Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aebischer, U. and C. Schär, 1998: Low-level potential vorticity and cyclogenesis to the lee of the Alps. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 186–207.
Afanasyev, Y. D. and W. R. Peltier, 1998: The three-dimensionalization of stratified flow over two-dimensional topography. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 19–39.
Andreassen, Ø., C. E. Wasberg, D. C. Fritts, and J. R. Isler, 1994: Gravity wave breaking in two and three-dimensions: 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8095–8108.
Atkinson, B. W., 1981: Meso-scale Atmospheric Circulations. Academic Press, 495pp.
Bacmeister, J. T. and R. T. Pierrehumbert, 1988: On high-drag states in nonlinear stratified flow over an obstacle. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 63–80.
Bacmeister, J. T. and M. R. Schoeberl, 1989: Breakdown of vertically propagating two-dimensional gravity waves forced by orography. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2109–2134.
Baines, P. G., 1995: Topographic Effects in Stratified Flows. Cambridge University Press, 488pp.
Baines, P. G. and R. B. Smith, 1993: Upstream stagnation points in stratified flow past obstacles. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 18, 105–113.
Batchelor, G. K., 1967: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 615 pp.
Blumen, W., 1972: Geostrophic adjustment. Geophys. Space Phys., 10, 485–528.
Blumen, W., 1985: Reflection of hydrostatic gravity-waves in a stratified shear-flow. 1. Theory. J. Atmos. Sci, 42, 2255–2263.
Booker, J. R., and F. P. Bretherton, 1967: Critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 27, 513–539.
Bougeault, P., B. Benech, P. Bessemoulin, B. Carissimo, A. Jansa Clar, J. Pelon, M. Petitdidier, and E. Richard, 1997: PYREX: a summary of findings. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 637–650.
Bougeault, P. et al., 2001: The Mesoscale Alpine Programme Special Observing Period. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., In press.
Bretherton, F. P., 1966: Propagation of groups of internal waves in a shear flow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 466–480.
Bretherton, F. P. and C. J. R. Garrett, 1968: Wavetrains in inhomogeneous moving media. Proc. Roy, Soc. London A, 302, 529–554.
Broad, A. S., 1995: Linear theory of momentum fluxes in 3-D flows with turning of the mean wind with height. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1891–1902.
Carruthers, D. J. and J. C. R Hunt, 1990: Fluid mechanics of airflow over hills: turbulence, fluxes and waves in the boundary layer. Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain, Meteor. Monogr., W. Blumen, Ed., Amer, Met. Soc, No. 23, 83–107.
Clark, T. L. and W. R. Peltier, 1977: On the evolution and stability of finite amplitude mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci, 34, 1715–1730.
Clark, T. L. and W. R. Peltier, 1984: Critical level reflection and the resonant growth of non-linear mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3122–3134.
Crapper, G. D., 1962: Waves in the lee of a mountain with elliptical contours. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A, 254, 601–623.
Crook, A. N., T. L. Clark and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The Denver cyclone, Part I: Generation in low Froude number flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2725–2741.
Danielsen, E. F., 1990: In defense of Ertel’s potential vorticity and in general applicability as a meteorological tracer. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2013–2020.
Derzho, O. G. and R. Grimshaw, 1997: Solitary waves with a vortex core in a shallow layer of stratified fluid. Phys.Fluids, 9, 3378–3385.
Dörnbrack, A., T. Gerz, and U. Schumann, 1995: Turbulent breaking of overturning gravity waves below a critical level. Appl. Sci. Res., 54, 163–176.
Doyle, J. D., D. R. Durran, C. Chen, B. A. Colle, M. Georgelin, V. Grubi_i_, W. R.. Hsu, C. Y. Huang, D. Landau, Y. L. Lin, G.S. Poulos, W.Y. Sun, D. B. Weber, M. G. Wurtele, and M. Xue, 2000: An intercomparison of model-predicted wave breaking for the 11 January 1972 Boulder windstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 901–914.
Durran, D. R., 1986a: Mountain waves. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting. P. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 472–492.
Durran, D. R., 1986b: Another look at downslope windstorms. Part I: The development of analogs to supercritical flow in an infinitely deep, continuously stratified fluid. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2527–2543.
