Abstract
The present study used a combination of the Threat-of-Shock paradigm and the Attention Network Test (ANT) to investigate how induced anxiety affects alerting, orienting, and executive control and whether individual differences in threat sensitivity moderate these effects. Forty-two female subjects completed the ANT task in alternation under shock-threat and no-shock (“safe”) conditions while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The results showed that anxiety induced by the threat of shock had a significant impact on alerting and executive control functions at the neural level. Specifically, alerting-related N1 and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) differences between double cue and no cue conditions were greater in the threat versus safe state, suggesting that the induced anxiety promoted the early perception of cues and preparation for the target. Moreover, executive control-related P3 and sustained potential (SP) differences between incongruent and congruent trials were greater in the threat versus safe state, indicating that the induced anxiety might improve the attentional allocation efficiency and stimulate subjects to recruit more cognitive resources to resolve conflicts. However, orienting-related ERPs were not affected by the threat of shock, but the threat of shock promoted the processing efficiency of spatial-cue at the behavioral level. Analysis of individual differences revealed that trait anxiety moderated the attentional allocation efficiency when performing executive control related tasks in the threat versus safe state. Our findings demonstrate the adaptive significance of the threat of shock-induced anxiety in that being in an anxious state can enhance individuals’ alerting, orienting, and executive functions.
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This work was supported by grants from the Humanities and Social Science Project of Ministry of Education (21YJA190006), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2022JM-107), the Social Science Foundation Project of Shaanxi (2021P025), the Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality (2022-05-056-BZPK01), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202205022 and 23ZYYB013).
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Junjie Huang: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; methodology; visualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. Huimin Wu: Data curation; methodology; writing – review and editing. Xinyan Sun: Visualization; writing – review and editing. Senqing Qi: Conceptualization; Funding acquisition; methodology; writing – review and editing.
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Huang, J., Wu, H., Sun, X. et al. The impact of threat of shock-induced anxiety on alerting, orienting, and executive function in women: an ERP study. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 23, 1513–1533 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-023-01133-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-023-01133-0