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Effects of A1 and A2 variants of β-casein on human health—is β-casomorphin-7 really a harmful peptide in cow milk?

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Abstract

This article aims to review the effects of cow milk containing A1 or A2 or mixed variants of β-casein on human health. The information based on the health effects of cow milk was collected from the most authentic scientific database including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar by searching specific keywords like “cow milk”, “A1A2 beta-casein”, “beta-casomorphins”, “A2 cow milk”, and “A2 milk”. The search hits a total of 197 articles including patents in which about 70 most relevant articles were critically reviewed. The literature revealed that the most abundant category of cow milk found worldwide is mixed A1/A2 in which both A1 and A2 variants of β-casein are found in equal ratio. Among the major three categories, A2 cow milk received much attention both from the scientific community and the wider public due to its possible health benefits over A1 milk mainly in diabetes and heart-related problems. On the other hand, milk containing the A1 variant of β-casein is supposed to be harmful due to the formation of β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) peptide, although the scientific community is not unanimous for this claim. The claim for the harmful effects of the A1 variant should be further validated with more scientific studies.

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Fig. 1

adapted from Farrell et al. [36].

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Data and material related to the present study are given in the manuscript.

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Acknowledgements

The author Ravindra Semwal expresses his gratitude to his current employer, the Department of Technical Education, Govt. of Uttarakhand, for granting sabbatical/study leave to pursue a PhD degree.

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  1. Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India

    Ravindra Semwal

  2. Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India

    Sunil Kumar Joshi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Dakpathar, Uttarakhand, India

    Ruchi Badoni Semwal

  4. ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India

    Monika Sodhi

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

    Kumud Upadhyaya

  6. Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India

    Deepak Kumar Semwal

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Ravindra Semwal: data collection and manuscript writing. Sunil Kumar Joshi: supervision and review. Ruchi Badoni Semwal: data collection. Monika Sodhi: review. Kumud Upadhyaya: data collection and review. Deepak Kumar Semwal: conceptualization, review, and editing.

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Semwal, R., Joshi, S.K., Semwal, R.B. et al. Effects of A1 and A2 variants of β-casein on human health—is β-casomorphin-7 really a harmful peptide in cow milk?. Nutrire 47, 8 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-022-00159-7

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