Durran, D. R., 1990: Mountain waves and downslope flows. Atmospheric processes over Complex Terrain, Meteor. Monographs, W. Blumen, Ed., Amer. Met. Soc, No. 23, 59–81.
Durran, D. R., 1998: Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 472pp.
Durran, D. R. and J. B. Klemp, 1987: Another look at downslope winds, Part II: Non-linear amplification beneath wave-overturning layers. J. Atmos.Sci., 44, 3402–3412.
Duynkerke, P. G., 1988: Application of the E-e turbulence closure model to the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 865–880.
Eliassen, A. and E. Palm, 1954: Energy flux for combined gravitational-sound waves. Institute for Weather and Climate Research, Oslo, Publ. No. 1.
Ertel, H., 1942: Ein newer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz. Meteorol. Z., 59, 271–281.
Fritts, D. C., J. F. Garten, and O. Andreassen, 1996: Wave breaking and transition to turbulence in stratified shear flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1057–1085.
Fritts, D. C. and J. R. Isler, 1994: Gravity-wave breaking in 2 and 3 dimensions. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8109–8123.
Gheusi, F., J. Stein, and O. S. Eiff, 2000: A numerical study of threedimensional orographic gravity-wave breaking observed in a hydraulic tank. J. Fluid Mech., 410, 67–99.
Gill, E. A., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662 pp.
Gjevik, B. and T. Marthinsen, 1978: Three-dimensional lee-wave pattern. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 947–957.
Gossard, E. E. and W. H Hooke, 1975: Waves in the Atmosphere, Elsevier, 456pp.
Grubisic, V., R. B. Smith and C. Schär, 1995: The effect of bottom friction on shallow-water flow past an isolated obstacle. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1985–2005.
Grubisic, V. and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1997: The effect of critical levels on 3D orographic flows: linear regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1943–1960.
Haynes, P. H. and M. E. McIntyre, 1987: On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional and other forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828–841.
Haynes, P. H. and M. E. McIntyre, 1990: On the conservation and impermeability theorems for potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2021–2031.
Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877–946.
Houghton, D. D. and E. Isaacson, 1968: Mountain winds. Studies in Num. Anal., 2, 21–52.
Huppert, H. E., and J. W. Miles, 1969: Lee waves in stratified flow, Part 3: Semi-elliptical obstacle. J. Fluid Mech., 35, 481–496.
Jiang, Q. and R. B. Smith, 1999: V-waves, bow waves and wakes in supercritical hydrostatic flow. J. Fluid Mech., 406, 27–53.
Jiang, Q. and R. B. Smith, 2000: Idealized hydraulic jumps in two-layer flow, Part II: Under a passive layer. Tellus, 52A, In Press.
Klemp, J. B. and D. K. Lilly, 1975: The dynamics of wave-induced downslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 320–339.
Kuettner, J., 1939: Moazagotl and Fohnwelle, Beitr. Phys. frei Atmos., 25, 79–114.
Lighthill, J., 1978: Waves in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, 504p.
Lilly, D. K. and E. J. Zipser, 1972: The Front Range windstorm of 11 January 1972 — a meteorological narrative. Weatherwise, 25, 56–63.
Long, R. R., 1953: Some aspects of the flow of stratified fluids, A theoretical investigation. Tellus, 5, 42–58.
Long, R.R., 1955: Some aspects of the flow of stratified fluids, III. Continuous density gradients. Tellus, 7, 341–357.
Lyra, G., 1943: Theorie der stationären Leewellenströmung in freier Atmosphäre. Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 23, 1–28.
Marthinsen, T., 1980: Three-dimensional lee waves, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 569–580.
McIntyre, M. E. and W. A. Norton, 1990: Dissipative wave-mean interactions and the transport of vorticity and potential vorticity. J. Fluid Mech., 212, 403–435.
Mehrotra, S. C., and R. E. Kelly, 1973: On the question of non-uniqueness of internal hydraulic jumps and drops in a two-fluid system. Tellus, 25, 560–567.
Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada, 1974: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791–1806.
Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys Space Phys., 20, 851–875.
