Abstract
The curing process in bituminous mixes plays a vital role during the early-stage strength development of cold in-place recycling technology. Curing temperature and curing period (collectively termed as curing regime) are the critical factors governing the curing process. Inadequate curing of cold recycled (CR) bituminous mixes can result in distresses as well as premature failure. The present study evaluated the influence of the curing regime on the mechanical characteristics of CR-Bituminous mixes stabilized with foam and emulsion bitumen (CR-Foam and CR-Emulsion) respectively. The moisture loss pattern in both CR-Foam and CR-Emulsion mixes was monitored over a curing period of 14 days and at three temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 °C. Results of the research showed that moisture loss was rapid during the 24 h and then the rate of moisture loss decreased eventually becoming constant approximately after 7 to 10 days. An increase in curing temperature accelerated the moisture loss in the initial days of curing resulting in better mechanical characteristics whereas the increase in humidity delayed the strength development process even after a prolonged curing period of 7 days. Both the CR-Mixes were found to have similar resilient modulus values for the same residual moisture content indicating the impact of curing temperature. In terms of performance, CR-Emulsion mixes showed superior cracking resistance than CR-Foam mixes as indicated by the Cracking Tolerance Index.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lee KW, Brayton TE, Harrington J (2003) New mix-design procedure of cold in-place recycling for pavement rehabilitation. In: Proceedings of TRB 82nd Annual Meeting, TRB, Washington
Yang R, Kang S, Ozer H, Al-Qadi IL (2015) Environmental and economic analyses of recycled asphalt concrete mixtures based on material production and potential performance. Resour Conserv Recycl 104:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.014
Niazi Y, Jalili M (2009) Effect of Portland cement and lime additives on properties of cold in-place recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion. Constr Build Mater 23(3):1338–1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.020
Kim Y, Im S, Lee HD (2011) Impacts of curing time and moisture content on engineering properties of cold in-place recycling mixtures using foamed or emulsified asphalt. J Mater Civ Eng 23(5):542–553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000209
Diefenderfer BK, Apeagyei AK, Gallo AA, Dougald LE, Weaver CB (2012) In-place pavement recycling on I-81 in Virginia. Transp Res Rec 2306(1):21–27
Yang Y, Yang Y, Qian B (2019) Performance and microstructure of cold recycled mixes using asphalt emulsion with different contents of cement. Materials 12(16):2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162548
Graziani A, Godenzoni C, Cardone F, Bocci M (2016) Effect of curing on the physical and mechanical properties of cold-recycled bituminous mixtures. Mater Des 95:358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.094
Guatimosim FV, Vasconcelos KL, Bernucci LL, Jenkins KJ (2018) Laboratory and field evaluation of cold recycling mixture with foamed asphalt. Road Mater Pavement Design 19(2):385–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1261726
Kavussi A, Modarres A (2010) A model for resilient modulus determination of recycled mixes with bitumen emulsion and cement from ITS testing results. Constr Build Mater 24(11):2252–2259
Gao L, Ni F, Charmot S, Luo H (2014) Influence on compaction of cold recycled mixes with emulsions using the superpave gyratory compaction. J Mater Civ Eng 26(11):04014081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000987
Yang W, Ouyang J, Meng Y, Han B, Sha Y (2021) Effect of curing and compaction on volumetric and mechanical properties of cold-recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion under different cement contents. Constr Build Mater 297:123699
Kishore Kumar C, Amar Kumar DS, Amaranatha Reddy M, Sudhakar RK (2008) Investigation of cold-in-place recycled mixes in India. Int J Pavement Eng 9(4):265–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430701551201
Lin J, Huo L, Xu F, Xiao Y, Hong J (2018) Development of microstructure and early-stage strength for 100% cold recycled asphalt mixture treated with emulsion and cement. Constr Build Mater 189:924–933
Flores G, Gallego J, Miranda L, Marcobal JR (2020) Cold asphalt mix with emulsion and 100% rap: compaction energy and influence of emulsion and cement content. Constr Build Mater 250:118804
Serfass JP, Poirier JE, Henrat JP, Carbonneau X (2004) Influence of curing on cold mix mechanical performance. Mater Struct 37(5):365–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481685
Pasetto M, Pasquini E, Baliello A, Raschia S, Rahmanbeiki A, Carter A, Dave EV (2020) Influence of curing on the mechanical properties of cement-bitumen treated materials using foamed bitumen: an interlaboratory test program. In: Proceedings of the 9th International conference on maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements—Mairepav9. Springer International Publishing, pp 55–65
Yan J, Ni F, Yang M, Li J (2010) An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes. Constr Build Mater 24(11):2151–2156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.044
Ouyang J, Pan B, Xu W, Hu L (2019) Effect of water content on volumetric and mechanical properties of cement bitumen emulsion mixture. J Mater Civ Eng 31(6):04019085
Epps JA (1990) Cold-recycled bituminous concrete using bituminous materials (No. 160). Transportation Research Board
Asphalt Academy (2009) Technical guideline: Bitumen stabilised materials. a guide for the design and construction of bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen stabilised materials
Jameson G (2018) Design and performance of foamed bitumen stabilised pavements (No. AP-T336–18)
IRC 120 (2015) Recommended practices for recycling of bituminous pavements. Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India
Corté JF (2002) Cold in-place recycling with emulsion or foamed bitumen. In: seminar on Road Pavement Recycling, PIARC Technical Committee on Road Pavements (C7/8) and the Road and Bridge Research Institute. Poland
ASTM D2172 (2005) Standard test methods for quantitative extraction of bitumen from bituminous paving mixtures. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
BIS 2720 (Part VIII) (1983) Determination of water content-dry density relation using heavy compaction. New Delhi, India
Fu P, Jones D, Harvey JT, Halles FA (2010) Investigation of the curing mechanism of foamed asphalt mixes based on micromechanics principles. J Mater Civ Eng 22:29–38
ASTM D6931 (2012) Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of bituminous mixtures. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM D4123 (1995) Standard test method for indirect tension test for resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
Cheng H, Sun L, Liu L, Li H (2018) Fatigue characteristics of in-service cold recycling mixture with asphalt emulsion and HMA mixture. Constr Build Mater 192:704–714
Tavassoti P, Solaimanian M, Chen X (2022) Characterization of fatigue performance of cold mix recycled asphalt mixtures through uniaxial tension–compression testing. Constr Build Mater 329:127155
ASTM D8225 (2019) Standard test method for determination of cracking tolerance index of asphalt mixture using the indirect tensile cracking test at intermediate temperature. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
Pi Y, Huang Z, Pi Y, Li G, Li Y (2019) Composition design and performance evaluation of emulsified asphalt cold
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Goli, A., Sasidharan, D., Raj Kumar, B. et al. Effect of curing regime on mechanical characteristics of cold recycled bituminous mixes. Mater Struct 56, 138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02229-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02229-2