Negative index Jacobi forms and quantum modular forms

In this paper, we consider the Fourier coefficients of a special class of meromorphic Jaocbi forms of negative index. Much recent work has been done on such coefficients in the case of Jacobi forms of positive index, but almost nothing is known for Jacobi forms of negative index. In this paper we show, from two different perspectives, that their Fourier coefficients have a simple decomposition in terms of partial theta functions. The first perspective uses the language of Lie super algebras, and the second applies the theory of elliptic functions. In particular, we find a new infinite family of rank-crank type PDEs generalizing the famous example of Atkin and Garvan. We then describe the modularity properties of these coefficients, showing that they are"mixed partial theta functions", along the way determining a new class of quantum modular partial theta functions which is of independent interest.


Introduction and statement of results
Since the introduction of the theory of Jacobi forms by Eichler and Zagier [20], connections between Jacobi forms and modular-type objects have been a question of central interest, with applications to many areas including Siegel modular forms, mock modular forms, and Lie theory. In this paper we study the Fourier coefficients of a special family of negative index Jacobi forms. In particular, consider for N ∈ N, M ∈ N 0 the functions Here, q := e 2πiτ (τ ∈ H), ζ := e 2πiz (z ∈ C), and for n ∈ N 0 ∪ {∞}, (a) n := (a; q) n := n−1 j=0 1 − aq j is the q-Pochhammer symbol. The relationship between Jacobi forms and modular forms has appeared in many guises and stems back to important work on holomorphic Jacobi forms, which states that they have theta decompositions relating them to half-integral weight modular forms [20]. The situation for meromorphic positive index Jacobi forms well-understood as well; a meromorphic Jacobi form of positive index has Fourier coefficients which are almost mock modular forms, which in turn are holomorphic parts of almost harmonic Maass forms [8,17,21,34,46]. Loosely speaking, almost harmonic weak Maass forms are sums of harmonic weak Maass functions under iterates of the raising operator multiplied by almost holomorphic modular forms. In this paper, we describe new decompositions of the Jacobi forms φ M,N (z; τ ) which complement this long history of previous work on positive index Jacobi forms in the much more mysterious case of negative index. In addition to being of interest in the subject of general Jacobi forms, here we give further applications of such decompositions, focusing on the special subfamily φ N (τ ) := φ 0,N (τ ) as they are of great interest in various areas such as number theory, representation theory, combinatorics, and physics. Here we outline just a few such occurrences.  Firstly, for various choices of N , the functions φ N are of combinatorial interest. In particular, the function φ 1 is related to the famous Andrews-Dyson-Garvan crank generating function (see (1.7) and (1.8)), which was used by Andrews and Garvan to provide a combinatorial explanation for the Ramanujan congruences for the partition function [4], as postulated by Dyson [18]. In this paper we describe relations between powers of the crank generating function with certain Appell-Lerch series, giving a new family of PDEs generalizing the "rank-crank PDE" of Atkin and Garvan [6] (see Theorem 1.3). This beautiful identity of Atkin and Garvan gives a surprising connection between the rank and crank generating functions which can be used to show various congruences relating ranks and cranks, as well as useful relations between the rank and crank moments [6]. We also note the other examples of similar PDEs related to combinatorics have shown up in, for example Section 3.2 of [9], where the function φ 1,3 (z; τ ) is studied in relation to overpartitions.
Secondly, the functions φ N contain information about certain affine vertex algebras and their associated affine Lie algebras studied by Kac and Wakimoto [24]. More precisely, let S(1) be the graded vector space It specializes to φ N (z; τ ) for the following choices: The algebra S(N ) contains as commuting subalgebras the rank one Heisenberg vertex algebra H(1) and the simple affine vertex algebra of sℓ(N ) at level minus one, L −1 (sℓ(N )). Note that minus one is not an admissible level in the case of N = 2 and that these algebras do not form a mutually commuting pair inside S(2). However for N > 2 it was shown in [1] that L −1 (sℓ(N )) and H(1) form such a mutually commuting pair inside S(N ). The character of the highest-weight module F µ , µ ∈ R, of H(1) takes the form so that the Fourier coefficients in ζ of φ N (z; τ ) immediately allow one to compute the multiplicity with which the character of F r/ √ N appears. In physics language, such a multiplicity is called the branching function of the coset S(N )/H(1).
This leads to the second conformal field theory and vertex algebra importance of decomposing a meromorphic Jacobi form. One of the most interesting classes of vertex algebras is given by V k (g), the universal affine vertex algebra of the simple Lie algebra g at level k ∈ C. For certain rational admissible levels, V k (g) is not simple and one instead prefers to study its simple quotient L k (g). The characters of irreducible highest-weight modules at admissible level L k (g) are the sum expansions in special domains of meromorphic Jacobi forms [26]. Understanding these sum expansions is crucial in studying the modular data of the corresponding conformal field theory [14,15].
Fourthly, the functions φ N appear in the denominator identities of affine Lie super algebras [27]. In [14,15] the denominator identity of sℓ(2|1) was an essential ingredient to study the relations between characters of admissible level L k (sℓ(2)), while we use the identities for the family sℓ(N |1) to prove one of our central theorems.
Finally, the functions φ N also occur in string theory; we only expound upon one example. The reciprocal of the Igusa cusp form Φ 10 (Z) (Z ∈ H 2 , the Siegel upper half plane of genus 2) arises as the partition function of quarter-BPS dyons in the type II compactification on the product of a K 3 surface and an elliptic curve. Write For m > 0, the Fourier coefficients of the functions ψ m are the degeneracies of single-centered black holes and two-centered black holes with total magnetic charge invariant equal to m. This case is studied in pathbreaking work of Dabholkar, Murthy, and Zagier [17] (see also [32] for the appearance of mock modular forms in the context of quantum gravity partition functions and AdS3/CFT2, as well as [31] for a relation between multi-centered black holes and mock Siegel-Narain theta functions). The coefficient of m = −1 equals −1 η 18 (τ )ϑ(z; τ ) 2 (note that our theta function ϑ(z; τ ) differs from the theta function θ 1 (z; τ ) in the notation of [17] by a factor of i). Analogously to the case of Jacobi forms of positive index, one may view Theorem 1.3 below as a decomposition giving a "polar part" but no "finite part" as described in [8,17] and stated in more detail in (3.6). This is consistent with a string theoretic interpretation of ψ −1 in (1.4) in that there are no single-centered black holes and the degeneracies are all interpreted as accounting for two-centered black holes (see [16,36]). In contrast, in the case m > 0, the mock part of ψ m corresponds to single-centered black holes and the Appel Lerch sum corresponds to two-centered black hole bound states [17].
Returning to the problem of studying φ M,N , we define its Fourier coefficients by and in particular we set χ(N, r; τ ) := χ(0, N, r; τ ). Note that wallcrossing occurs; the coefficients χ(M, N, r; τ ) are only well-defined if we fix a range for z. We show that the Fourier coefficients χ(M, N, r; τ ) can be described using partial theta functions (i.e., sums over half a lattice which when summed over a full lattices becomes a theta function), whose modularity properties near the real line we also describe using quantum modular forms. Quantum modular forms were recently defined by Zagier in [44] (see also [10,12,22,30]). Although the definition is not rigorous, Zagier gave a number of motivating examples. Roughly speaking, a weight k quantum modular form is a function f : Q → C for some subset Q ⊆ P 1 (Q) such that for any γ in a congruence subgroup Γ, the cocycle f | k (1 − γ) extends to an open set of R and is "nice" (e.g. continuously differentiable, smooth, etc). In fact, our study of the modularity of the partial theta functions shows that they are what Zagier refers to as strong quantum modular forms, namely that they have a near-modular property for asymptotic expansions defined at every point in a subset of P 1 (Q). Moreover, this behavior comes from the "leaking" of modularity properties of a non-holomorphic Eichler integral defined on the lower half plane (see (6.7)).
Returning to the Fourier coefficients of φ M,N , we define a mixed partial theta function to be a linear combination of quasi-modular forms multiplied with partial theta functions. These functions have known connections to many interesting combinatorial functions, such as concave and convex compositions [3], unimodal sequences [25,38], and stacks [42]. Throughout, we abuse notation to say that any function is a modular form, partial theta function, mixed partial theta function, etc.
if it is equal to such a function up to multiplication by a rational power of q. Our main result is the following. Theorem 1.1. For any N ∈ N, M ∈ 2N 0 and r ∈ Z with M < N , the functions χ(M, N, r; τ ) are mixed partial theta functions.
Remarks. 1. The quasi-modular forms appearing in the decomposition of the mixed partial theta functions are canonically determined by the Laurent expansion of the Jacobi form φ M,N (see Theorem 1.4).
2. Using the techniques of this paper it is easy to relax the condition on M to allow any natural number less than N , however we restrict to even M for notational convenience.
We first consider the case of φ N (z; τ ), which we study from two perspectives. Our first viewpoint describes the Fourier coefficients as derivatives of partial theta functions of a rescaled version of the root lattice A N −1 := Zα 1 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Zα N −1 of sℓ(N ). Here, the α n are the simple roots of sℓ(N ), which are linear functionals on the Cartan subalgebra h ∼ = C N −1 of sℓ(N ). The Gram matrix of A N −1 is the Cartan matrix of sℓ(N ). We denote the bilinear form by ( | ) and abbreviate t 2 := (t|t) for t in A N −1 . For r in Z, we define the subset of 1 and its partial theta function The e t are functions on the Cartan subalgebra h defined by e t : u → e t(u) for u in h. Its evaluation for u ∈ h is then denoted by P r (u; τ ). We call P r a partial theta function, because the theta function obtained by summing over the complete lattice 1 is a modular form of weight (N − 1)/2 for Γ(M ) with M = N 2 (N − 1)/2. This statement is true, since θ N is the theta function of the lattice 1 √ 2M A N −1 . The level of this lattice is M , and the modularity of theta functions of lattices is discussed for example in [19].
2. The proof of the theorem uses the denominator identity of both sℓ(N |1) and sℓ(N |1) as well as Weyl's character formula for sℓ(N ).
3. The case N = 1 follows from the denominator identity of gℓ(1|1) (see Proposition 4.4). In this case, the Fourier coefficients relate to the characters of a well-known logarithmic conformal field theory, the W(2, 3)-algebra of central charge −2. The modularity of the coefficients has been studied from a different perspective in [13].
The second approach is based on a generalization of a deep identity of Atkin and Garvan. To state it, we first recall the rank and crank generating functions (whose combinatorial meanings are not needed in this paper), which arise in many contexts and in particular give combinatorial explanations of Ramanujan's congruences (for example see [4,7,18]). Specifically, the generating functions are given as follows: We also need the normalized versions Note that φ N is essentially the N -th power of C * as for N ∈ N we have The simplest case of our decomposition relies on the fact that C * , and thus φ 1 , is essentially an Appell-Lerch sum thanks to the following classical partial fractions expansion (for example, see Theorem 1.4 of [47]).
For the cube of the crank generating function, Atkin and Garvan [6] proved the following rankcrank PDE which is very useful in establishing congruences and relations between the moments of the rank and crank generating functions: Here and throughout D x := x ∂ ∂x . Note that this gives a description of φ 3 in terms of Appell-Lerch sums by (1.8). 5 Zwegers [47] nicely generalized (1.10) for arbitrary odd powers of the crank generating function using the theory of elliptic forms. For similar results using another clever proof, see also the paper of Chan, Dixit, and Garvan [11].
In this paper, we prove a new family of analogous PDEs which are of independent interest. Moreover, we package Zwegers' family of PDEs in a way which illuminates their structure coming from negative index Jacobi forms. To describe this, we need the Appell-Lerch sums where w := e 2πiu . We also require the Laurent coefficients of φ M,N (z; τ ) at z = 0: Note that only even or odd Laurent coefficients occur, depending on the parity of N , since ϑ(−z; τ ) = −ϑ(z; τ ). It is not hard to see that the coefficients D j are quasimodular forms. Explicitly, they can be computed quickly in terms of the usual Eisenstein series where σ k (n) := d|n d k and B k is the usual k-th Bernoulli number. Specifically, it easily follows from the Jacobi triple product formula that The following result puts Zwegers family of PDEs as well as our new family of PDEs into a common framework. Setting we find: Remark. Note that Theorem 1.3 is more explicit than Zwegers' rank-crank type PDEs as it gives the modular coefficients of the PDEs directly from the structure of the Jacobi form φ M,N . Chan, Dixit, and Garvan also remarked that it would be interesting to find such an explicit expression for the quasimodular forms in the decomposition in that case.
Armed with the decomposition in Theorem 1.3 into Appell-Lerch sums, we can easily pick off the Fourier coefficients χ(M, N, r; τ ) and write them in terms of the Laurent coefficients of φ M,N and certain partial theta functions Specifically, if we let , then the Fourier coefficients of φ M,N are as follows.
If N > 1 is odd, these partial theta functions fit into the pioneering work of Folsom, Ono, and Rhoades [22] which gives startling relations between the asymptotic expansions of the rank and crank generating functions, generalizing and proving beautiful formulas of Ramanujan. Their work shows that Θ 1 2 (N, r; τ ) is a strong quantum modular form for odd N > 1. Although their theorem does not directly apply for N = 1, in this case we essentially obtain an eta quotient which is trivially a quantum modular form at cusps where it vanishes.
For even N , both the hypergeometric representations used to determine quantum sets and the proof of quantum modularity are not applicable. Here we use the innovative approach of Lawrence and Zagier [29] to study quantum modularity properties (see also [45]). A key ingredient in our investigation is a beautiful identity of Warnaar [39] which relates certain partial and false theta functions (see (6.4)). Our main result for studying quantum modularity for even N is the following, which gives a new family of quantum modular forms. Theorem 1.5. For any N ∈ 2N and r ∈ Z, Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) is a strong quantum modular form with quantum set Q N,r (defined in (6.3)) on Γ 1 (2N ), multiplier system χ r (defined in (3.5)), and weight Remarks. 1. More details about the specific quantum modular properties can be found in the proof of Theorem 1.5 in Section 6.2.
2. More generally, using Proposition 3 of [43], our proof of Theorem 1.5 shows that Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) has modularity properties on all of Q. For this, we note that although the function is not defined on all of Q, it has a well-defined asymptotic expansion at all points in Q. This expansion still agrees with the non-holomorphic Eichler integral on the lower half plane (see Section 6), so one could say that Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) is a quantum modular form on Q if we allow "poles" at certain points in Q.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3, we review the necessary notation and basic objects from Lie theory, Jacobi forms, and quantum modular forms. We give our first proof of the decomposition using Lie theory in Section 4 and our second proof using an analogue of the rank-crank PDE in Section 5. We conclude by describing the quantum modular properties of Θ 1 2 +ν (N, r; τ ) in Section 6.
2.1. The Lie super algebra sℓ(N + 1|1). In this subsection the Lie super algebra sℓ(N + 1|1) and its root system are defined. The even subalgebra of the Lie super algebra sℓ(N +1|1) is gℓ(N +1) and the odd part decomposes into the standard representation of the even subalgebra and its conjugate. In order to define the Lie super algebra, it is convenient to first introduce its root system. It lies in the lattice where the set of even roots (resp. odd roots) is denoted by ∆ 0 (resp. ∆ 1 ). They are It is useful to split these sets into positive and negative subroot spaces, where A distinguished system of simple positive roots is then chosen to be The α j are even roots and β is the only distinguished odd simple root. The inner products of simple positive roots are Hence β is an isotropic root. Simple even roots generate the even root lattice Its dual lattice is A ′ N := Zλ 1 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Zλ N , where the inner product of the fundamental weights λ j with simple roots is (λ j |α k ) = δ j,k and (λ j |δ) = 0. Roots and weights act on the Cartan subalgebra, which is with basis {h α } parameterized by simple positive roots, and h 0 the Cartan subalgebra of sℓ(N + 1). The fundamental weights λ j are identified with elements of the dual We remark that the Lie superalgebra sℓ(N + 1|1) is then the Z/2Z-graded algebra generated by {h α , e ± α |α ∈ Π} subject to the Serre-Chevalley relations (2.2) and the graded Jacobi identity. The parity of h α and e ± α j is even, while the e ± β are odd. We denote the graded anti-symmetric bracket by [ , ] : sℓ(N + 1|1) × sℓ(N + 1|1) → sℓ(N + 1|1). Then the Serre-Chevalley relations of the algebra are for all α, α ′ ∈ Π and α = α ′ in the last equation. The bilinear form ( , ) on h can be extended to an invariant non-degenerate graded symmetric form on sℓ(N + 1|1), which we also denote by ( , ). 8 2.2. The even Weyl group and denominator identity of sℓ(N + 1|1). We now introduce the even Weyl group and the denominator identity of the Lie super algebra sℓ(N + 1|1).
For this, we first need to define the Weyl vector ρ. It is the difference of the even Weyl vector ρ 0 and the odd one ρ 1 ; namely The group of even Weyl reflections W ♯ acts on the dual of the even root lattice, A ′ N , and is generated by σ j , j = 1, ..., N defined by This action naturally extends to the lattice L N via σ j (δ) = 0 and Hence the even Weyl group W ♯ is just the group S N +1 permuting the ε j . Orthonormality of the ε j implies that the even Weyl group preserves the bilinear form ( | ). Following [27] we define Definition. A regular exponential function on A ′ N is a finite linear combination of exponentials of the form e λ for λ ∈ A ′ N . A rational exponential function is the quotient A/B of two regular exponential functions A and B = 0. The even Weyl group W ♯ acts on the field of these functions as e λ → e w(λ) for any w ∈ W ♯ . The Weyl denominator of sℓ(N + 1|1) is the rational exponential function .
We saw that the even Weyl group W ♯ is just S N +1 , the signum of an element w in W ♯ is σ(w) := (−1) n if w can be written as a composition of n transpositions. Theorem 2.1 of [27] applied to our situation gives  Note that N is the dual Coxeter number of sℓ(N + 1|1). For α ∈ A N , we define The group of even Weyl translations is {t α |α ∈ A N }. Conjugation by a Weyl rotation gives for any be the domain of all elements in h on which the action of C has positive real part. Let F be the field of meromorphic functions on Y and define q := e −C . Thus |q(y)| < 1 for all y in Y . Any element λ of L ′ extends to a linear function on h * by defining λ(C) = λ(d) = 0. In this way rational exponential functions on L ′ embed in F.
Definition. The denominator of sℓ(N + 1|1) is We need Theorem 4.1 of [27], which states Lemma 2.2. The denominator of sℓ(N + 1|1) satisfies 2.4. The Weyl character formula of sℓ(N + 1). We also require a well-known variant of the dimension formula, which itself is a corollary of the famous character formula of Weyl [41]. Let λ = m 1 λ 1 + · · · + m N λ N be a dominant weight of sℓ(N + 1); that is, all m j are natural numbers. Letting V λ be the corresponding irreducible highest-weight module, then the character formula is in our notation Since ρ 1 is W ♯ invariant we can replace ρ 0 by ρ in this formula . Let m ∈ N and let v be the linear map from the regular exponential functions on 1 m A ′ N to the complex numbers defined by v(e λ ) = 1 for every λ ∈ 1 m A ′ N . Let V λ be the irreducible finite dimensional highest-weight module of highest-weight λ. Hence v(ch[V λ ]) is just the dimension of this module. The application of v to both nominator and denominator of the character formula (2.5) vanishes, but the quotient is finite. Using (1.6), we find [23] v Note that this is Weyl's character formula for irreducible finite-dimensional highest-weight modules.
The second equality also holds if we replace λ + ρ 0 by zw(λ + ρ 0 ) for any complex number z and any w in W ♯ .
Definition. If m ∈ N and µ in 1 m A ′ N , then v µ is the rational exponential function Note that if µ − ρ 0 is dominant, then this is just the character of the irreducible highest-weight module of highest-weight µ − ρ 0 . We now closely follow the argument of the proof of the dimension formula of [23].
Proof: Using the explicit description of the positive even roots in (2.1), it is easy to compute For an arbitrary weight µ ∈ A ′ N , there exists a unique w ∈ W ♯ such that w(µ + ρ 0 ) − ρ 0 is dominant. Letting ℓ(w) be the number of positive roots that are mapped to negative ones by w, then (−1) ℓ(w) = σ(w) (see [23]). Then using that the even Weyl group respects the bilinear form. v

Basic facts on Jacobi forms and quantum modular forms
3.1. Jacobi Forms. Here we recall some special Jacobi forms and previous work on Fourier coefficients of Jacobi forms. Jacobi forms are functions from C × H → C which satisfy both an elliptic and a modular transformation law. For the precise definition and basic facts on Jacobi forms we refer the reader to [20]. In this paper, we are particularly interested in the classical Jacobi theta function, defined in (1.1). The following transformation laws are well-known (for example, see [35] (80.31) and (80.8)).
We also require the following theta functions of weight 1 2 + ν defined for r ∈ Z, ν ∈ {0, 1} We define for convenience the following shifted versions when N ∈ 2N It is trivial to show the following identities: In Sections 5 and 6, we need the following modular transformations, which can be derived as special cases of the transformation formulas for the theta functions of Shimura [37]. Proposition 3.2. If N ∈ 2N and r ∈ Z, then we have: Moreover, for ν ∈ {0, 1}, ϑ 1 2 +ν (N, r; τ ) is a modular form of weight 1 2 +ν on Γ 1 (2N ) with multiplier We remark that in Proposition 3.2, ϑ 1 2 +ν (N, r; τ ) are actually modular forms on a slightly larger congruence subgroup, but we have chosen to use Γ 1 (2N ) for ease of exposition.
We next recall the structure of Fourier coefficients of positive index Jacobi forms for comparison. It is well known that holomorphic Jacobi forms have a theta decomposition involving the functions The components of this decomposition are classical (vector-valued) modular forms [20]. The Fourier coefficients of meromorphic Jacobi forms of positive index are also understood. Specifically, in [8], Folsom and the first author, building on illuminating work of Dabholkar, Murthy, and Zagier [17] and Zwegers [46], considered the Kac-Wakimoto character of level (M, N ) with M > N , M, N ∈ 2N, which essentially corresponds to the meromorphic Jacobi form φ M,N (the general case with M > N is considered in [34]). These Kac-Wakimoto characters have a decomposition into a finite and a polar part, where the finite part has a theta decomposition similar to that of holomorphic Jacobi forms (but involving mock modular forms), and where the polar part is Here D j is the j-th Laurent coefficient of the level (M, N ) Kac-Wakimoto character. Thus we see that our functions φ M,N have decompositions which are strikingly similar to the decompositions of positive index Jacobi forms, although in our case there are no associated "finite parts". As mentioned in Remark 1 following Theorem 1.3, this has an interesting interpretation in physics.

Quantum modular forms.
In this section, we recall some definitions and examples of quantum modular forms and describe the quantum sets in Theorem 1.5. We begin with a few definitions (see [28] for additional background on quasimodular forms).
Definition. A function f : H → C is an almost holomorphic modular form of weight k on a congruence subgroup Γ if it transforms as a modular form of weight k for Γ and is a polynomial in 1 Im(τ ) with coefficients which are holomorphic on H ∪ P 1 (Q). Moreover, f is a quasimodular form of weight k if it is the constant term of an almost holomorphic modular form of weight k.
Quantum modular are then defined as follows (see [44] for background on quantum modular forms).
Definition. For any infinite "quantum set" Q ⊆ Q, we say a function f : Q → C is a quantum modular form of weight k on a congruence subgroup Γ if for all γ ∈ Γ, the coycle extends to an open subset of R and is analytically "nice". Here "nice" could mean continuous, smooth, real-analytic etc. We say that f is a strong quantum modular form if there is a formal power series over C attached to each point in Q with a stronger modularity requirement (see [44]).
Remark. All of the quantum modular forms occurring in this paper have cocycles defined on R which are real-analytic except at one point. Moreover, they have full asymptotic expansions towards rational points in their quantum sets which agree with the asymptotic expansions of mock modular forms defined on the lower half-plane.
Especially relevant for us are certain partial theta functions which were shown to be quantum modular forms in recent work of Folsom, Ono, and Rhoades [22]; namely For any a, b ∈ Z with (a, b) = 1, a > 0, define the following quantum set, where all fractions are assumed to have coprime denominator and numerator throughout it suffices to study the quantum modular properties of G(a, b; τ ). Although a = 0 is excluded, it is easy to handle this case directly. Note that G 0, 1; τ 2 is essentially a modular form as G(0, 1; τ ) = η(τ ) 2 2η(2τ ) + 1 2 and also that G(0, 2N ; τ ) = G(0, 1; 2N τ ). It is clear that G 0, 1; τ 2 is quantum modular at any cusps where the eta quotient vanishes, namely for τ ∈ h k ∈ Q : k ≡ 1 (mod 2) . For a > 0, the situation is more subtle. Folsom, Ono and Rhoades proved that G(a, b; τ ) have the following quantum properties: Remark. Although [22] only states the theorem for 0 < a < b, an inspection of the proof shows that it is true for general integers (a, b) = 1 with a > 0 and b even When N is even, we also have the analogous weight 3 2 partial theta functions Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) (see Theorem 1.5).

The Fourier coefficients and partial theta functions of A N
In this section, we prove Theorem 1.2. Proof of Theorem 1.2: Define a subdomain of Y X := h ∈ Y |Re(C(h)) > Re(α(h)) > 0 ∀ α ∈ ∆ + so that in particular |q(x)| < |e (δ−ε N+1 )(x) | < 1 for all x in X. We begin with the following crucial lemma.
. Proof: Inserting the statement of Lemma 2.1 into the one of Lemma 2.2 gives Using (2.4) and the bijectivity of the map w : A N → A N for every w ∈ W ♯ , we get 14 Let α = m 1 α 1 + · · · + m N α N be an element of A N , and set m 0 := m N +1 := 0. By (2.3), we have Hence where we used the short-hand notation m = (m 1 , . . . , m N ) and kept as before m 0 = m N +1 = 0.
Recall that α n = ε n − ε n+1 . We split the exponential of the affine Weyl vector as Note that N d − ρ 1 is invariant under W ♯ . Letting q n := m n − m n−1 , we then find the identity Defining the set we obtain In the domain X we can expand in a geometric series to find that e ρ R equals Since the double sum converges absolutely in the domain X, we can interchange summations. Define if r > 0. 15 Then e ρ R = e N d−ρ 1 q − (N+1)(N+2) 24 r∈Z (−1) r sign(−r)g r .
We can express ε N +1 − δ in terms of the odd Weyl vector and positive even simple roots: For (s 1 , ..., s N +1 ) ∈ S, we find that Combining (4.1) and (4.2), we can rewrite Here we used that t 1 + · · · + t N +1 = 0, which follows from the same property for the s n . Let q j be as in the definition of the set S; in particular we can write q j = m j − m j−1 with integers m j for 1 ≤ j ≤ N , and m N +1 = 0. Then Using the sets T r (1.5), we finally get .
Proof: The corollary follows immediately from Lemma 4.1 by inserting v t in the definition of C in (2.6).
Evaluating the expressions in this equality provides a nice expansion of φ N +1 (z; τ ).

Corollary 4.3.
Inside the range |q| < |ζ| < 1, we have Proof: The evaluation v maps every regular exponential e λ for λ ∈ 1 N A N −1 to 1. The application of v to A and B is finite for |q(x)| < |z −1 (x)| < 1 and x ∈ X, and the same is true for C by Lemma 2.3. The identity (4.1) implies that v e δ−ε j = e − 2ρ 1 N = −ζ for all j = 1, . . . , N , so that Proof: Suppose |q| < |ζ| < 1. Expanding (1.9) in a geometric series and rewriting easily gives the statement.

Second viewpoint on the decomposition into partial theta functions
In this section, we prove Theorem 1.3 and use it to extract the Fourier coefficients of φ M,N in Theorem 1.4. A key ingredient for the proof of Theorem 1.3 is the following result whose proof is deferred to Section 5.2. Proof: We first determine the elliptic transformations of F N (z; τ ) and prove that, although this function does not in general transform as a negative index Jacobi form, we can "correct" the elliptic transformations to match those of φ N (z; τ ). The following periodicity property is evident: . For the elliptic transformation z → z + τ , a direct calculation gives Thus, we have the following elliptic transformation formula for the iterated derivative of F N (z; τ ): . We now use the functions f * j from Lemma 5.1 to "correct" the elliptic transformation by defining . Thus, P N (z; τ ) satisfies the same elliptic transformations as φ N (z; τ ). It also has poles in the same locations and of the same order; namely poles in Zτ + Z of order N . Hence the product p N (z; τ ) := ϑ(z; τ ) N P N (z; τ ) is an entire elliptic function and therefore constant in z. It remains to show that P N (z; τ ) = 0, which we prove by looking at the behavior as z → 0. The principal part as z → 0 of D j w (F N (z, u; τ )) only comes from the n = 0 term in (1.11), which contributes where B m (x) is the usual m-th Bernoulli polynomial. Thus, as z → 0, and so We can then use the well-known formula and compare the coefficients of z −N to give as by assumption f * N−1−δe 2 = 0. By absorbing the constants into the f * j , Proposition 5.2 follows. Proof of Theorem 1.3 for M = 0: To finish the proof for M = 0, we connect the functions g j in Proposition 5.2 to the Laurent coefficients of φ N given in (1.12) by comparing principal parts. Namely, using (5.1), we easily read off:

5.2.
Proof of Lemma 5.1. For N odd, Lemma 2.1 of [47] easily gives Lemma 5.1 by rearranging terms. The condition f 0 = 0 (in the notation of [47]) is not stated explicitly in the statement; however the proof shows that one can choose f 0 = 1 in Lemma 2.1 of [47]. Now suppose that N is even. For k ∈ N, consider the Ramanujan-Serre derivative, which raises the weight of a modular form by 2: and its iterated version starting at weight 3 2 given by E n : . By rearranging, it is enough to show that there are holomorphic functions f j such that for all r ∈ Z Using Proposition 3.2, we see that Here we used the following elementary determinant formula: .
From these transformations we see that det (T N ) is a modular form on SL 2 (Z) with the same multiplier system as η . It is then easy to see that the ratio To see that α is non-zero, observe that by elementary row operations we can write . But then we have The right hand side is clearly non-zero as the first matrix on the right hand side of (5.3) is diagonal with non-zero entries and the second is a Vandermonde matrix with distinct generators. We can now solve (5.2) by writing it as Choosing f N 2 −1 = 1, it is easy to see that we obtain holomorphic functions f j satisfying (5.2) as follows:

5.3.
Proof of Theorem 1.3. We now use the above decomposition of φ N (z; τ ) to deduce Theorem 1.3 for any M satisfying the conditions of the theorem. We may define a heat operator, H := H − N 2 := 2N D q + D 2 ζ which has the property that it preserves the elliptic transformations of a function satisfying the elliptic transformation properties of an index − N 2 Jacobi form (note that this differs by a constant from the heat operator defined in [20]). The main idea is to show the following: Proposition 5.4. For any N ∈ N and M ∈ N 0 , there exist meromorphic functions f j (τ ) for j = 0, 1, . . . , M with f M (τ ) = 0 such that For the proof we need a few preliminaries on special determinants and orthogonal polynomials. We recall that a matrix H is called a Hankel matrix if it is constant on each skew diagonal. It is well known that the determinants of Hankel matrices are connected to orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions. Such functions have a long history which is explained in many places; we refer the reader to Chapter 11 of [40] for more details. Given a sequence of numbers c 0 , c 1 , c 2 , . . . which are the moments of a sequence of orthogonal polynomials p n (x), we say that p n (x) is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials relative to c n . For any sequence (c n ) n∈N 0 , we define the following sequence of Hankel determinants: Then we have the following: We now proceed to the proof of Proposition 5.4. Proof of Proposition 5.4: First note that φ N and φ 2M,N +2M have the same elliptic transformation properties. Moreover, the right hand side of (5.4) has poles of order exactly N + 2M for z ∈ Z + Zτ , as does φ 2M,N +2M . It suffices to choose f j such that the right hand side has zeros of order at least 2M for z ∈ 1 2 + Z + Zτ , as dividing the right hand side of (5.4) by the left hand side gives a holomorphic elliptic function, and hence a constant.
Thus, it suffices to choose f j to cancel out the first 2M Taylor coefficients of (5.4) at z = − 1 2 . Note, that as ϑ z + 1 2 is even, we only have even order Taylor coefficients to cancel out. We expand Thus we need to find a solution of the equation Choosing f M (τ ) = 1 it suffices to prove that det(T )(τ ) ≡ 0. To show this, it is enough to show that the q-series for det(T ) has at least one non-vanishing coefficient; we look at the lowest order term. By the definition of ϑ(z; τ ), we have that ϑ(z; τ ) = q 1 8 e πi(z+ 1 2 ) + e −πi(z+ 1 2 ) + O q By rescaling, it suffices to study the matrix of Taylor coefficients of Ψ(v; τ ) := q − N 8 sec N (v) and its iterated heat operators. By row reduction, we can replace the action of the operator H j with ∂ 2j ∂v 2j and study the resulting determinant. By rescaling the k-th row of the resulting matrix by multiplying by (2k)!, we need to show nonvanishing of S := ∂ 2(j+k) ∂v 2(j+k) sec N (v) v=0 0≤j,k≤M −1 .
These numbers are known as the (signless) higher order Euler numbers, and we define .
By Theorem 5.5, it suffices to show that the higher order Euler numbers are for each N a moment sequence for a sequence of orthogonal polynomials. But Lemma 1.3 of [33] gives the desired sequence of orthogonal polynomials for any N .
Proof: We use the geometric series expansion given in (5.5) to pick off the ζ r coefficient of F N (z, u; τ ) as  In this section, we complete the proof of Theorem 1.5 by showing strong quantum modularity of Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) for any N ∈ 2N, r ∈ Z. We find it convenient to take sums and differences of two Fourier coefficients (which makes describing the asymptotic expansions in Proposition 6.5 much cleaner). Specifically, we define Θ ± where for r = 0, we consider each summand with multiplicity 2.
Here ord 2 (n) is the 2-adic valuation of an integer n. We will later see that the congruence subgroup for Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ) is Γ 1 (2N ), which acts on Q N,r . Note that it is enough to determine a quantum set for each 0 ≤ r ≤ N − 1, as if we shift r → r ± N in Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ), we only change the function by a finite polynomial in rational powers of q. Proof: Throughout, we abuse terminology to say that a partial theta function is convergent at a root of unity if it has a q-hypergeometric representation which is.
Multiplying both sides of (6.4) by A r N , applying D A , and then setting A = −q 2r N −1 , we see that n≥0 n + r N q (n+ r N ) 2 is convergent at any root of unity q such that (q; q 2 ) ∞ (−q 2r N ; q 2 ) ∞ = 0 and (q 2r N ) ∞ = 0. Making the change of variables q → q N 2 , shows that Q N,r is a quantum set for Θ 3 2 (N, r; τ ). We note that other hypergeometric representations in the literature could also be used to derive the same quantum set; see for example (1.2) discussed by Alladi in [2].