Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evolution of Cyanobacterial Symbioses

  • Chapter
Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, K.L., Daley, D.O., Qiu, Y.L., Wheland, J. and Palmer, J.D. (2000) Repeated, recent and diverse transfers of a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus in flowering plants, Nature 408, 354–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, K.L., Ong, H.C. and Palmer, J.D. (2001a) Mitochondrial gene transfer in pieces; fission of the ribosomal protein gene rplz and partial or complete gene transfer to the nucleus, Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 2289–2297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, K.L., Rosenbluth, M., Qiu, Y.L. and Palmer, J.D. (2001b) Multiple losses and transfers to the nucleus of two mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase genes during angiosperm evolution, Genetics 158, 1289–1300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J.F. (1993) Control of gene-expression by redox potential and the requirement for chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, J. Theoret. Biol. 165, 609–631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J.F. and Raven, J.A. (1996) Free-radical-induced mutation vs redox regulation: costs and benefits of genes in organelles, J. Mol. Evol. 42, 482–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, D. and Medlin, L. (1995) The phylogeny of plastids: a review based on comparisons of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions, J. Phycol 31, 489–498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, D. and Medlin, L. (1998) Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants. Plant Physiol. 31, 489–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodyl, A. (1997) Mechanism of protein targetting in the chlorachniophyte plastids and the evolution of complex plastids — a hypothesis, Botanica Acta 110, 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocks, J.J., Logan, G.A., Buick, R. and Summons, R.E. (1999) Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes, Science 285, 1033–1036.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield, N.J. (2000) Bangiomorpha pubescens n.gen, n. sp: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes, Palaeobiology 26, 386–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bythell, J.C., Douglas, A.E., Sharp, V.A., Searle, J.B. and Brown, B.E. (1997) Algal genotypes and photoacclimatory responses of the symbiotic alga Symbiodinium in natural populations of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis, Proc. Royal Soc. London Series B — Biological Sciences 264, 1277–1282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, E.J., Montoya, J.P., Burns, J., Mulholland, M.R., Subramaniam, A. and Capone, D.G. 1999) Extensive bloom of a N 2-fixing diatom/cyanobacterial association in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Marine Ecol.-Progress Series 185, 273–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, E.J. and Janson, S. (2000) Intracellular cyanobacterial symbionts in the marine diatom Climacodium frauenfetdianum (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol. 36, 540–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire, A.C., Wilkinson, C.R., Seddon, S. and Westphalen, G. (1997) Bathymetric and seasonal changes in photosynthesis and respiration of the phototrophic sponge Phyllosporongia lamellasa in comparison with respiration by the heterotrophic sponge larthella basta on Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Marine and Freshwater Reseach 48, 589–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire, A.C., Butler, A.J., Westphalen, G., Rowland, B., Stevenson, J. and Wilkinson, C.R. (1995) Preliminary study of the distribution and photophysiology of the temperature phototrophic sponge Cymbastella sp. from South Australia, Marine and Freshwater Research 48, 1211–1216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, A.E. (1996) Symbiotic Interactions, Oxford Scientific Publications, University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, A.E. (1998) Host benefit and the evolution of specialisation in symbiosis, Heredity 81, 599–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, S.E. (1998) Plastid evolution: origins, diversity trends, Current Opinions in Genetics and Development 8, 655–661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gargas, A., Depriest, P.T., Grube, M. and Tehler, A. (1995) Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny, Science 268, 1492–1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golubic, S. and Lee, S.J. (1999) Early cyanobacterial fossil record: preservation, palaeoenviornments and identification, Europ. J. Ecol. 34, 339–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M.S., Whitehead, L.F. and Douglas, A.E. (2001) Symbiotic dinoflagellates in marine Cnidaria: diversity and function, Hydrobiologia 461, 79–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, N., Angel, D.L., Neori, A., Kress, N. and Kimor, B. (1994) Heterotrophic dinoflagellates with symbiotic cyanobacteria and nitrogen limitation in the Gulf of Aqaba, Marine Ecol.-Progress Series 107, 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R.S. (2000). The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes, Critic. Rev. Microbiol. 26, 111–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinboke, J.F. (1986) Occurrence of Richellia intracellularis (Cyanophyta) within the diatoms Hemiaulus haukii and Hemiaulus membranaceus off Hawaii, J. Phycol. 