Transverse-momentum resummation for boson plus jet production at hadron colliders

We consider the associated production of a vector or Higgs boson with a jet in hadronic collisions. When the transverse momentum qT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$q_T$$\end{document} of the boson-jet system is much smaller than its invariant mass Q, the QCD perturbative expansion is affected by large logarithmic terms that must be resummed to all orders. We discuss the all-order resummation structure of the logarithmically enhanced contributions up to next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. Resummation is performed at the differential level with respect to the kinematical variables of the boson-jet system. Soft-parton radiation produces azimuthal correlations that are fully accounted for in our framework. We present explicit analytical results for the resummation coefficients up to next-to-leading order and next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy, that include the exact dependence on the jet radius.

The production of vector and Higgs bosons is a crucial process at hadron colliders. It allows us to test the Standard Model, to precisely extract its parameters and is also an important background to new physics searches. When vector or Higgs bosons are produced at high transverse momenta they are accompanied by QCD jets. This kinematical region is of particular importance for the LHC precision programme, as the reduction in event rate can be compensated by a better identification of the boson decay products, and by an improved discrimination over the backgrounds.
Here we consider the situation in which the massive boson, or more generally, the colourless system, is produced at large transverse momentum and recoils against one or more QCD jets. In particular, we are interested in the limit in which the total transverse momentum of the boson and the leading jet system, q T , is much smaller than its invariant mass Q. In this region, large logarithmic contributions due to soft and collinear radiation occur that need be resummed to all orders. In the case of the inclusive production of a colourless system (i.e., when no additional highp T jet is a e-mail: luca.rottoli@physik.uzh.ch (corresponding author) tagged) the resummation structure is fully understood [1][2][3]. Indeed, transverse-momentum resummation for the production of colourless high-mass systems has an all-order universal (process-independent) structure [4][5][6][7]. This universality structure eventually originates from the fact that the transverse momentum of the colourless system is produced in this case just by (soft and collinear) QCD radiation from the initial-state colliding partons. When the colourless system is accompanied by a hard jet the resummation is significantly more complicated, due to the fact that the final state parton radiates. More generally, these complications arise in jet processes with three or more coloured legs at leading order. These problems have been addressed by several authors (see e.g. Refs. [8,9,[11][12][13][14]16,19]). Softgluon radiation is accounted for by a soft-anomalous dimension which leads to colour correlations between initial and final state partons. 1 Additionally, soft-parton radiation produces non-trivial azimuthal correlations [20]. The final-state collinear singularity is regulated by the finite jet radius, and the ensuing effects are described by a perturbatively computable jet function. The situation is further complicated by the existence of the so-called Non-Global Logarithms (NGL) [21] which enter at next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) accuracy. Despite these difficulties, the problem of transversemomentum resummation for processes that feature final-state jets is theoretically interesting, and may lead to developments also for fixed-order calculations, as it happened for the production of colourless final states [22] and for heavy-quark production [23,24].
In this Letter we present new results on transversemomentum resummation for boson plus jet production. We discuss the resummation formula that controls the logarithmically enhanced contributions up to NLL accuracy, by accounting for the full kinematical dependence of the boson-jet system. We then present the explicit expressions of the resummation coefficients up to next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy.
We consider the inclusive hard-scattering process where the collision of the two hadrons h 1 and h 2 with momenta P 1 and P 2 produces the boson B with momentum p B accompanied by a hard jet J with momentum p J and X denotes the accompanying final-state radiation (which may lead to additional softer jets). Unless otherwise stated, in the following we will consider anti-k T jets [25] and we will use the standard definition of the distance of two particles i and j in rapidity y and azimuth φ We assume the boson B to be on shell (i.e. p 2 B = m 2 B ) and we denote with m J , y J and φ J the jet mass, rapidity and azimuthal angle. When the invariant mass m J of the jet is integrated over, the kinematics of the boson-jet system is specified by its total momentum q = p B + p J and two additional independent variables that we denote by . For instance, we can use = {y J , φ J }. The four vector q is fully specified by its invariant mass Q 2 , rapidity y and transverse momentum q T . At leading order (LO) in QCD perturbation theory the cross section is simply proportional to δ (2) (q T ), due to momentum conservation in the transverse plane. At this order the process can proceed via the partonic sub-processes where p i = z i P i and z i (i = 1, 2) are the momentum fractions carried by the incoming partons. Beyond LO the cross section develops singular contributions as q T → 0 that need to be resummed to all orders. Up to NLL accuracy the resummation formula for the differential cross section reads where b 0 = 2 −γ E (γ E = 0.5772... is the Euler number) and the kinematic variables x 1 and x 2 are defined as The factor denoted by dσ (0) ac is the LO cross section The structure of the resummation formula in Eq. (4) closely resembles that for the case of heavy-quark production [26], which is characterized by a more involved colour structure given the presence of four coloured particles at Born level. While having a simpler colour structure, the resummation formula for processes with an identified jet introduces new complications such as a dependence on the jet definition and the presence of NGL [21], which in Eq. (4) is encapsulated in the factor U f NGL 2 In the following we detail all the required perturbative ingredients in Eq. (4), namely the Sudakov form factor S ac , the [H C 1 C 2 ] coefficient and the NGL.
We organise the computation in such a way that the Sudakov Form factor is the same as for colour-singlet transverse momentum resummation in the formalism of Refs. [3,6], namely where and the coefficients A a , B a coincide with the customary coefficients appearing in the case of the production of a colourless system.
Besides the NGL contribution which will be discussed later, the additional contributions beyond the colourless case are embodied in the expression [(H ) C 1 C 2 ], and more precisely in the factor . This contribution starts at NLL accuracy and describes QCD radiation of soft non-collinear partons from the underlying Born subprocess, emitted at wide angles with respect to the direction of the initial-state partons. In the case of production of a colourless system the factor is absent (i.e. = 1).
The explicit expression of the symbolic factor for the qq annihilation channel (c = q,q), for the quark-gluon channel (c = q,q), and for the gluon fusion channel. The functions C ca and C μν ga are the universal collinear function of colour-singlet transverse momentum resummation [6,32].
The factors (H ) in Eqs. (9)-(11) depend on b, Q and on the kinematical variables of the underlying Born partonic process (this dependence is not explicitly denoted in Eqs. (9) and (11)). Furthermore, they contain the dependence on the jet definition.
As in Ref [26], the shorthand notation (H ) refers to the contribution of the factors H and , which contains a nontrivial dependence on the colour structure of the underlying partonic process. Explicitly, we have where we use the colour space formalism of Ref. [33] and we denote by | M the colour vector representing the scattering amplitude in colour space. The 'hard-virtual' amplitude M cd→B+jet is directly related to the infrared-finite part of the all-order (virtual) scattering amplitude M cd→B+jet of the underlying partonic process, and M cd→B+jet | 2 is the squared amplitude summed over the colours and spins of all involved partons. The relation between M and M is given below in Eq. (16).
which projects onto the Lorentz indices in the transverse plane. The soft-parton factor depends on colour matrices, and it acts as a colour space operator in Eqs. (12)- (14). We note that by introducing a colour space operator H via the definition α where 'Tr' denotes the colour space trace of the colour operator H . As in colour-singlet production, all the process dependence is contained in the hard factor H, which is independent of the impact parameter b. The auxiliary virtual amplitude defined in Eqs. (12)- (14) is related to the all-order renormalised virtual amplitude by the following factorization formula where the subtraction operator I cd→B+jet can be computed order-by-order in perturbation theory The soft-parton factor depends on the impact parameter b, on Q, on the kinematics of the Born partonic subprocess and on the jet radius R. To explicitly denote the kinematical dependence, we introduce the azimuthal angle φ J b between the jet and the direction of b. The all-order structure of is The evolution operator V, which resums logarithmic contributions α n S (Q 2 ) ln k Q 2 b 2 with k ≤ n which originate from wide-angle soft radiation, is obtained through the anti pathordered exponential of the integral of the soft anomalous The anomalous dimension and the colour operator D admit the perturbative expansions and In particular, we observe that , and hence V, do not depend on azimuthal angles. In contrast, the operator D carries the dependence on φ J b and it is defined such that it fulfills the all-order relation D = 1, see Ref. [26], where · denotes the azimuthal average. In particular, this implies that D (n) = 0 for n ≥ 1. By performing the inverse Fourier transformation from b space to q T space, the q T cross section acquires an explicit dependence on φ J −φ q (where φ q is the azimuthal angle of q T ). This means that the resummation formula (4) leads to q T -dependent azimuthal correlations of the produced B +jet system at small-q T as observed in Refs. [16,19,20]. The starting point for the computation of the first order resummation coefficients is the NLO eikonal current associated to the emission of a soft gluon off the two initial state partons, carrying momenta p 1 and p 2 , and the final-state parton, carrying momentum p 3 , where k is the momentum of the radiated gluon. The theta function removes the contribution of soft radiation clustered within the jet cone, thereby acting as a physical regulator of the final-state collinear singularity. We observe that the full eikonal current in Eq. (22) includes, besides the genuine contribution of soft radiation at wide angles we are interested in, also soft and collinear radiation from the initial state partons. The latter contributions are already accounted for in our resummation formalism. Therefore, we introduce a subtracted current J 2 sub by removing the contribution from initialstate radiation which, by definition, extends to the full phase space: The resulting subtracted current J 2 sub is regular in all collinear limits and has a simple interpretation: it captures the soft wide angle emission between initial-final state dipole configurations. The term on the third line, proportional to the initial state Casimir, is the leftover of the subtracted contributions in the region inside the jet cone, and therefore far away from the initial state collinear regions where it is enhanced. Moreover, since it does not develop a collinear singularity in the proximity of the jet direction, this contribution smoothly vanishes when the jet radius R approaches zero and hence is power suppressed in R.
On the other hand, the eikonal term on the second line, proportional to T 1 · T 3 , may develop a final-state collinear divergence which is regularised by the jet radius, thus leading to a logarithmically enhanced behavior in R. This occurs for soft configurations that are both wide-angle and collinear to the jet direction. We can further single out these contributions from the pure soft wide-angle emission by rewriting the subtracted current as follows where we have used colour conservation, i=1,3 T i = 0. In the last expression of Eq. (24), the first term is due to softgluon radiation collinear to the jet direction, while the second term corresponds to soft wide-angle initial-state radiation which is insensitive to the jet, and is integrated in the whole phase space. The third term is a remainder in the region inside the jet cone that is power suppressed in the R → 0 limit. It follows that the resummation coefficients in b space can be directly extracted from the following dimensionally regularised integral in d = 4 − 2 dimensions of the subtracted current where b andb are the modulus and direction of the impact parameter vector b, respectively, and the dots stand for higher order terms in the epsilon expansion which contribute beyond the NLL level. The calculation of the above integral is rather involved when retaining the exact dependence on the jet radius. The result can be expressed in terms of one-fold integrals whose expressions are given in the Appendix. In the following we present the structure of the resummation coefficients in terms of such integrals and we report their explicit expressions in the small-R limit, which is useful for the comparison with available results in the literature.
The first order coefficient of the anomalous dimension reads where the function A out (R) is given in Eq. (47). The first order coefficient D (1) , which is responsible for the q T -dependent azimuthal correlations at small q T , is obtained as Its explicit expression reads where f is the flavour (quark or gluon) of the final state jet and is determined by the initial state partons combination cd. The additional coefficient F (1) , which is an operator in colour space, originates from the subtracted soft current in Eqs. (24)-(25) upon averaging over the azimuth, and it explicitly reads 3 Configurations characterised by two unresolved final state collinear partons, which are clustered into a single jet, do not contribute to logarithmically enhanced terms at small q T , so they are not included in the singular part of the cross section that is resummed to all-orders. On the other hand, they enter the constant term at q T = 0. Their contribution to Eq. (29) is encoded in the 1-loop jet function J (1) f ( , R) ( f = q, g), which is the same for the whole family of k T jet algorithms. We observe that a calculation of the jet function which retains the exact dependence on the jet radius goes beyond the collinear approximation. At the NLO level, it is certainly possible to perform a numerical evaluation by using a suitable scheme for the subtraction of the collinear singularities. This is beyond the scope of this work. For the sake of completeness, we provide the expression of the 1-loop jet functions neglecting power corrections in the jet radius R [35,36] J (1) g ( , R) where p T,J is the jet transverse momentum (with sp 2 T,J = ut), β 0 = (11C A − 2n F )/12 and n F is the number of active flavours. The results in Eqs. (31a) and (31b) can be easily obtained by integrating the d-dimensional Altarelli-Parisi splitting functions over the collinear phase space.
We note that, with the expressions in Eqs. (31a) and (31b), strictly speaking, the cancellation of the poles in Eq. (29) is achieved only in the small-R limit. Conversely, the computation of the exact R dependence in (1) (t/u, R) allows us to obtain the exact coefficient of the 1/ pole in the jet function. We also note that the dependence on ln 2 R cancels out, as it should, in Eq. (29).
Finally we discuss the contribution encoded in the U f NGL . Recently, a significant effort has been devoted to the understanding of NGL (see e.g. Refs. [37][38][39][40]). In our case the NGL contribution starts to contribute at α 2 S L 2 relatively to the Born level, and the factor U f NGL can be parametrised as where the function f (λ, R) is not known in closed form and, moreover, depends on the jet algorithm. 4 In the case of conebased and anti-k T algorithms we can write [16,31] where the coefficient π 2 /3 is the same appearing in Dasgupta and Salam's result [21]. In the case of the k T [27,28] and Cambridge-Achen [29,30] algorithm the coefficient is different [31].
In this Letter we have discussed transverse-momentum resummation for the production of a vector or Higgs boson accompanied by a hard jet in hadronic collisions. Barring the effects of NGL, the structure of the resummation formula can be organised in a similar way as for the case of heavy-quark production. Collinear radiation in the jet cone produces a perturbatively computable jet function while soft wide-angle radiation leads to additional effects that can be evaluated by integrating a suitably subtracted soft current. We have computed the NLO resummation coefficients by keeping the exact dependence of the jet radius R, and retaining the azimuthal dependence. Our results are relevant to carry out transverse-momentum resummation for a wide class of processes in which a colourless system is accompanyed by a hard jet. Moreover, they may have an impact in extensions of the q T -subtraction formalism [22] to this class of processes. More details on our computation and additional results will be presented elsewhere.

Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors' comment: This work concerns theoretical aspects of resummation in quantum chromodynamics and the main results are encoded in the mathematical equations presented in the main text.] Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended 4 An explicit parametrisation of U f NGL can be obtained by fitting results obtained with Monte Carlo simulations [21]. use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecomm ons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Funded by SCOAP 3 .

A Explicit evaluation of b-space integrals
In this Appendix we report the explicit results for the soft integrals in b-space required for the calculation of the resummation coefficients (1) and D (1) as reported in Eqs. (26) and (28). We parametrize the kinematics for the generic LO process in the partonic centre of mass frame as In order to carry out the integral in Eq. (25) there are three independent eikonal kernels to be considered, which can be read from Eq. (24): where k is the momentum of the soft gluon, which we parametrize as k = k T (cosh η, cos ϕ, sin ϕ, sinh η).
All the other kernels are obtained by applying the replacement rule 1 ↔ 2. The soft integrals we need to compute have the general structure . (36) with S κ ∈ {S out 13,2 , S in 12,3 , S kin 12,3 } and μ the mass scale introduced by the dimensional regularisation. In general, the integrals I κ depend on the impact parameter vector b, which we parametrize in terms of its modulus b and the angle φ 3b that b forms with the projection of p 3 onto the transverse plane. In the following, we first present azimutally averaged results and then those with the full angular dependence.

A.1 Azimutally averaged integrals
We separate the longitudinal component of the soft momentum k and express it in terms of the rapidity difference x = η − y where in the last step we rescale k ⊥ by the modulus of the impact parameter b, and we denote with k 2 ⊥ the norm of k ⊥ . We notice that the quantityŜ κ ≡ (k 2 ⊥ S κ ) is independent of k ⊥ while it generally carries a dependence on the angle between k ⊥ and p 3 .
We take the d-dimensional azimuthal average over the impact parameter where e ib·k ⊥ = 1 The resulting integral has a simpler structure where ϕ is the angle between k ⊥ and p 3 , and n = 2π n/2 / (n/2) is the solid angle in n dimensions. We can evaluate the integral in k ⊥ as the soft kernelŜ κ does not depend on this variable, leading to the following master formula for the averaged soft integrals where the normalization factor is In the following, we list our results for the relevant soft kernels. For the integrals which depend on the jet radius R, we give the exact result in terms of a 1-fold integral and its expansion in the small-R limit.
• unconstrained kernel S κ = S kin 12,3 • inside the jet, S κ = S in 12,3 where the function B in (R) is given by We notice that I in 12,3 is a pure power correction in the jet radius R; • outside the jet, S κ = S out 13,2 I out 13,2 = I out 23,1 where the functions A out (R) and B out (R) are given by the one-fold integrals expressed in terms of the auxiliary function We note that the function g out (ϕ, R) is the same controlling the azimuthal dependence in jet production in ep scattering [19].

A.2 Azimuthal dependence
We start from Eq. (37) and observe that, in general, there are two preferred directions in the k ⊥ -space, associated to b and the projection of p 3 onto the k ⊥ -space, which break the rotational invariance of the integrand function. It is then convenient to decompose the vector k ⊥ as whereê 1,2 is an orthonormal basis in the 2-dimensional vector space spanned by the two preferred directions and k ⊥ lives in the remaining orthogonal space. Choosing the vector basis such thatp 3 · k ⊥ = k 1 andb · k ⊥ = k 1 cos φ 3b + k 2 sin φ 3b , we get where in the last step we introduced the spherical coordinates k 1 = k ⊥ cos ϕ, k 2 = k ⊥ sin ϕ cos ϑ, Using the following result for the integral over k ⊥ and ϑ we obtain the master formula for the soft integrals • unconstrained kernel S κ = S 12 where we have used the result π 0 dϕ sin −2 ϕ cos (φ 3b − ϕ) cos (φ 3b + ϕ)=π e iπ Note that since the kernel does not depend on ϕ, one could have immediately obtained I 12 = −I 21 = I 12 .
• inside the jet, S κ = S in 12 and A out (R) and g out (ϕ; R) are given in Eq. (47) and Eq. (48), respectively.