. E. Slice, eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 531–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, C. G., 1996, The Statistical Theory of Shape, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D., Crespi, B., and Bookstein, F. L., 1997, Asymmetry and morphological abnormality in the honey bee, Apis mellifer: Effects of ploidy and hybridization, Evolutionary Biology 10:551–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P. H. A., 1967, Trend surface analysis of transformation grids, J. Zool., London 151:65–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoyan, D., 1990, Estimation of Distances and Variances in Booksteins landmark model, Biometrical J. 32:843–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D’A. W., 1942, On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Slice, D.E. (2005). Modern Morphometrics. In: Slice, D.E. (eds) Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27614-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics