Abstract
Heart failure is a disease of immense burden and cost to individuals and society. It is estimated that more than 4.5 million people in the United States currently suffer from heart failure, and more than 400,000 cases are newly diagnosed each year (1). The prevalence of the disease increases with age such that nearly 10% of the population will be affected in the ninth decade of life (2). Furthermore, heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalizations of individuals older than 65 years, and it was estimated that there would be more than 1 million hospitalizations for heart failure in 2004, with an economic cost exceeding $40 billion (3). Given the tremendous scope of heart failure, a great deal of research has gone into finding therapies that can reduce its morbidity and mortality.
Keywords
- Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
- Coronary Sinus
- Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
- Biventricular Pace
- Left Ventricular Lead
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Heart Association. 1999 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association, Dallas, TX: 1998.
Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D. The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22(4 suppl A):6A–13A.
O’Connell JB, Bristow MR. Economic impact of heart failure in the United States: time for a different approach. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994;13:S107–S112.
Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) practice guidelines: HFSA guidelines for management of patients with heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction—pharmacological approaches. J Card Fail 1999;5(4):357–382.
Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen TM, et al. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation 1997;95:2660–2667.
Grines CL, Bashore TM, Boudoulas H, et al. Functional abnormalities in isolated left bundle branch block. The effect of interventricular asynchrony. Circulation 1989;79:845–853.
Xiao HB, Lee CH, Gibson DG. Effect of left bundle branch block on diastolic function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1991;66:443–447.
Xiao HB, Brecker SJ, Gibson DG. Effects of abnormal activation on the time course of the left ventricular pressure pulse in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1992;68:403–407.
Shamim W, Francis DP, Yousufuddin M, et al. Intraventricular conduction delay: a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 1999;70:171–178.
Xiao HB, Roy C, Fujimoto S, Gibson DG. Natural history of abnormal conduction and its relation to prognosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 1996;53:163–170.
Schoeller R, Andresen D, Buttner P, et al. First-or second-degree atrioventricular block as a risk factor in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:720–726.
Wilensky RL, Yudelman P, Cohen Al, et al. Serial electrocardiographic changes in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy confirmed at necropsy. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:276–283.
Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes DR Jr, Tajik AJ. Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:281–288.
Shinbane JS, Chu E, DeMarco T, Sobol Y, et al. Evaluation of acute dual-chamber pacing with a wide range of atrioventricular delays on cardiac performance in refractory heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1295–1300.
Hochleitner M, Hortnagl H, Ng CK, et al. Usefulness of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in drug-resistant idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:198–202.
Hochleitner M, Hortnagl H, Hortnagl H, et al. Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1320–1325.
Gold MR, Feliciano Z, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML. Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: a randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:967–973.
Rosenqvist M, Isaaz K, Botvinick EH, et al. Relative importance of activation sequence compared to atrioventricular synchrony in left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:148–156.
Betocchi S, Piscione F, Villari B, et al. Effects of induced asynchrony on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1124–1131.
Leclercq C, Gras D, Le Helloco A, et al. Hemodynamic importance of preserving the normal sequence of ventricular activation in permanent cardiac pacing. Am Heart J 1995;129:1133–1141.
Cazeau S, Ritter P, Bakdach S, et al. Four chamber pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17(11 part 2):1974–1979.
Foster AH, Gold MR, McLaughlin JS. Acute hemodynamic effects of atrio-biventricular pacing in humans. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:294–300.
Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M, et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure: results of an acute hemodynamic study. Circulation 1997;96:3273–3277.
Saxon LA, Kerwin WF, Cahalan MK, et al. Acute effects of intraoperative multi-site ventricular pacing on left ventricular function and activation/contraction sequence in patients with depressed ventricular function. J Cardiovasc Electro-physiol 1998;9:13–21.
Kass DA, Chen CH, Curry C, et al. Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. Circulation 1999;99:1567–1573.
Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Block M, et al. Effect of pacing chamber and atrio-ventricular delay on acute systolic function of paced patients with congestive heart failure. The Pacing Therapies for Congestive Heart Failure Study Group. The Guidant Congestive Heart Failure Research Group. Circulation 1999;99:2993–3001.
Touissaint JF, Ritter P, Lavergne T, et al. Biventricular resynchronization in end-stage heart failure: an eight-month follow-up by phase map radionuclide angiography. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4 part 2):840.
Nelson GS, Berger RD, Fetics BJ, et al. Left ventricular pre-excitation improves mechanoenergetics of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(2 suppl A):230A.
Breithardt O, Stelbrink C, Diem B, et al. Effect of chronic multisite pacing on left ventricular volumes in patients with congestive heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4 part 2):732.
Stellbrink C, Breithardt OA, Diem B, et al. Acute effects of multisite pacing with different AV delays on diastolic and systolic function in congestive heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4 part 2):829.
Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congestive heart failure: preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc. InSync study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21(4 part 2):2249.
Gras D, Mabo P, Bucknall C, et al. Responders and nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the InSync trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(2 suppl A):230A.
Krahnfeld O, Vogt J, Tenderich G, et al. Changes in QRS-duration in patients with biventricular pacing system for congestive heart failure treatment and clinical outcome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4 part 2):733.
Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, Hummel J, et al. Biventricular pacing in patients with congestive heart failure: two prospective randomized trials. The VIGOR CHF and VENTAK CHF Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1999;83(5B):120D–130D.
Stellbrink C, Auricchio A, Diem B, et al. Potential benefit of biventricular pacing in patients with congestive heart failure and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol 1999;83(5B):143D–150D.
Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Sack S, et al. Chronic benefit as a result of pacing in congestive heart failure: results of the PATH-CHF trial. J Card Fail 1999; 5(3 suppl 1):78.
Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. for the COMPANION Investigators. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces hospitalizations, and CRT plus an implantable defibrillator (CRT-D) reduces mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the COMPANION trial. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2140–2150.
Auricchio A, Sack S, Stellbrink C, et al. Transvenous left ventricular pacing using a new over the wire coronary venous lead. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4part2):717.
Auricchio A, Klein H, Tockman B, et al. Transvenous biventricular pacing for heart failure: can the obstacles be overcome? Am J Cardiol 1999;83(5B):136D–142D.
Auricchio A, Salo RW. Acute hemodynamic improvement by pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20(2 part l):313–324.
Walker S, Levy TM, Coats AJ, et al. Bi-ventricular pacing in congestive cardiac failure. Current experience and future directions. The Imperial College Cardiac Electrophysiology Group. Eur Heart J 2000;21:884–889.
Saxon LA. Atrial fibrillation and dilated cardiomyopathy: therapeutic strategies when sinus rhythm cannot be maintained. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20(3 part l):720–725.
Wood MA, Brown-Mahoney C, Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA. Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2000;101:l138–1144.
Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, et al. Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:913–920.
Shinbane JS, Wood MA, Jensen DN, et al. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of animal models and clinical studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:709–715.
Daoud EG, Weiss R, Bahu M, et al. Effect of an irregular rhythm on cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1433–1436.
Natale A, Zimerman L, Tomassoni G, et al. Impact on ventricular function and quality of life of transcatheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction in chronic atrial fibrillation with a normal ventricular response. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1431–1433.
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Gianfranchi L, et al. Assessment of atrioventricular junction ablation and VVIR pacemaker vs pharmacological treatment in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: a randomized, controlled study. Circulation 1998;98:953–960.
Ozcan C, Jahangir A, Friedman PA, et al. Long-term survival after ablation of the atrioventricular node and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1043–1051.
Twidale N, McDonald T, Nave K, Seal A. Comparison of the effects of AV nodal ablation vs AV nodal modification in patients with congestive heart failure and uncontrolled atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21(4 part 1):641–651.
Leclercq C, Victor F, Alonso C, et al. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular pacing for refractory heart failure in patients with stable sinus rhythm or chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1154–1156.
Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, Anderson K. Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation 2000;101:869–877.
Saxon LA, Kumar UN, De Marco T. Heart failure and cardiac resynchronization therapies: US experience in the year 2000. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2000;5:188–194.
Kadhiresan V, Vogt J, Auricchio A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of QRS duration to predict acute benefit in heart failure patients with cardiac resynchronization. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(4 part 2):555.
Farwell D, Patel NR, Hall A, et al. How many people with heart failure are appropriate for biventricular resynchronization? Eur Heart J 2000;21:1246–1250.
Saxon LA, Stevenson WG, Middlekauff HR, Stevenson LW. Increased risk of progressive hemodynamic deterioration in advanced heart failure patients requiring permanent pacemakers. Am Heart J 1993;125(5 part 1):1306–1310.
The DAVID Trial Investigators. Dual chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator. JAMA 2002;288:3115–3123.
Leon AR, Greenberg JM, Kanuru N, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: effect of upgrading to biventricular pacing after chronic right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1258–1263.
Spragg DD, Leclercq C, Loghmani M, et al. Regional alterations in protein expression in the dyssynchronous failing heart. Circulation 2003;108:929–932.
Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Le Breton H, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1825–1831.
Kerwin WF, Botvinick EH, O’Connell JW, et al. Ventricular contraction abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy: effect of biventricular pacing to correct inter-ventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1221–1227.
Kerwin WF, Foster E, Paccanaro M, et al. Effect of chronic biventricular pacing on Doppler measures of myocardial performance correlate with Doppler measures of systolic function. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22(4 part 2):732.
Saxon LA, DeMarco T, Chatterjee K, et al. The magnitude of sympathoneural activation in advanced heart failure is altered with chronic biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21(4 part 2):499.
Dibs SR, Kerwin WF, Godin G, et al. Chronic biventricular pacing does not worsen autonomic imbalance in heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(4 part 2):660.
Auricchio A, on behalf of the PATH-CHF Investigators. Optimal cardiac resynchronization decreases heart rate and increases heart rate variability in heart failure patients with conduction delay. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(4 part 2):602.
July 10th Circulatory Systems Device Panel (MIRACLE trial). IDE G980219. Available at: www.FDALiveURL, accessed 2001.
Saxon LA, De Marco T, Dibs S, et al. Chronic biventricular pacing improves indices of systolic function and reduces left ventricular volume. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(4 part 2);635.
De Marco T, Schafer J, Foster E, Saxon LA. Chronic resynchronization therapy results in reverse remodeling in mild to moderate heart failure. J Card Fail 2001;7(3 suppl 2):58.
St John Sutton MG, Plappert TJ, Abraham WT, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy results in improvement in echocardiographic parameters in heart failure patients: Evidence from MIRACLE and MIRACLE ICD trials [abstract]. J Cardiac Fail 2002;8:abstract 034.
Saxon LA, De Marco T, Chatterjee K, et al. Operative risk associated with chronic biventricular pacemaker implantation in advanced heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21(4 part 2):498.
Leon A, Langberg J. Energy sources for catheter ablation. In: Zipes D, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA:1995.
Reynolds D, Belott P. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. In: Ellenbogen K, Kay G, Wilkoff B, eds. Clinical Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA:2000.
July 10th Circulatory Systems Device Panel (CONTAK CD trial). IDE G970259. Available at:www.FDALive, accessed 2002.
Hewitt M, Chen J, Ravon CE, Gallagher JJ. Coronary sinus atrial pacing: radio-graphic considerations. Am J Roentgenol 1981;136:323–328.
Bristow MR, Feldman AM, Saxon LA. Heart failure management using implantable devices for ventricular resynchronization: Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. COMPANION Steering Committee and COMPANION Clinical Investigators. J Card Fail 2000;6:276–285.
Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med 2001;344:873–880.
Data presented at the European Society of Cardiology Scientific Sessions, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000.
Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, et al. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1882–1890.
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933–1940.
Touiza A, Etienne Y, Gilard M, et al. Long-term left ventricular pacing: assessment and comparison with biventricular pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001:38:1966–1970.
Leclercq C, Faris O, Tunin R, et al. Systolic improvement and mechanical resynchronization does not require electrical synchrony in the dilated failing heart with left bundle-branch block. Circulation 2002;106:1760–1763.
Saxon LA, De Marco T. Cardiac resynchronization: a cornerstone in the foundation of device therapy in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1971–1973.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, U.N., De Marco, T., Saxon, L.A. (2005). Pacing in Heart Failure. In: Fang, J.C., Couper, G.S. (eds) Surgical Management of Congestive Heart Failure. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-842-0:123
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-842-0:123
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-034-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-842-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)