θ -diagram technique for N = 1, d = 4 superﬁelds

We describe a diagrammatic procedure to carry out the Grassmann integration in super-Feynman diagrams of 4d theories expressed in terms of N = 1 superﬁelds. This method is alternative to the well known D -algebra approach. We develop it in detail for theories containing vector, chiral and anti-chiral superﬁelds, with the type of interactions which occur in N = 2 SYM theories with massless matter, but it would be possible to extend it to other cases. The main advantage is that this method is algorithmic; we implemented it as a Mathematica program that, given the description of a super Feynman diagram in momentum space, returns directly the polynomial in the momenta produced by the Grassmann integration.


Introduction
Supersymmetric field theories have been intensely investigated since their discovery [1-5], for various important reasons related to their possible phenomenological implications, to their rôle as simplified, highly symmetric theoretical scenarios in which to shed light on deep properties of QFTs and their enticing connections with advanced mathematical structures.In all of these directions, the fact that supersymmetry simplifies the perturbative expansion exploiting partial cancellations between bosonic and fermionic loops has always played an important part.Supersymmetric theories can be described in terms of superfields [6], which collect the bosonic and fermionic fields that sit in a given representation of the supersymmetry algebra (a multiplet) within an expansion in terms of Grassmann variables, usually dubbed with the letter θ .The perturbative expansion when organized in terms of superfields of the correlation functions is expressed in terms of super Feynman diagrams.These encompass the contributions of all ordinary Feynman diagrams for the component fields of the various multiplets.The evaluation of super Feynman diagrams requires the integration of their internal vertices over superspace, i.e. over both their space-time positions and their Grassmann θ coordinates.The Grassmann integration is essentially an algebraic operation, and poses no conceptual problem.However, from the practical point of view, it can rapidly become complicated when the order in perturbation theory and/or the number of external points increases.It is therefore important to develop efficient strategies to tackle it.Often, the space-time dependence of the diagrams is mapped via Fourier transform to momentum space.In this setting, the result of the Grassmann integration is a polynomial in the external and the loop momenta.
In this work we focus on four space-time dimensions.The description of theories with N = 1 supersymmetry, i.e., with four supercharges, in terms of N = 1 superfields is rather simple.In fact N = 1 superfields are often used also for theories with higher supersymmetry, such as N = 2 theories; in this case, a single N = 2 supermultiplet encompasses more than one N = 1 superfield.In particular we consider theories that, when decomposed into N = 1 superfields, contain chiral/anti-chiral and vector superfields.The superpropagators for these superfields and the vertices for typical interactions are standard, see for instance [7].
A well-known strategy to carry out Grassmann integrations in superdiagrams of this kind was proposed long time ago in [8] and it is referred to as "D-algebra approach".Roughly, one eliminates all θ integrations but one.The remaining integrand comprises a string of spinorial covariant derivatives (usually denoted with the symbol D) which have to be simplified using the algebraic relations satisfied by the latter.
Here we choose not to implement this strategy and remain essentially with the methods originally developed for supergraphs in [9-13].There is no doubt that the D-algebra approach is very efficient and since it appeared it has been used in basically every demanding computation in supersymmetric gauge theories.However, we found that the older approach with multiple Grassmann integrations of quite simple integrands can be described in diagrammatical terms and performed using a few general rules.This θ -diagrammatic procedure is algorithmic and we have implemented it in a Mathematica notebook, 1 attached to this paper.With it we are for instance able to compute, in less than a second on a normal laptop, the Grassmann integrations of a 3-loop diagram that involves six permutations of a 3-vertex with covariant derivatives (see Eq. (4.2)).It is well possible that also the D-algebra approach can be similarly automated, but to our knowledge this has not been done yet.
A partial version of this approach was already proposed in [14] as an instrument to ease the computation of certain superdiagrams occurring in N = 2 SYM theories with massless matter.The diagrammatic rules devise in [14], however, did not allow to treat algorithmically diagrams with self-interaction vertices of the vector superfield.In this work, we generalize the θ -diagrammatic method so that also applies to such superdiagrams.We also show how to treat diagrams in which all possible fields, bosonic and fermionic, appear in the external legs.
Our method is quite general.To describe it explicitly, however, we focus on the kind of fields and interactions which typically occur in the context of N = 2 conformal SYM theories.Thus we consider massless superfields with the type of interactions that occur in such theories; for instance, we do not consider vertices with spinorial covariant derivatives acting on the chiral/anti-chiral superfields.Also, given that in the N = 2 SYM context it is often convenient to study the so called "difference theory" with respect to N = 4 SYM and in this difference ghost contributions typically cancel out, we do not consider explicitly diagrams which contain the ghosts.However, the propagator of the ghost superfield has exactly the same expression as that of chiral superfields, see for instance [15], and their interaction vertices are of the type that can be described with our method.They can therefore be included without problems, provided that one takes into account in the loops their flipped statistics.
Our diagrammatic method is most straightforward if we don't impose the Wess-Zumino gauge, at the price of having to include higher and higher interaction vertices when we increase the perturbative order.In principle, all such interactions are manageable within our approach.
This paper is organized as follows.Section 2 describes the type of N = 1 superdiagrams we consider, describing the relevant Feynman rules and in particular their Grassmann content.Section 3 introduces the basics of the θ -diagram approach to the Grassmann integrations in superdiagrams.In Sect. 4 we analyze in detail an example.Section 5 generalizes the method to all possible types of fields in the external legs.In Sect.6 we describe an implementation of our approach in a Mathematica code.The code is provided together with an ancillary file, furtherinstructions.pdf, which gives some details not discussed in the main text.

N = 1 superdiagrams for N = theories
We consider supersymmetric theories in d = 4 whose content can be arranged into chiral (or anti-chiral) and vector N = 1 superfields.In our conventions, see Appendix A, the expansion of a chiral superfield has the form where φ is a complex scalar, ψ its fermionic partner (a chiral Weyl spinor) and F an auxiliary field.The antichiral superfield contains φ and the antichiral spinor ψ.For a vector superfield we have where v μ is the connection for a gauge group G, λ and λ are the the (anti)chiral parts of the gaugino and D a real auxiliary field; they all carry indices in the adjoint of G.The remaining fields can be fixed exploiting the supersymmetric gauge transformation where the parameter gauge is itself a chiral superfield.A typical choice is the Wess-Zumino gauge, that exploits this invariance to set C, M, N and χ to zero, while retaining the usual gauge freedom with parameter 2Im φ gauge .The Wess-Zumino gauge choice does not commute with supersymmetry transformations, though, and we will not impose it; thus we retain supersymmetry explicit, at the price of keeping the full fledged expression (2.2) of the vector superfield and having more terms in the action.We consider theories in which the group G is in general non Abelian, and the chiral superfields are charged, i.e. transform in some representation R -in general reducible -of G.We also include the possibility of cubic chiral or anti-chiral vertices.For the sake of simplicity, we do not include other types of interactions among the matter fields, but the method we propose can be generalized in this sense.As we already remarked in the introduction, the initial idea of the method we describe here was put forward in the context of N = 2 SYM theories with matter [14].The fields of these theories can be organized, with respect to an N = 1 supersymmetry subalgebra, into vector and (anti)-chiral superfields with the type of interactions we mentioned above.Indeed the degrees of freedom of the N = 2 vector multiplet can be encoded in a vector superfield V plus a chiral superfield , both in the adjoint of the gauge group G.The components of an N = 2 matter hypermultiplet can instead be arranged in two chiral superfields, Q and Q, transforming in conjugate representations of G.
The pure gauge action can be written in the N = 1 superspace as follows: where g is the bare gauge coupling and )), This action is given in the Fermi-Feynman gauge (ξ = 1), but we did not write the ghost-antighost part since it is not needed in order to explain our algorithm. 2Expanding up to order g2 and taking the colour trace we have From this action one can derive Feynman rules in terms of superpropagators and supervertices.Note that every vertex carries a superspace integration; one can as usual trade the vertex positions for the momenta running in the diagram, and remain with a d 4 θ i integral in the i-th vertex.The Feynman rules in momentum space, understanding these Grassmann integrals at each vertex, are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2. Note that the cubic and quartic vector vertices contain spinorial derivatives; see Appendix A.2, in particular Eq.(A.50), for our conventions and notations.Thus in Fig. 2 a covariant derivative placed on one leg in which a momentum p flows out of the vertex is to be understood as D α = ∂ α − p α α θ α .These covariant derivatives are among the chief sources of algebraic complications in carrying out the Grassmann integrations in the superdiagrams.Our approach, that will be discussed in Sect.3.5, associates these covariant derivatives to the vector superpropagators connecting the vertices rather than to the vertices themselves.For this reason, in the right hand sides of Fig. 2 we have not written them.
The hypermultiplet part of the action is given by Expanding up to order g 2 and making explicit the colour indices 3 we get (2.8) The corresponding superpropagators are displayed in Fig. 3 and the vertices in Fig. 4. We are interested in evaluating superdiagrams, constructed with the Feynman rules described above, that contributes to a correlator with fixed external states.Such a superdiagram depends on the set of external momenta, which we label collectively by q, and carries colour structure and Lorentz indices associated to the external states.We write it in the following form:4 (2.9) Here N is the product of the symmetry factor of the diagram and all the factors (like the powers of the coupling constants) appearing in the vertices -except for the color factors which give rise to the tensor T colour .By the index s we enumerate the internal lines of the superdiagram.The scalar integral over the internal momenta k s is typically performed using dimensional regularization, setting d = 4 − 2ε.The momenta are subject to the appropriate conservation relations enforced by the δfunctions δ (d) (cons).Beside the denominator coming from the massless propagators, the integrand contains also a numerator Z Lorentz (k) which is the result of the integration over all the Grassmann variables of the θ -dependent expressions present in the superdiagram and is the object of this paper.Since the difference between the chiral multiplets , Q and Q resides only in their colour properties and numerical factors in the vertices, which are factored out in the decomposition (2.9), the Grassmann part of propagators and vertices are the same independently of the specific chiral multiplets involved.Thus, denoting any chiral field simply by a solid line, and introducing the symbol θ = such that W θ = Z means "the Grassmann part of W is Z", we have the following rules.For the chiral propagator between two points i and j we have For the chiral and anti-chiral cubic vertices we have where we reinstated the integration over the variables θ i and θi pertaining to the vertex which was understood in Fig. 4. For the vector propagator we have (2.12) and for the vertices involving the vectors where, as discussed above, we do not include in the r.h.s. the spinorial covariant derivatives because we will associate them with the vector lines connected to the vertices.

External lines in superdiagrams
Often we are interested in correlators of specific fields rather than of superfields.In this case, super Feynman diagrams contain field-superfield propagators in the external lines.Such propagators, that arise from the Wick contraction of an external field with a superfield appearing in an internal vertex, are perfectly well defined.For instance, considering a generic chiral superfield and omitting internal symmetry indexes, we have We can also write them in terms of the super-propagators, and this will be useful for us in the following.Indeed one can see, by Eq. (2.1), that for the chiral content we have: . (2.16) Thus, considering the above relations for a generic chiral superfield and the similar ones for the anti-chiral content, we have .17) (2.20) Writing the above relations in momenta space we obtain: We can relate the fields in the vector multiplet to the vector superfield in a similar way to what we did for the chiral supermultiplet, see Eq. (2.15), namely using derivatives and the setting some variables to zero.Indeed one can see, omitting colour indexes, that (2.25) from which we can obtain: . (2.26) Then in momentum space we have: (2.27) Also these external lines can be treated through the diagrammatical method that we propose in this paper, but a bit of care is needed.Suppose that the external vector field be connected to a vector superfield on which a certain expression f (D, D), built of spinorial covariant derivatives, acts.This happens, for instance, for some of the vector Super Yang-Mills verticessee Fig. 2. Then the Grassmann part of v(x i ) f (D j , D j )V (x j , θ j , θ j ) 0 would be given by (2.28)Such an expression is not easily handled in our diagrammatical method, but there is a way around.Instead of expressing v μ in terms of the superfield V by means of Grassmann derivatives, we can exploit Grassmann integrations and write Then we can also replace Eq. (2.28) with (2.30) In momentum space this leads to In this way 5 we only have to deal with Grassmann integrals and covariant derivatives acting on δ 4 (θ i j ), which can be treated within our diagrammatic formalism, as we will discuss in Sect.3.5.
We can deal similarly with the gaugino, even if the expression is slightly more complicated and contains two terms:6 In momentum space and focusing only on the Grassmann part we obtain:

.35)
In making explicit the spinorial derivatives in the expressions above one has to take into account that Eq. (A.50) is written with the momentum flowing out of the vertex j (so in some of the cases above it is actually the momentum − p).

Grassmann integration in superdiagrams
As already stated, the focus of this paper is on the Grassmann integration occurring in superdiagrams, namely on the computation of the quantity Z Lorentz defined in Eq. (2.9).Of course, methods to perform such integration are well known, and in particular the so-called D-algebra approach of [8] is widely used.Here we propose a method that we find efficient and that is very algorithmic, so that it can be implemented in a symbolic language code.This method is based on the construction of what we call θ -diagrams.

A simple example
To fix the ideas, let us consider a very simple example, the one-loop correction to the propagator of the scalar in an adjoint chiral multiplet with matter chiral multiplets running in the loop.In this case the Lorentz structure is trivial, and the colour factor follows easily from the colour part of the vertices and propagators given in Figs. 4 and 3, while the normalization factor turns out to be just 2g 2 .With respect to Eq. (2.9) it is immediate in this example to exploit the momentum conservation, obtaining The factor Z(k, q) is the result of the integration over the Grassmann variables at each internal vertex.According to the rules in Figs. 3 and 4 and Eqs.(2.21) and (2.22) it reads This integral is straightforward, as we will describe shortly.In general, the computation of Z Lorentz (k) through Grassmann integrations remains essentially algebraic and presents in principle no conceptual difficulty for any superdiagram.Nevertheless, it typically becomes very involved as the complexity of the superdiagram increases.

D-algebra
The key idea of this approach is to make the Grassmann integration local, namely to reduce it to the integral over a single pair of Grassmann variables.This can be achieved because the Grassmann variables to be [9] integrated over are associated to the vertices in the superdiagram.The vertices are connected by superpropagators.The Grassmann part of the vector superpropagator directly contains δ functions, see Eq. (2.12), that identify the θ -variables in the vertices i and j it connects.Also the Grassmann part of the chiral-antichiral propagator, given in Eq. (2.10), can be rewritten so as to display such δ functions; indeed one can show that where we have remarked that the spinorial covariant derivatives contain the momentum p. Exploiting appropriately the δ functions present in the propagators, one can then eliminate the integrals over all but one of the pair of Grassmann variables.The remaining integrand, however, contains in general spinor covariant derivatives arising both from the vector vertices, see Fig. 2, and from the chiral propagators rewritten using Eq.(3.3).This expression needs to be evaluated using the algebraic properties of the spinorial covariant derivatives D and D, i.e., carrying out the D-algebra.
For the example of Eq. (3.2), this procedure amounts to rewrite Z(k, q) as and integrate it by parts 7 to obtain Using the fact that D 2 4 and D2 4 commute with θ 2 3 and exploiting the δ-function we can write where in the string of covariant derivatives we have to identify the variables in the node 3 with those in the node 4 after having carried out the derivatives.In this way we have recast Z in term of a Grassmannian integration at a single node.As argued in [8], this can be done for any loop within a superdiagram and, iterating the procedure, for any irreducible superdiagram.
The explicit evaluation of Z written in the form (3.6) can be carried out exploiting the algebraic properties of the covariant derivatives and the final outcome is that (3.7)

Introducing the θ -diagrams
In this example, the D-algebra strategy turns out to be rather more involute than carrying out the integration over the Grassmann variables in both nodes with the propagators in exponential form, as in Eqs.(3.2, 3.7).In fact, the latter procedure can be described in a diagrammatic, algorithmic form which turns out to be generalizable to a large class of superdiagrams and can be implemented in a computer program.Let us now introduce this strategy starting from the example at hand.The basic ingredient are the exponentials appearing in the chiral propagators.We introduce the following diagrammatic notation: Due to the Grassmannian nature of the θ and θ variables, the exponentials are in fact polynomial: (3.9) In diagrammatic notation, this reads where the momentum and the end-point labels are the same in all lines and are understood. 7The rules for Grassmannian integrations by part are collected in Appendix A.2. (2023) 83:892 The superdiagrams contain integrations over Grassmann variables θ i and θi at the various sites.These we represent graphically as black or white dots: . (3.11) The cubic (anti)-chiral super-vertices bring in factors of Grassmannian delta-functions: Taking into account all this, we can rewrite diagrammatically eq.(3.2) as follows: This expression can be simplified in some obvious ways.The Grassmannian delta-function δ 2 (θ 3 ) soaks up the corresponding integration and sets to zero all occurrences of θ 3 .On the diagram, this correspond simply to remove the black dot labeled by 3 and the two solid lines connecting to it, since the associated exponentials reduce to 1. Similarly, the δ 2 (θ 4 ) removes the white dot labeled by 4 and the lines attached to it.We remain thus with Z(k, q) = . (3.14) Note that the labels 3 and 4 attached to the dots just assign a name to the integration variables, and they are thus actually redundant.Moreover, we can take into account the following general property: the product of two solid lines with the same endpoints gives a single solid line carrying the total momentum, namely . (3.15) This just corresponds to the product rule for the corresponding two exponentials, see Eq. (3.8).Thus we arrive at We can expand the solid θ -lines into dashed lines according to Eq. (3.10).Then we have to take into account the presence of white and black dots, that correspond to Grassmann integrals over two-component spinors.According to Eq. (3.8), each dashed line leaving the vertex i carries one θ i variable, and each dashed line entering the vertex j carries one θ j .The Grassmann integrals dθ 2 or d θ 2 vanish unless they act on expression quadratic in θ α or θ α .Graphically this means that a θ -diagram is non-null if and only if exactly two dashed lines are attached to each dot.This is a very simple but crucial property of the θ -diagrams.In particular, we have . (3.17) Finally, the dashed loop on the r.h.s.above is very easily evaluated.One has where we made use of a Fierz rearrangement, see Eqs. (A.33, A.35), and carried out the integrations according to the basic rules in Eqs.(A.12-A.14).We obtain therefore in agreement with the result of the D-algebra manipulations.
Of course, the Grassmann integrations in this Z(k, q) are very easy.It may seem that our diagrammatic notation unnecessarily complicates it.However, it readily generalizes and is algorithmic.As a first step, we show how the Grassmann part Z of all superdiagrams involving only (anti)-chiral superfields can be managed using θ -diagrams.The properties we have listed are sufficient to determine the θ -diagrammatic form of the Grassmann factor Z associated to any superdiagram W colour involving only (anti) chiral superfields with scalar external states; we will consider later the possibility that the external states correspond to other components of the multiplet.
An example Let us illustrate this by a specific example, namely This diagram represents a three-loop contribution to the adjoint chiral scalar propagator, and has been considered for instance in [14].Using the rules from (3.20) to (3.24) for all the propagators and vertices and making use of the δ-functions that they contain we obtain  (3.28) The terms in the right hand side represent precisely the possible decompositions of Z into loops of dashed lines; note that we have drawn the loops involving two dots as single solid lines, see Eq. (3.17).
Another example of the decomposition of a θ -diagram is given in Fig. 5.
The decomposition into loops can be realized by means of a path-finding algorithm and implemented in a computer code; this was done in [16].In the code presented here we follow a different strategy, based on expanding in turn all lines and taking into account at each steps the simplifications owing to the rule that selects exactly two dashed lines in each node.This approach turns out to be computationally more efficient.
Getting the final result The next ingredient is the following: each loop of dashed lines can be evaluated explicitly and the result can be given in a general form.Using repeatedly the Fierz rearrangements in Eqs.(A.32-A.35)and the integration rules They can be recursively computed using the properties of the matrices σ μ and σ μ , see Appendix A.2.
For instance for Eq.(3.28) we obtain

.31)
Perspective Let us summarize.Drawing the θ -diagrams and evaluating them according to the rules we just described, we can compute explicitly the Grassmannian integrations for all superdiagrams involving only chiral and antichiral superfields, with scalar external states.All the three main steps of the procedure, namely writing down the θ -diagram, finding its decomposition into loops of dashed lines and evaluating the latter, are completely algorithmic and can be implemented in a computer code.This procedure was already described in [14], without however detailing the algorithm for determining all non-zero contributions and without providing a computer code.In the present work we aim at extending this approach to a much larger class of superdiagrams, maintaining its main advantage, namely that of being algorithmic and readily implemented in a code.The basic idea is to cast the θ -dependent part of the superdiagram in terms of Grassmannian delta-functions and exponentials, which we can then evaluate with the θ -diagrammatic method described in the present section.

Diagrams with (internal) vector superfields
The Grassmann part of the propagator of the vector superfields is very simple: . (3.32) As was mentioned in the introduction, we restrict in this paper to theories that can be formulated in terms of N = 1 chiral and vectorial superfields, with interactions that have covariant derivatives that act only on vectorial superfields.This class of theories contain in particular N = 2 SYM theories with matter hypermultiplets.In this case, beside the cubic vertices of the type considered in Eqs.(3.23, 3.24), we have other interactions that involve both vectors and chiral superfields.Up to order g 2 , they are elementary from the point of view of their Grassmann structure: . (3.33) From the action (2.6) we see that there are also interaction vertices, involving vector superfields only, which include spinor covariant derivatives.Connecting vertices of this kind to other vertices by means of the vector superpropagator we effectively obtain expressions in which such covariant derivatives act on the vector lines.The possible cases, and their Grassmann structure, can be worked out with a little bit of algebra.For instance, as in Eq. (4.4), there might be a case where we have a single covariant derivative acting on a vector propagator.This implies a contribution like D i,α δ 4 (θ i j ).It is straightforward to see that the following two expression coincide: and finally a single one with six spinor derivatives: (3.43) Once the spinorial covariant derivatives have been assigned to the vector lines, the "bare" gluon vertices only contain the information about the integration; thus for instance . (3.44) Consider the situation in which the "decorated" vector lines of Fig. 2 are inserted inside superdiagrams with scalar external states, which have an overall trivial Lorentz structure.The various spinor quantities and tensors appearing above, like θ α i j , αβ , and δ α β , must conspire to produce scalar structure.Thus they can only give overall numerical factors or Grassmannian scalar products of the type θ i j • θ kl .Remembering that θ i j = θ i − θ j and that δ 2 (θ ) = θ 2 , one has: Thus, the Grassmann structure of all superdiagrams formed with the elements we considered so far can be recast as linear combinations of integrals of exponentials and Grassmann δ functions which we know how to deal with using the θ -diagrammatic technique.
In other theories based on N = 1 superfields, other combinations of spinorial covariant derivatives, beside those appearing in Eqs.(3.35-3.43),might appear.They could be treated by applying the same principle.Furthermore the number of possible different combinations is finite and one could write down the analogues of the rules in Eqs.(3.35-3.43)for all of them.Thus for a generic theory with chiral/antichiral and vector N = 1 superfields, with spinorial covariant derivatives appearing on the vectors only, all the Grassmann integrals in any superdiagram can always be expressed in terms of θ -diagrams.

Some θ -diagrammatical properties
Let us pause here to recapitulate some properties of our θ -diagrammatic notation, which have used somehow implicitly above.
First of all, the order in which white and black dots appear in the graphical representation of the θ -diagram is not relevant: they represent integrals over certain Grassmann variables, and all the occurrences of these variables in other elements of the diagram must be integrated over.Thus, for example, θ j e 2(θ i p θ j ) , (3.46)   even if the white dot appears rightmost in the drawing.
Another graphical property that we have been using is the fact that endpoints of solid or dotted θ lines get attached to dots carrying the same index, remembering that the lines go from a black to a white dot: thus, for instance, (3.47)   as well as .(3.48)This also works when one end is already attached to a dot, or when a dot has already other lines attached to it.
In the θ diagram, the lines can be constrained as consequence of the integration of some Grassmannian delta function.These delta function might set some variable to zero, as in the case of the δ 2 (θ ) or δ 2 ( θ) present in the hyper-multiplet vertices, or identify two different variables, as in the case of the δ 2 (θ i j ) = δ 2 (θ i − θ j ) and the δ 2 ( θi j ) = δ 2 ( θi − θ j ) present in vectorial superpropagators, see Eq. (3.32).
It is easy to see that such constraints amount to the following rules: The only contribution that we can accept is the one where two dashed θ -lines connect to the external vertex; thus we remain with: where in the last step we took into account that, since two dashed lines are already attached to the white θ -dot, no further lines can be attached to it.Using Eq. ( 3.17), we can summarize this property as follows: . (3.57) This property obviously holds independently of the color of the most external θ -dot.

Analyizing an example
In this section we illustrate the θ -diagram methodology by means of an example which contains all the ingredients discussed above.
Let us consider a superdiagram that contributes at the three-loop order to the propagator of the adjoint scalar in an N = 2 SYM theory with matter, given by We have explicitly written here our rather obvious convention for the names of the momenta running in the various propagators; in the following we will sometimes just assume them.
To the "external" ring of chiral propagators and to all vertices but the central one we can assign θ -diagrammatic elements according to the rules discussed above, in particular those in Eqs.where for simplicity we did not write the momenta associated to the various propagators.Altogether we have The term Z i jk contains the following ingredients: The contraction θ 6i • θ 6k appears, for which we can use the property (3.45) obtaining Moreover, we can integrate over θ 6 and θ6 variables, which appear only inside this portion of the diagram, using the δ functions δ 2 (θ 6 j ) and δ 2 ( θ6 j ).We rewrite thus the factors in eq.(4.6) as .(4.9) Here we have used the property (3.15) for the solid lines from j to j; note that these elements were written in Eq. (4.7) as solid lines from 6 to 6, which is the same in presence of δ 2 (θ 6 j )δ 2 ( θ6 j ).Equation (4.9) contains the sum of three terms, containing different δ functions.Correspondingly, we write Z i jk = 8 A (1) i jk − A (2) i jk − A (3) i jk , (4.10) where A (1) i jk contains δ 2 (θ ji ) and A (3) i jk contains δ 2 (θ jk ).We will now describe in some detail the evaluation of Z 875 and Z 578 ; the other terms can be treated analogously and we well just quote the result.
Evaluation of Z 875 We start from A (1) 875 .We put together the contributions in Eq. ( 4.2) with the first addend in (4.9) with i, j, k = 8, 7, 5, we take into account the factor of δ 2 (θ 58 )δ 2 ( θ75 ) and we collect the lines between the same nodes according to the property (3.15).Finally, we exploit momentum conservation at each node of the diagram, see Eq. (4.1).In this way we obtain a θ -diagram that we can easily evaluate using the rules discussed in Sects.3.3 and 3.4: In the second step we simply stripped off the external lines, according to the procedure discussed around Eq. (3.57).This simplification is implemented in the code that we will discuss in Sect.6.Now we can apply to the r.h.s. the results (3.17,3.18)obtaining A (1) 875 = −k 2 83 (q 2 ) 2 .(4.12) Let us now consider A (2) 875 .We combine the contributions in Eq. (4.2) with the second addend in (4.9) with i, j, k = 8, 7, 5. We have now a factor of δ 2 (θ 78 )δ 2 ( θ75 ); collecting the lines and using momentum conservation we arrive at the following θ -diagram: In the second step we have stripped off the line 47 .The resulting expression can be evaluated using the results for a single line and the one for a four-nodes loop.The second one was given in Eq. (3.31), in which we now have to set p 1 = k 53 , p 2 = −p 3 = p 4 = k 83 : taking into account the momentum conservation relation k 53 + k 83 = −q, the result is simply q 2 k 2 83 .Altogether we get thus

.14)
For concerns A (3) 875 , the terms in Eq. (4.2) have to be combined with the third addend in (4.9) with i, j, k = 8, 7, 5, which contains a factor of δ 2 (θ 75 )δ 2 ( θ75 ).Collecting the lines and using momentum conservation, we get this time This diagram is obviously vanishing because the integration over the Grassmann variables of the isolated white dot cannot be saturated by any line.Thus Inserting the results (4.12, 4.14, 4.16) into Eq.(4.10) we get Evaluation of Z 578 This contribution is obtained by combining the elements in Eq. ( 4.2) with those in Eq. (4.9) with i, j, k = 5, 7, 8.We split it into the three terms A where in the second step we have simplified the θ -diagram by stripping off the line 35 .We can now evaluate the single line and the four-nodes loop using Eqs.(3.17, 3.18) and (3.31).We obtain in the end

.19)
The term A The decomposition of such a double-box diagram was exhibited in Fig. 5.Each of the terms in the decomposition is either a single line or a dashed loop whose value is obtained from Eqs. (3.29) and (A.39-A.43).After a bit of algebra, the final outcome is

.21)
The term A (3) 578 comes from the third addend in (4.9).It is proportional to δ 2 (θ 78 )δ 2 ( θ78 ) and the associated θ -diagram is found to be the following: This double box diagram can be evaluated analogously to the one of Eq. ( 4.20) and the result is It is now straightforward to obtain Similarly one can compute all the terms Z i jk in the Grassmann part of the diagram W ab .The total result agrees with [14], where the computation was performed only partly by means of θ -diagrammatic techniques as the covariant spinorial derivatives were treated by brute force.

Ordering issues
The techniques introduced here allow to compute the Grassmann part of more complicated diagrams that would really be hard to deal with other methods.For diagrams which contain more than one vertex with spinor covariant derivatives, one has to pay attention to ordering issues which are relevant for determining the overall sign of each contribution.
Suppose for instance having to compute the diagram in Fig. 6.Using the condensed notation V i = V (x i , θ i , θi ), the contractions that lead to the term singled out in the right hand side of Fig. 6 are the following: since the supervector propagator is given by δ 2 (θ j )δ 2 ( θi j ) and can be used to integrate the θ i and θi variables, which only occur in this part of the diagram, according to (2.31).Consider a very simple example, akin to the case with scalar external states considered in Sect.(5.10) Again, both terms can be computed using Eq.(3.29) and Appendix A.2.

Spinors from (anti-)chiral multiplets as external states
Let us now consider superdiagrams whose external states are spinors sitting in N = 1 chiral or anti-chiral multiplets. 9he Grassmann part of a chiral line attached at one end to a chiralino or to an anti-chiralino has been given in Eqs.(2.23, 2.24).In a (partially) θ -diagrammatic notation it can be expressed as follows: (5.11) and . (5.12) The novelty is the presence of "bare" θ -variables whose spinorial indices are not contracted with the spinor indices carried by other θ variables.This leads, when these external lines are combined with the inner vertices, to the appearance of new θ -diagrammatic elements.Indeed, consider for instance an external line of the type (5.11) attached to a chiral cubic vertex, whose Grassmann part was given in Eq. (3.24).We have (5.17) Let us note that the external spinors appear in a specific order, dictated by the Wick contractions that originate the diagram one is considering, which implies a specific ordering of the "bare" θ -variables in the θ -diagram that carry the spinor indices of the external spinors.If this order is altered, we have to keep track of the ensuing overall sign -again, this is automatic in the code.
The crucial property of these triangular symbols is that, in the expansion of a θ -diagram, only the terms where precisely one dotted line is attached to each triangular vertex survive since these represent an integration already containing a fermionic coordinate.This is analogous to the fact that exactly two dotted lines must be attached to each black or white dot, as stated after Eq. (3.16).Thus the possible decompositions of the θ -diagram must contain open trajectories -which cannot intersect or overlap -starting on a triangle end ending on another one.In the case of Eq. (5.17) there is just one possibility: (5.18) Let us consider a more elaborate example, namely the following two-loop quartic diagram, which we indicate only schematically, without labeling the momenta and the nodes: ( p 1 ) μ (q 1 ) ν (σ μν ) αβ . (5.26) Note that the open chains with two black triangles, i.e. with two external chiral spinor indices, transform in the (2, 1) ⊗ (2, 1) representation of the spin group, which is reducible into (1, 1) ⊕ (3, 1), i.e., into an antisymmetric and a symmetric part in these spinor indices.
Coming back to the simple case of Eq. (5.18), the final result is (5.27) The first (−1) factor comes from exchanging the theta-variables of the triangular θ -vertices in Eq. ( 5.18) to match the one in the formula (5.21).

Gauginos as external states
Let us consider now the case in which we have a spinor from the N = 1 vector multiplet in an external state.The Grassmann parts of a vector line attached at one end to an external gaugino or anti-gauginowere given in Eqs.(2.34) and (2.35).We can describe them in θ -diagrammatic notation as follows: (5.28) and . (5.29) Thus each gaugino external line leads to the sum of two diagrammatic elements; this is a consequence of the fact that we chose not to impose the Wess-Zumino gauge.The θ -diagrams with gauginos as external states will therefore comprise multiple terms already before effecting their decomposition.
Let us note that if the external gaugino line carries no spinorial derivatives its contributions simplify because they involve the vector line with no spinor derivatives, which is just δ 2 (θ i j )δ 2 ( θi j ).This allows to integrate out the θ variables in the external node.Thus, for instance, if the external gaugino is attached to a cubic adjoint vertex, see Fig. (5.34) In the first step we kept the labels on the nodes to facilitate the comparison with Eq. (5.33); in the second step we omitted such labels and we joined the lines between the same nodes.In the following terms we will write directly the analogue of this second expression, namely The decomposition of these θ -diagrams goes as follows.We find (5.39)

Use of the Grassmann integration algorithm
We have insisted that the approach to the Grassmann integration in superdiagrams we described in the previous sections is algorithmic and can therefore be implemented in a computer code.We have chosen to realize this possibility as a Mathematica notebook 10 which is made available together with this paper.Besides the code we provide an ancillary file, furtherinstructions.pdf, which gives some details not discussed here.
The code, as it stands, allows to deal with the type of matter content and interactions considered in the bulk of the paper.It can also be applied to other theories whose interaction vertices contain only products of superfields with some combinations of spinorial covariant derivatives on vector superfields.It is straightforward to modify the program in order to include massive chiral multiplets, in which case chiral superpropagators terms like or ¯ ¯ appear.Furthermore it is in principle possible to extend the program to handle vertices with all possible combinations of spinorial derivatives an all superfields.It is true that the code can certainly be optimized by more expert programmers but yet it proves our point: the procedure described in the text can be implemented on a computer.
The notebook is called Theta-diagrams.nb.In the following, we assume that this notebook has been opened in Mathematica and evaluated.Beside the notebook Theta-diagrams.nb,there is a folder, called Theta-programs, which contains the breakup of the code into smaller notebooks, each containing some basic step of the procedure, accompanied by a few more examples.
In this section we illustrate how to use this software to obtain from a superdiagram the momenta polynomial resulting from the Grassmann integration.We proceed by examples to illustrate how the superdiagram must be specified and how the output has to be interpreted.
Diagrams with (anti)chiral superfields Let us with a very simple example, namely the superdiagram in Eq. (3.1), which we redraw here for commodity of the reader: .(6.1) To evaluate the corresponding Grassmann integral, namely the function Z of Eq. (3.2), the following command must be issued: The first argument is empty because it must be used only when gauginos appear in the external states.The other arguments describe the elements of the diagram.
• ECSc[1,3,q] is the external line of the chiral scalar going from the vertex labeled as 1 to the vertex labeled as 3.
Similarly, EACAS[4,2,q] is the external line or the anti-chiral scalar from vertex 4 to vertex 2. The command returns the output -q•q, namely −q 2 , in agreement with Eq. (3.7).Let us consider a more complex example, namely the three-loop superdiagram of Eq. (3.25).We implement momentum conservation at each vertex and choose three independent loop momenta r, s, t as follows: . (6. 2) The corresponding Grassmann integral is computed by the following command: (2023) .(6.4) The corresponding Grassmann integrations are evaluated by the command: Note the following points: • EVV[i,j] stands for a vector external lines attached to a vertex in position j.
• The external indices μ and ν are not specified explicitly in the input.The program associates automatically to each external vector line EVV[i,j] a unit vector $s[V,i,j] that appears in the output.With the conventions taken in (6.4) we should therefore read $s[V,1,3] as êμ and $s[V,4,2] as êν .
Using the properties of the unit vectors êμ , see the discussion from Eqs. (5.1) to (5.3), the output of the program corresponds therefore to The corresponding Grassmann integration can be performed with the command According to the conventions already discussed for the diagram (6.4), $s[V,1,3] stands for the unit vector êμ and, after simple manipulations, the result has the form − q 2 − 2 • q + ( p + q) 2 − 2 μνρσ ν p q σ .(6.7) Diagrams with chiralino external lines Let us discuss now the the case in which some of the external states are spinors, focusing as usual on an example.We consider the superdiagram of Eq. (5.32), namely . (6.8) The corresponding Grassmann integrals are computed using the following call: In this expression, $seps[S,1,2dot] stands for (σ μ ) α α while $s[S,1,2dot] corresponds to êμ .Indeed $seps indicates a σ μ matrix with an index saturated via a (the S simply reminds us that that term comes from a spinorial contribution) whose spinorial indices are those associated to the external points 1 and 2 in the diagram, namely α and α.The index μ is dummy, and it has to be saturated with a structure labeled by the same arguments, namely $s[S,1,2dot].As already explained after Eq. (6.4), $s indicates a unit vector, which here has to be êμ .Thus the above results amounts to 1 2 q 2 q μ σ μ α α = 1 2 q 2 q α α .(6.9) Let us now consider the more complicated case introduced in Eq. (5.19) and discussed thereafter.In the decomposition of the corresponding Grassmannian integrals more tensorial structures appear, which are codified in a non completely obvious way in the output of the program.Let us redraw the diagram in question here: . (6.10) Here we labeled the nodes so as to facilitate the comparison with the input that has to be given to the program in order to compute the corresponding Grassmann integrals, namely .
(2023) 83:892 We momentum to express the external momentum p 4 in terms of p 1 , p 2 and p 3 and we denoted by k and l the two independent loop momenta running in the two boxes -the assignments of momenta to the various lines can be understood from the call itself, whose syntax should by now be clear.
The resulting expression carries two chiral and two anti-chiral indices, namely it transforms in the (2, 1) ⊗ (2, 1) ⊗ (1, 2) ⊗ (1, 2) representation, which is reducible into (3, 3) ⊕ (3, 1) ⊕ (1, 3) ⊕ (1, 1).The program, however, which implements the decomposition into open paths described in Eq. (5.20), does not completely carry out the reduction.It does so for the terms arising from the first term in the decomposition (5.20), but not or the others. 12As a consequence, the output of the program is not optimized and is very long, so we do not report it here.It contains various new structures.For instance, the following term appears in the output of the program call above:  5.32), which we redraw here for ease of comparison: .(6.13) Its Grassmann part computed via the following call: 13 There is no new ingredient in this result which, with manipulations already used previously, reads explicitly Ordering issues When there are spinorial external lines, which have a fermionic statistics, the order in which they are written in the correlator is relevant to determine the overall sign.The program returns the sign which is appropriate for the correlator in which the external spinors are ordered exactly in which they appear as arguments of the SuperdiagramComputation call.Our convention is thus that the gauginos appear as the leftmost elements.

Fig. 2 2 Fig. 3
Fig. 2 Vertex rules for the N = 2 gauge action, up to order g 2

Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Vertex rules for the N = 2 hypermultiplet action, up to order g 2

3. 4
Diagrams with (anti)chiral superfields This is the simplest case.Let us describe how to manage it.Deriving the θ -diagram The Grassmann part of all chiral-superchiral propagators is given by a momentum dependent exponential of the type considered above, see Eq. (2.10), thus we can say that .(3.20)Note that in Eq. (3.20) and in the following, the cyan, thick lines that appear on the r.h.s. of the θ = symbol have a completely different meaning from the black ones on the left: they are the solid θ -lines defined in Eq. (3.8).For propagators connected to external scalars, given in Eqs.(2.21) and (2.22), we have simply (3.21) and (3.22) 123 Also the contribution of cubic vertices involving chiral superfields to the Grassmann part of the diagram are very easy to describe: .(3.23) Similarly, for the anti-chiral vertices one has .(3.24)It follows from Eqs. (3.21, 3.22) that a chiral propagator connecting an external scalar to a cubic vertex gives a trivial contribution to the θ -diagram.Indeed, suppose for instance that the propagator (3.21) be attached to a vertex of the type (3.24) in position j; then its θ -line exp(−θ j p θ j ) reduces to 1 since the vertex sets all occurrences of θ j to zero.
.26) This is perfectly analogous to the form we obtained in Eq.(3.14) for the one-loop example.It is easy to convince oneself that in fact in all cases involving only chiral/antichiral superfields the structure of vertices and lines of the θ -diagram mimics

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 An example of the decomposition of a θ-diagram into its non-vanishing contributions.For simplicity we do not label the vertex and the lines

(A. 12
,A.13,A.14)one easily shows that = d 2 θ 1 d 2 θ1 . . . . . .d 2 θ n d 2 θn 2 θ 1 p 1 θ1 2 θ 2 k 1 θ1 . . .× 2 θ n p n θn 2 θ 1 k n θn = (−1) n+1 tr p 1 k1 . . .p n kn (3.29)The traces appearing above are of the form tr( p 1 k1 ... extended with further derivatives analogously.In two cases we might have two spinor derivatives: (3.36) we have took into account that a line might have a derivatives coming from both vertices it attaches to, see Fig.7.We have two contributions with three spinor derivatives: is the fact that we can combine the solid lines with the same endpoints, summing their momenta, as described in Eq. (3.15): .(3.53) Finally we would like to point out the fact that solid θ -lines can be stripped off from a θ -diagram; we will show this through an example.Let's consider a portion of θ -diagram with the following form: (3.54) and the decomposition of its external line: .(3.55)

Fig. 2 -
Fig.2-can be assigned to the vector propagators.In other words, the gluon part of this superdiagram is given by

( 2 )Fig. 6
Fig. 6 An example of diagram in which ordering issues be taken into account when applying the θ-diagrammatic rules part Z μν θ = W μν ab is given, according to the rule just introduced and to Eqs. (3.20, 3.33), by Z μν = .(5.6)This θ -diagram can be expanded as usual into cycles of dotted lines, but such cycles are bound to contain the two êμ and êν dotted lines.Therefore one gets Z μν = .(5.7)Both terms can now be computed using the trace rule of Eq. (3.29) and the formulae in Appendix A.2, treating the versors êμ and êν as any other quadri-momentum and then taking into account Eq. (5.3).As another example, let us consider the following superdiagram, corresponding to a one loop cubic vertex correction: part Z μ θ = W μ abc is given, using the rules introduced above, by Z μ = .(5.9) (2023) 83:892 Expanding this -diagram into of dotted lines, bound to contain the êμ dotted line, we get Z μ = .
Using the rules just stated, its Grassmann part Z α α θ = W α ab,α is given by Z α α = .
• CP[4,3,-k] stands for the chiral superfield propagator that carries momentum −k and goes from the vertex 4 to the vertex 3. CP[4,3,k-q] is the other chiral superfield propagator of the diagram.• C3inward[3] and C3outward[4] signal the presence of three-point chiral supervertices with incoming lines in position 3, and outgoing lines in position 4, see Eq. (2.11).

.
Here $eps[S,1,4] stands for αβ : indeed, $eps denotes an tensor, the argument S indicates that its indices are spinorial while 1,4 states that these spinorial indices are those associated with the lines denoted as 1 and 4 in the input for this diagram.With analogous logic, $eps[S,3dot,2dot] stands for β α .Altogether this term reads therefore− 1 4 (k • p 2 )(k • p 3 )( • p 1 )( • p 2 ) αβ β α .(6.11)Another term appearing in the output is the following:.Here $sbareps[S,1 3dot,2dot][A-B] stands for ( σ μν ) β α .Indeed $sbareps[…][A-B]indicates a σ matrix with two vector indices with raised spinor indices -see the remark after Eq.A.27.The arguments S,3dot,2dot mean that the spinor indices are those associated with the external lines numbered as 3 and 2 in the input.The quantity $s[S,3dot,2dot,A] has to be interpreted as the unit vector êμ .In fact, $s indicates a unit vector, while the arguments S,1,4,A implicate that the vector index of this unit vector is the first one (this is the meaning of A) of the indices of the sigma matrix whose spinor indices are associated to the lines 3 and 2. Similarly, $s[S,3dot,2dot,B] means êν .Overall the output term above is1 16 (k • p 2 )(k • êν )( • p 1 )( • êμ )( p 2 • p 3 ) αβ ( σ μν ) β α = 1 16 (k • p 2 )( • p 1 )( p 2 • p 3 ) μ k ν ( σ μν ) β α αβ .(6.12)Of course, there is an analogous notation for (σ μν ) αβ matrices, which are called $seps.Diagrams with gaugino external lines The external gaugino (EG) and anti-gaugino (EAG) lines have to be called within the first argument of the Superdiagram Computation command.For instance, consider the diagram of figure Eq. (