22, 399–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirose, P. (2000) Plant rake and algal pouch of the larvae in the tropical ascidian Diplosoma similis: an adaptation for vertical transmission of photosynthetic symbionts, Zoological Science 17, 233–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honda, D., Yokota, A. and Sugiyama, J. (1999) Detection of seven major evolutionary lineages in cyanobacteria based in the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis with new sequences of five marine Synechococcus strains, J. Mol. Evol. 48, 723–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honneger, R. (1998) The lichen symbiosis — What is so spectacular about it? Lichenologist 30, 193–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janson, S., Wouters, J., Bergman, B. and Carpenter, E.J. (1999) Host specificity in the Richelia — diatom symbiosis by hetR gene sequency analysis, Environ. Microbiol. 1, 431–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, P and Crane, P.R. (1997) The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants. A Cladistic Study, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kies, L. (1992) Glaucocystophyceae and other protists harbouring procaryotic endocytobionts, in W. reisser (ed.), Algae and Symbiose, Biopress Limited, Oxford, pp. 353–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooistra, W.H.C.F. and Medlin, L.K. (1996) Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta). Reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and the fossil record, Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 6, 391–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larkum, A.W.D., Cox, G.C., Hiller, R.G., Parry, D.L. and Dibbaywan, T.P. (1987) Filamentous cyanophytes containing phycourobilins in symbiosis with sponges and an ascidian of coral reefs, Mar. Biol. 95, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche, J., Van der Stacy, G.W.M., Partensky, F., Ducret, A., Aebersold, R., Li, R., Golden, S.S., Hiller, R.G., Wrench, P.M., Larkum, A.W.D. and Green, B.R. (1996) Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyil a/b light-harvesting proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15246–15248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, J. (1992) Endocytobiotic consortia with dinoflagellate hosts, in W. Reisser ed.), Algae and Symbioses, Biopress Limited, Bristol, pp. 427–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, I.A.N. (1991) Symbients of the tropical Dinophysiales (Dinophycaeae), Ophelia 33, 213–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni, F.M. (1997) Phylogeny of lichen — and non-lichen-forming amphalorid mushrooms and the utility of testing for combinability among multiple data sets, Systematic Biol. 46, 373–406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni, F. and Pagel, M. (1997) Accelerated evolution as a consequence of transitions to mutualism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11422–11427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni, F., Pagel, M. and Reeb, V. (2001) Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors, Nature 411, 937–940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mareira, D., Le Guyaden, H. and Philippe, H. (2000) The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts, Nature 405, 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. and Schrarrenberger, C. (1997) The evolution of the calvin cycle from prokaryatic to eukaryotic chromosomes: a case study of functional redundancy in ancient pathways through endosymbiosis, Current Genetics 72, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W., Stoebe, B., Goremykin, V., Hansmann, S., Hagesara, M. and Kowallik, K.V. (1998) Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts, Nature 393, 162–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medlin, L.K., Kooistra, W.H.C.F., Gersande, R., Sims, P.A. and Wellbrock, U. (1997) Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permean moss extinction? Nova Hedwigia 65, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.S., Olmstead, R.G., Adams, K.L., Palmer, J.D., Lao, N.T., Higgie, L., Kavanaugh, T.A., Hibbend, J.M., Giray, J.L., Marden, C.W., Calie, P.J., Jermiin, L.S. and Wolfe, K.H. (2001) Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiospem evolution from multiple independent transfers to the nucleus, Plant Cell 13, 645–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagawa, Y., Tami, M. and Shigeoka, S. (2001) Overexpression of a cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7 — bisphosphatase in tobacco enhances photosynthesis and growth., Nature Biotechnol. 19, 965–969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Mckay, C.P. and Mvondo, D.N. (2001) A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning. Nature 412, 61–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neilssen, B., Vandepeer, Y., Wilmotte, A. and Deivachter, R. (1995) An early origin of plastids within the cyanobacterial divergence is suggested by evolutionary trees based on complete 16S ribosomal-RNA sequences, Mol. Biol. Evol. 12, 1160–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, D.R., Romanowicz, D.K. and Brown, R.M. (2001) Cellulose in cyanobacteria. Origin of vascular plant cellulase synthase? Plant Physiol. 127, 529–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, B.A., Doris, F., Cullen, A. McDonald, R., Campbell, G. and Steen, M. (1991). Gunnera tintoria — an unusal nitrogen fixing invader — this water loving species may offer insight into the development of terrestrial plants, Bioscience 41, 224–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palenik, B. and Haselkorn, R. (1992) Multiple evolutionary origins of prochloraphytes, the chlorophyll — b — certaining prokaryotes, Nature 355, 265–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J.D., Adams, K.L., Cho, Y.R., Parkinson, C.L., Qiu, U.L. and Song, K.M. (2000) Dynamic evolution of plant mitochondrial genomes: mobile genes and introns and highly variable mutation rates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6960–6966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmquist, K. (2000) Carbon economy in lichens, New Phytol. 148, 11–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandy, R.L. and Royce, C.L. (1992) Ascidians with algal symbionts, in W Reisser (ed.), Algae and Symbioses, Biopress Limited, Bristol, pp 215–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfannschmidt, T., Nilsson, A. and Allen, J.F. (1999) Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression, Nature 397, 625–628.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfannschmidt, T., Allen, J.F. and Oelmullen, R. (2001) Principles of redox control in photosynthetic gene expression, Physiol. Plant. 112, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Printzen, C. and Lumbsch, H.T. (2000) Molecular evidence for the diversification of extant lichens in the late Cretaceous and Tertiary, Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 17, 379–387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Y.L., Cho, Y., Cox, J.C. and Palmer, J.D. (1998) The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants, Nature 394, 671–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Race, H.C., Hermann, R.G. and Martin, W. (1999) Why have organelles retained genomes? Trends Genetics 15, 364–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai, A.N., Söderbäck, E. and Bergman, B. (2000) Cyanobacterium-plant symbioses, New Phytol. 147, 449–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1986) Evolution of plant life forms, in T Gwnish (ed.), On the Economy of Plant Form and Function, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 421–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1988).The iron and molybdenum use efficiences of plant growth with different energy, carbon and nitrogen sources, New Phytologist 109, 279–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1990). Predictions of Mn and Fe use efficiences of phototrophic growth as growth and C assimilation pathway. New Phytol. 116, 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1993) Energy and nutrient acquisition by autotrophic symbioses and their asymbiotic ancesters, Symbiosis 14, 33–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1996) Into the voids: The distribution, function, development and maintenance of gas spaces in plants, Ann. Bot. 78, 137–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1997) Phagotrophy in phototrophs, Limnol. Oceanograph. 42, 198–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (1998).Small is beautiful. The picophytoplankton, Functional Ecol. 12, 503–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (2002a). Selective pressures in stomatal evolution. New Phytologist 153, 371–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A., Johnston, A.M., Handley, L.L. and McInroy, S.G. (1990) Transport and assimilation of inorganic carbon by Lichina pygmaea under emersed and submersed conditions, New Phytol. 114, 407–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A. (2002b) The evolution of cyanobacterial symbioses, Biol. Environ. Proc. Royal Irish Academ., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J.A., Johnston, A.M., Kübler, J.E., Korb, R., McInroy, S.G., Handley, L.L., Scrimgeour, C.M., Walker, D.I., Beardall, J., Clayton, M.N., Vanderklift, M., Fredrikson, S. and Dunton, K.H. (2002) Algae in the Cold, Ann. Bot., in revision.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, D.J., Duckette, J.G., Francis, R., Lignore, R. and Russell, A. (2000) Symbiotic fungal associations in ‘lower’ land plants, Philos.l Trans. Royal Soc. London B 355, 815–831.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redecker, D., Morton, J.B. and Bruns, T.D. (2000) Ancestral lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales), Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 14, 276–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renzaglia, K.S., Duff, R.J., Nickrent, D.L. and Garbary, D.J. (2000) Vegetative and reproductive innovations in early land plants: implications for a unified phylogeny, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London B 355, 769–793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, R. and Knowlton, N. (1995) Intraspecific diversity and ecological zonation in coral-algae symbioses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2850–2853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rujan, T. and Martin, W. (2001) How many genes in Anabidopsis come from cyanobacteria? An estimate from 386 protein phylogenes, Trends Genetics 17, 113–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saldarriaga, J.F., Taylor, F.J.R., Keeling, P.J. and Cavalier-Smith, T. (2001) Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phytogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements, J. Mol. Evol. 53, 204–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sara, M., Bavestrello, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. and Cernano, C. (1998) Endosymbiosis in sponges: relevance for epigenesis and evolution, Symbiosis 25, 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sañudo-Wilhelm, S., Kustka, A.B., Gobler, C.J., Hutchins, D.A., Yang, M., Lwiza, K., Burns, J., Capore, D.G., Raven, J.A. and Carpenter, E.J. (2001) Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the Central Atlantic Ocean, Nature 411, 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheiber, J., Krinsley, D and Rieipati, L (2000) Diagenetic origin of quantz mudstone and implications for silica cycling, Nature 406, 981–985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, R.M. (1979) The phylogeny of the Hepaticae, G.C.S. Clark and J.G. Duckett (eds.), Bryophyte Systematics, Academic Press, London and New York, pp 41–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selosse, M.A., Albert, B.R. and Gatelle, B. (2001) Reducing the genome size of organelles favours gene transfer to the nucleus Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 135–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.C. and Douglas, A.E. (1987) The Biology of Symbiosis, Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, J.W. and Hall, B.D. (1997) The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 94, 4220–4525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, J.W. and Hall, D.B. (1998) Sequences of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II from two red algae and their implications for rhodophyte evolution, J. Phycol. 