Miranda, P. M. and I. N. James, 1992: Non-linear three-dimensional effects on gravity wave drag: Splitting flow and breaking waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1057–1081.
Nance, L. B. and D. R. Durran, 1998: A modeling study of nonstationary trapped mountain lee waves. Part II: Nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1429–1445.
Olafsson, H. and P. Bougeault, 1996: Nonlinear flow past an elliptic mountain ridge. J. Atmos. Sci, 53, 2465–2489.
Olafsson, H. and P. Bougeault, 1997: The effect of rotation and surface friction on orographic drag. J. Atmos. Sci, 54, 193–210.
Pan, F. and R. B. Smith, 1998: Gap winds and wakes: SAR observations and numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 905–923.
Peltier, W. R. and T. L. Clark, 1979: Evolution and Stability of Finite-Amplitude Mountain Waves.2. Surface-Wave Drag and Severe Downslope Windstorms. J. Atmos. Sci, 36, 1498–1529.
Queney, P., 1947: Theory of perturbations in stratified currents with applications to airflow over mountain barriers. Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Chicago, Misc. Report No. 23.
Queney, P., G. Corby, N. Gerbier, H. Koschnieder, and H. Zierep, 1960: The airflow over mountains. WMO Tech. Note No. 34, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 135pp.
Raymond, D. J., 1993: Nonlinear balance and potential-vorticity thinking at large Rossby number. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 987–1015.
Richard, E., P. Mascart, and E. C. Nickerson, 1989: Role of surface friction in downslope windstorms. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 241–251.
Rottman, J. W., D. Broutman, and R. Grimshaw, 1996: Numerical simulations of uniformly stratified fluid flow over topography. J. Fluid Mech., 306, 1–30.
Rotunno, R., V. Grubii, and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1999: Vorticity and potential vorticity in mountain wakes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2796–2810.
Rotunno, R. and P. K.. Smolarkiewicz, 1991: Further results on lee vorticies in low-Froude-number flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2204–2211.
Samelson, R. M., 1992: Supercritical marine-layer flow along a smoothly varying coastline. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1571–1584.
Sawyer, J. S. 1962: Gravity waves in the atmosphere as a three-dimensional problem. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 88, 412–427.
Schär, C., 1993: A generalization of Bernoulli’s Theorem. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1437–1443.
Schär, C and D. R. Durran, 1997: Vortex formation and vortex shedding in continuously stratified flows past isolated topography. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 534–554.
Schär, C. and R. B. Smith, 1993a: Shallow-water flow past isolated topography. Part I: Vorticity production and wake formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1373–1400.
Schär, C. and R. B. Smith, 1993b: Shallow-water flow past isolated topography. Part II: Transition to vortex shedding. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1401–1412.
Schmid, H., and A. Dörnbrack, 1996: Simulation of breaking gravity waves during the south foehn of January 7–13, 1996: Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 72, 287–301.
Schumann, U., 1977: Realizability of reynolds stress turbulence models. Phys. Fluids, 20, 721–725.
Scinocca, J. F., 1995: The mixing of mass and momentum by Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2509–2530.
Scorer, R. S. 1949: Theory of waves in the lee of mountains. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 82, 75–81.
Scorer, R. S. and M. Wilkinson, 1956: Waves in the lee of an isolated hill. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 82, 419–427.
Sharman R. D. and M. G. Wurtele 1983: Ship waves and lee waves. J. Atmos. Sci, 40, 396–427.
Shutts, G. J. and A. Gadian, 2000: Numerical simulations of orographic gravity waves in flows which back with height. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2743–2765.
Simard, A. and W. R. Peltier, 1982: Ship waves in the lee of isolated topography. J. Atmos. Sci, 39, 587–609.
Smith, R. B., 1976: Generation of lee waves by the Blue Ridge. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 507–519.
Smith, R. B. 1979, Influence of mountains on the atmosphere: Adv. Geophys., 21, 87–217.
Smith, R. B., 1980: Linear theory of stratified hydrostatic flow past an isolated mountain. Tellus, 32, 348–364.
Smith, R. B., 1985: On severe downslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci, 42, 2597–2603.
Smith, R. B., 1987: Aerial observations of the Yugoslavian Bora. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 269–297.
Smith, R. B., 1988: Linear-theory of stratified flow past an isolated mountain in isosteric coordinates. J. Atmos. Sci, 45, 3889–3896.
Smith, R. B., 1989a: Hydrostatic Airflow Over Mountains. Adv. Geophys., 31, 1–41.
Smith, R. B., 1989b: Mountain-induced stagnation points in hydrostatic flow. Tellus, 41A, 270–274.
Smith, R. B., 1989c: Comment on “Low Froude number flow past three dimensional obstacles. Part I: Baroclinically generated lee vorticies”. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3611–3613.
Smith, R.B., 1990: Why can’t stably stratified air rise over high ground? Atmospheric processes over Complex Terrain. Meteor. Monographs, W. Blumen, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., No. 23, 105–107.
Smith, R. B., A. C. Gleason, P. A. Gluhosky and V. Grubi_i_, 1997: The wake of St. Vincent. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 606–623.
Smith, R. B. and S. Grønås, 1993: The 3-D mountain airflow bifurcation and the onset of flow splitting. Tellus, 45A, 28–43.
Smith, R. B. and V. Grubisic, 1993: Aerial observations of Hawaii’s wake. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3728–3750.
Smith, R. B., S. Skubis, J. Doyle, A. Broad, C. Kiemle, and H. Volkert, 2000: Gravity waves over Mt. Blanc. Submitted to Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.
Smith, R. B. and D. F. Smith, 1995: Pseudoinviscid wake formation by mountains in shallow-water flow with a drifting vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 436–454.
Snyder, W. H., R. S. Thompson, R. E. Eskridge, R. E. Larson, I. P Castro, J. I. Lee, J. C. R Hunt, and Y Ogawa, 1985: The structure of strongly stratified flow over hills: dividing streamline concept. J. Fluid Mech., 152, 249–288.
Stein, J., 1992: Investigation of the regime diagram of hydrostatic flow over a mountain with a primitive equation model, Part I: Two-dimensional flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2962–2976.
Thorpe, A. J., H. Volkert and D. Heimann, 1993: Potential vorticity of flow along the Alps. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1573–1590.
Tjernström, M. and B. Grisogono, 2000: Simulations of supercritical flow around points and capes in a coastal atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 108–135.
Trini Castelli, S. and D. Anfossi, 1997: Intercomparison of 3D turbulence parameterisations for dispersion models in complex terrain derived from a circulation model. Il Nuovo Cimento, 20C, 287–313.
Turner, J. S., 1973: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, 367pp.
Vosper, S. B. and S. D. Mobbs, 1996: Lee waves over the English Lake District. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1283–1305.
Vosper, S. B. and S. D. Mobbs, 1997: Measurement of the pressure field on a mountain. Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc., 123(537 Part A): 129–144.
Welch, W., P. Smolarkiewicz, R. Rotunno, and B. Boville, 2000: The large scale effects of flow over periodic mesoscale topography. Submitted to J. Atmos. Sci.
Winters, K. B. and E. A. D’Asaro, 1994: Three-dimensional wave instability near a critical level. J. Fluid Mech., 272, 255–284.
Wurtele, M. G., 1957: The three-dimensional lee wave. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 29, 242–252.
Wurtele, M. G., R. D. Sharman and A. Datta, 1996: Atmospheric Lee Waves, Annual Rev. Fluid Mech., 28, 429–476.
Wurtele, M. G., R. D. Sharman and T. L. Keller, 1987: Analysis and simulations of a troposphere-stratosphere gravity wave model. Part 1. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3269–3281.
Xu, D. and P. A. Taylor, 1997: On turbulence closure constants for amtospheric boundary-layer modelling: Neutral stratification. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 84, 267–287.
Yih, C. S. and C. R. Guha, 1955: Hydraulic jump in a fluid system of two layers. Tellus, 7, 358–366.
Zilitinkevich, S. S. and D. L. Laikhtman, 1965: On closure of a system of equations for turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer — Tr. GGO, 167, 44–48.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, R.B. (2003). Stratified Flow Over Topography. In: Grimshaw, R. (eds) Environmental Stratified Flows. Topics in Environmental Fluid Mechanics, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48024-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48024-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7605-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48024-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive