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Molecular Organization of Acyl Lipids in Photosynthetic Membranes of Higher Plants

  • Chapter
Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 6))

Summary

The extreme diversity of thylakoid acyl lipids and their unique (physico)chemical characteristics suggest that they are arranged, at the molecular level, as distinct membrane domains. Several experimental approaches, including fractionation of subchloroplast particles, separation of appressed and non-appressed regions of the thylakoids and purification of (chlorophyll-) protein complexes, show that acyl lipids are asymmetrically distributed within the plane of the membrane and that some of them (generally those more saturated than the bulk lipids) are tightly bound to proteins. However, conclusions based only on such evidence should be viewed with caution because the use of detergents to obtain subparticles or lipoprotein complexes may result in differential displacements of acyl lipids and pigments non-covalently bound to proteins. In this respect, the use of cyclodextrins as a new tool for the controlled lipid depletion of thylakoid membranes is discussed in some detail. These molecules are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six to eight glucopyranose units linked by α (1–4) bonds which adopt a torus shape and are able to bind a range of small guest molecules of poor water solubility (e.g., lipids) within their hydrophobic cavity to form a water soluble guest-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. The advantage of such an approach is to avoid the use of detergents. The detection of lipids by antibodies directed to individual lipids bound to the surface of the thylakoid membrane, to subchloroplast particles or to individual proteins is also presented.

The transmembrane distribution of acyl lipids in the thylakoid membrane has been extensively studied. We report here on the different experimental approaches, with special emphasis on the enzymatic one which consists of digesting lipids, stepwise and selectively, in the two membrane monolayers. The results indicate that the outer monolayer is highly enriched in MGDG and PG while the inner one contains high levels of DGDG, thus confirming the general sidedness of thylakoid membrane components. The modulation of the unsaturation/saturation ratio of acyl lipids by catalytic hydrogenation is also described in order to assess the effect of the unsaturation degree on thylakoid structures.

The problem of transfer of (galacto)lipids from their sites of synthesis (the envelope membranes) to the thylakoid network is an intriguing one. Recent data favor the hypothesis that the intrachloroplastic lipid export is primarily achieved by a mechanism involving transient fusions between inner envelope and thylakoid membranes. This new proposal points to the key role of chloroplast envelope membranes in the establishment of lipid asymmetry in thylakoid membranes. Finally, several paradigms of the thylakoid membrane molecular organization based on the known lipid topology and properties are discussed.

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  1. Laboratoire de Physiologie végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 13, CH-2007, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Paul-André Siegenthaler

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  1. Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Siegenthaler Paul-André

  2. National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan

    Murata Norio

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Siegenthaler, PA. (1998). Molecular Organization of Acyl Lipids in Photosynthetic Membranes of Higher Plants. In: Paul-André, S., Norio, M. (eds) Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48087-5_7

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