Dense Quark-Gluon Plasma in strong magnetic fields

A non-perturbative (np) method of Field Correlators (FCM) was applied to study QCD at temperatures above the deconfinement transition ($1<T/T_c<3,~T_c\sim0.16~GeV$) and nonzero baryon densities (baryon chemical potential $\mu_B<0.5~GeV$) in an external uniform magnetic field ($eB<0.5~GeV^2$). Within FCM, the np high-temperature dynamics is embodied in the Polyakov loop and in the Debye mass due to the Color-Magnetic Confinement. Analytic expressions for quark pressure and magnetic susceptibility were obtained. The expressions were represented as series and in integral form. Magnetic susceptibility was found to increase rapidly with temperature and slowly with density. The results at the zero density limit are in agreement with lattice data.

With this improvement, a solution to the famous Linde problem was suggested in [18]. A compatible with lattice data SU(3) thermodynamics description was constructed in [17,19,20]. An improved EoS for n f = 2+1 QCD at nonzero baryon density was derived in [21]. In the zero density limit, the results [17][18][19][20][21] are in good agreement with lattice data [22], using the Debye mass found in [23]. At nonzero density, the absence of the critical point in (µ, T )-plane was demonstrated, which is in agreement with lattice data analysis. In addition, the sound speed in QGP at zero and nonzero density was determined in [24] and [25], respectively. For a summary of FCM results at nonzero density see [26].
The topic of the np dynamics behind the Polyakov loop was suggested in [27].
In the present paper, we continue studying QCD thermodynamics in a uniform magnetic field within FCM [37][38][39][40] applying our methods to nonzero density. We start with the quark contribution to the dense deconfined QCD free energy with np interaction incorporated by means of CMC and Polyakov loops. Then we replace the quark energy with the relativistic charge energy in a m.f to obtain an expression for the free energy in a m.f. Finally, we derive a EoS for the finite baryon density QGP in a m.f., or expression for the QGP pressure, from the free energy expression; we define the QGP magnetic susceptibility with the quark contribution to the QGP pressure. We check our results in a strong m.f. at the zero density limit by numerical comparison with lattice data.
The paper is organized as follows. In section II we outline a dense QGP EoS derivation in the absence of a m.f. In section III we generalize the EoS to the case of a nonzero m.f. In section IV we calculate the QGP magnetic susceptibility. In section V we present a numerical evaluation of our analytical results. Section VI contains conclusion and discussion.

II. QUARK PRESSURE WITH POLYAKOV LOOPS AND CMC
We start with a f -flavored quark (the index f = u, d, s... is suppressed unless otherwise stated) free energy in background color and electromagnetic fields A µ (x) and A (e) µ (x) (for the gluon contribution to the QGP pressure, see [17]) where K = 1 4 s 0 dzµ dτ 2 dτ is the kinetic kernel (we utilized the Feynman-Fock-Schwinger proper time formalism), m q is the current quark mass, and (2) is a path-and surface-ordered Wilson loop; ... denotes the averaging over the stochastic color background field. The integration measure implies periodic boundary conditions (β = T −1 is the inverse temperature) on a contour C[z] (for details, see [17,21]) We write the series over the Matsubara frequencies in the form where The T-independent n = 0 term was subtracted.
At this point, we introduce the main np thermodynamics ingredients -CMC and the Polyakov loop L. Within the FCM assumptions, color-electric and color-magnetic stochastic background fields are statistically independent. Hence, the Polyakov loop and the spatial 3d projection of the quark Green's function S 3 (s), which is subjected to CMC, factorize We introduced the quark density by replacing the free energy in (1) with the thermodynamic potential Ω = F − µN (µ is the f-flavored quark chemical potential). The pressure definition is We may extract the quark Polyakov loop L = exp − V 1 (∞,T ) 2T from lattice simulations (in which case, we may have to change its normalization) or calculate it within FCM [27] (in which case, we still indirectly use lattice data on deconfinement dynamics).
Following [17,21], we utilize the approximation where c D ∼ 2 [23] is a free parameter in our framework, and the color-magnetic string tension σ s (T ) ∼ g 4 T 2 calculated in [23] defines magnetic Debye screening mass m D .
Therefore, the EoS is where K 2 is the Macdonald function To reveal the EoS analytical structure in the complex µ-plane, we cast the series to the integral form following [21] Cuts in the complex plane immediately follow from (13): | Re µ| In what follows, we also use another form [39] of EoS (9)

III. QUARK PRESSURE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Let us adjust (14) to the case of a uniform m.f. directed along the z-axis.
The m.f. alters quarks motion in the transverse plane. Transverse motion appears in (14) through the energy spectra and the phase space. To make up for the m.f., we introduce the Landau energy levels and modify the phase space following the standard prescription [41] ε The standard pressure definition may require an elaboration in case of a non-trivial phase space.
However, the quark pressure along the m.f. is well-defined in the present case See Section 5 for the discussion of pressure anisotropy in magnetized QGP. In what follows, we suppress the subscript, and write P ≡ P z .
With this reservation, we obtain The integration yields (ε σ n ⊥ ≡ ε σ n ⊥ (0)) The accuracy of the n ⊥ summation in (20) exemplified in (21) is checked below in section V and The total quark pressure is the sum over the flavors As in the previous section, we cast the series to the integral form (see the Appendix of [39] for details) where The integral form of (21) is Finally, we probe the result (27) As expected, the expression coincides with the corresponding result (11) of section II.

IV. QGP MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AT NONZERO BARYON DENSITY
We use the following definition of magnetic susceptibility [30] of a thermal medium The gluon part of the QGP free energy is sensitive to a m.f. via the quark loops. The corresponding contribution toχ is suppressed at least as α 2 s . In the present paper, we neglect this contributionχ In a sense, this approximation is similar to the staggered fermions approach.
We also introduce the f-flavored quark susceptibilitiesχ which are related to the total quark susceptibility aŝ We extract the susceptibilities from (21) by expanding it in powers of e q B With the integral representation for the Macdonald function the integral form of the susceptibilities was obtained

V. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
We computed thermodynamic quantities of QGP with u-, d-, s-quarks by means of corresponding series partial summation. The np inputs V 1 (∞, T ) and m D (T ) are identical to these of [26]. They were adjusted in such a way that QGP pressure (9) at zero m.f. and baryon density matches the lattice data [42,43]. The Debye mass is defined by the spatial string tension value m D = c D σ s (T ); for σ s (T ) see (45) in [23]. The parameter c D = 1.6 is close to the corresponding result of [23].
The major source of systematic error is V 1 (∞, T ) uncertainty. Within the parameters range, we estimate the total error of this section numerical results to be at most 15% (see section VI for details).
Let us start with an accuracy check of the approximate Landau levels summation procedure.
The Fig. 1 demonstrates the difference between the result of (20) based on the partial sum and the integral form in (21). We find the difference to be negligible in the considered parameter range.
The set of trajectories for the pressure magnetic shift ∆P = P (eB, µ B ) − P (0, µ B ), computed with (21), is presented in Fig. 2 (baryon and quark chemical potentials are related as µ f = 1 3 µ B , f = u, d, s). The results suggest strong paramagnetism of QGP, in agreement with the lattice study [29]. With the expressions for gluon pressure from [37] and for quark pressure (21), we computed a special combination ∆ for dense QGP in an external m.f.
If pressure is considered as isotropic, ∆ is the trace anomaly.
The resulting curves in Fig. 3 demonstrate all the qualitative features (the maximum position and width dependence on m.f., the curves intersections) of the same quantity computed with the lattice simulation [33] (see Fig. 12 of [33]) in the given temperature range.

VI. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
In the present paper, pressure of QGP at nonzero baryon density in an external uniform m.f. was calculated analytically for the first time.
Within the parameters range (eB < 0.5 GeV 2 , µ B < 0.  [44], 5% [45], and 2% [46] errors, respectively. We consider the errors as independent, and estimate the total EoS (21) error in "the worst" parameters region (low temperature, high m.f. and density) as 15%. At larger densities, the  Polyakov loop dependence on the chemical potential is to be accounted for.
The Polyakov loops interaction and the perturbative corrections were also neglected. The nonperturbative numerical input data were set as to reproduce the correct QGP pressure values at the zero m.f. and baryon density limit.
With the numerical analysis of our results, we observed QGP strong paramagnetism, which was previously found within lattice simulations. The possible pressure anisotropy, on the other hand, is a matter of discussion.
QGP pressure anisotropy is observed in lattice simulations with a certain setup. Basic methods for pressure calculation on lattice are [28] 1. B = const method -the variation of energy in a constant external m.f. (the QGP is assumed to be in thermal equilibrium); 2. Φ = const method, in which the total magnetic flux Φ through the lattice is fixed.
With the first method, pressure is isotropic, while with the second method where M = − 1 V ∂F ∂B is the QGP magnetization. The "anisotropic" method is more subtle for real physical systems. It requires a careful analysis of the energy exchange between longitudinal and transverse motion of quarks and the corresponding relaxation time. We leave these details to a future publication.
The direct influence of a m.f. on the field correlators was studied on the lattice in [47]. Since the effect is at most 10% at eB < 0.5 GeV 2 , we had assumed it to be negligible for our purposes. The more exact accuracy analysis with the Polyakov loop and the screening mass variation justified this assumption.