34, 857–864.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, J.W., Riley, J. and Hall, B.D. (2001) Are red algae plants? A critical evolution of these key molecular data sets, J. Mol. Evol. 52, 527–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summons, R.E., Jahnke, L.L., Hope, J.M. and Logan, G.A. (1999) 2-Methylhaponoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis, Nature 400, 554–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A., Ito, H., Tanaka, R., Tanaka, N.K., and Yoshida, K. and Okada, K. (1998) Chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) is involved in chlorophyll b formation from chlorophyll a, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12719–12723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T.N. and Taylor, E.C. (1994) The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Evidence, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T.N., Hass, H. and Kerp, H. (1997) A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert, Amer. J. Bot. 84, 992–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thumfort, P.P., Atkins, C.A. and Ayzell, D.B. (1994) A re-evaluation of the role of the infected cell in the control of O2 diffusion in legume modules, Plant Physiol. 105, 1321–1333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thumfort, P.P., Layzell, D.B. and Atkins, C.A. (1999) Diffusion and reaction of oxygen in the central tissue of ureide-producing legumes model, Plant Cell Enviorn. 22, 1351–1363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thumfort, P.P., Layzell, D.B. and Atkins, C.A. (2000) A simplified approach for modelling diffusion into cells, J. theoret. Biol. 204, 47–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toller, W.W., Rowan, R. and Knowlton, N (2001) Zooxanthellae of the Montastraea annularis complex: patterns of distribution of four taxa of Symbiodinium on different reefs and across depths, Biol. Bull. 201, 348–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomitani, A., Okada, K., Miyashita, H., Matthijs, H.C.P., Ohne, T. and Tanka, A. (1999) Chlorophyll b and phycolylins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chlorplasts, Nature 400, 159–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S., Huang, T.C. and Chaw, S.M. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 42, 181–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urbach, E., Robertson, D.L. and Chisholm, S.W. (1992) Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation. Nature 355, 267–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usher, K.M., Kuo, J., Fromert, J. and Sutton, D.C. (2001) Vertical transmission of cyanobacterial symbionts in the marine sponge Chondrilla australiensis (Desmospongiae), Hydrobiologia 461, 15–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villareal, T. A. (1991) Nitrogen fixation by the cyanobacterial symbiont of the diatom genus Hemiaulus, Mar. Ecol.-Progress Series 76, 201–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villareal, T.A. (1994) Widespread occurrence of the Hemiaulus — cyanobacterial symbiosis in the Southwest North Atlantic Ocean, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanntorp, L., Wanntorp, H.E., Oxelman, B. and Kallersjo, M. (2001) Phylogeny of Gunnera, Plant Systematics Evol. 226, 85–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, C.R. (1992) Symbiotic interactions between marine sponges and algae, in W. Reisser (ed.), Algae and Symbioses, Biopress, Bristol, pp 111–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, C.R., Summons, R. and Evans, E. (1999) Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic marine sponges: ecological significance and difficulties in detection, Memoirs Queensland Museum 44, 667–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J.P.W. (1992) Phylogenetic classification of nitrogen-fixing organisms, in G. Stacey, R.H. Burris and H.J. Evans (eds), Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 43–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W.W., Nilsson, M., Bergman, B. and Rasmussen, U. (1999) Genetic diversity and classification of cyanobacteria in different. Azolla species by the use of PCR fingerprinting, Theor. Appl. Genet. 99, 1187–1193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerges, W. (2000) Translation in chloroplasts, Biochimie 82, 583–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental and Applied Biology Biological Sciences Institute, School of Life Sciences University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK

    J. A. Raven

Authors
  1. J. A. Raven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India

    Amar N. Rai

  2. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Birgitta Bergman  & Ulla Rasmussen  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raven, J.A. (2002). Evolution of Cyanobacterial Symbioses. In: Rai, A.N., Bergman, B., Rasmussen, U. (eds) Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48005-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48005-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0777-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48005-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation