Renormalized stress tensor of a quantized massless scalar field in warped cosmological braneworld background

Energy momentum tensor of a conformally coupled quantum scalar field in five dimensional warped cosmological spacetimes is studied. We look at situations where the four dimensional part represents a cosmological thick brane and the scale of the extra dimension is time dependent. Renormalization of the components of the energy momentum tensor is achieved using adiabatic regularization method. The resulting energy and pressure densities explicitly show the effects of warping and the dynamic extra dimension on the created matter. We discussed how the created matter may accumulate to form thick branes along the extra dimension.


I. INTRODUCTION
Since Kaluza- Klein [1,2], a large variety of cosmological models with extra dimensions have been proposed over the years. The braneworld models [3][4][5][6] where our world is considered as a four dimensional sub-manifold (3-brane) embedded in five dimensions are popular today largely because of their potential in proposing achievable experimental signatures of extra dimensions. The warped type assumes a curved higher dimensional spacetime and the line element on the 3-brane is scaled by a warp factor, thus rendering the higher dimensional metric non-factorisable. Brane-world models seem to provide a viable resolution of the long-standing hierarchy problem in high energy physics. How a quantized field behave in such background is therefore an important question. Analysis of quantum fields in a higher dimensional spacetime with a Kaluza-Klein-like extra dimension has been reported in [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Gravitational particle production in braneworld cosmology and its implications have been studied in [13]. However, investigations on quantum fields have mostly done in time-independent braneworld backgrounds which do not take into account the expansion of the 3-brane as such. Interestingly large class of warped cosmological i.e. time dependent bulk solutions in presence of various bulk fields were found e.g. in [14]. In [15], the author have studied how such various kind of warped and dynamic extra dimensions effect the particle creation rate of a massless bulk scalar field.
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime [16][17][18][19][20][21] is an useful tool to study particle creation by fields due to evolving geometry of spacetime. It has also been instrumental to analyse the inhomogeneities in the cosmic microwave background and the large-scale structure of the Universe [22,23]. The concept of the so-called adiabatic vacuum gives us a notion of particles in curved space that comes closest to the definition of field quanta in flat space.
One important feature of the energy momentum tensor (EMT) of the created particles in curved spacetime are the quadratic and logarithmic ultra-violet (UV) divergences in addition to the expected quartic divergence. Various renormalization methods were developed to tame these infinities. The one we are going to use in this article is adiabatic regularization [24][25][26]. In this method, finite expressions are obtained from the formal one containing UV divergences by subtracting mode by mode (under the integral sign) each term in the adiabatic expansion of the integrand which contains at least one UV divergent part for arbitrary values of the parameters in the theory.
A study of quantum scalar field and renormalization in the context of warped spacetimes where there is a dynamic extra dimension is our objective here. Recent discovery of Higgs particle also motivates us with the following investigation. The plan of the article is as follows. In Section II, we review the conformally coupled scalar field equations and the adiabatic regularization method to find the renormalized EMT (REMT). Here we have essentially used the algorithm introduced in [26]. We write the equations to determine particle number density in terms of, which may be called, Zeldovich-Starobinsky (ZS) variables that were introduced in [26]. The equations for these ZS variables can be solved as adiabatic series where each term in the series are essentially functions of metric functions and their time derivatives. In Section III, we derive the REMT using the adiabatic subtraction method. We emphasize on how components of REMT depend on metric functions to figure out the distinguishing roles of the warping factor and the time-dependent scale factors as such. Apart from the adiabatic regularization we discuss how this created matter density may be localised along the extra dimension, thus providing a notion of a physical thick brane.
Finally, in Section IV, we conclude with comments and future plans.
where e 2f (σ) is the warp factor, a(η) and b(η) are the scale factors associated with the ordinary space ( x) and the extra dimension (σ) respectively. η denotes conformal time.
The Lagrangian density of a scalar field ψ(η, x, σ) coupled to the background geometry is given by [21] In case of conformal coupling in d spacetime dimensions, the coupling constant ξ = d−2 4(d−1) . The corresponding momenta is given by Eq.
(2) leads to the following Klein-Gordon equation, where m is the mass of the scalar particle, ξ is the conformal coupling constant (ξ = 3 16 in five dimensions) R is the five-dimensional curvature scalar. A dot ( . ) denotes differentiation w.r.t η and a prime ( ) denotes differentiation w.r.t σ. For simplicity we choose to investigate a massless field (m = 0). To quantize the field, we impose the following commutation relations between the field and its conjugate momenta as usual We introduce the creation and annihilation operators using the following mode decomposition as where Φ q (x A ) are the eigen-solutions of the field equation and d 4 q/4π 2 is the integral measure in five dimensional momentum space. This decomposition implies The vacuum state is defined as a q |0 = 0 for all q.
To separate variables in the field equation we use the following ansatz: where N = e f a √ b. The normalization condition for ψ or Φ q gives the Wronskian relation, Let us set, 1 and One can write Eq. (12). as,φ where, and Note that for an observer on the brane this scalar field (with a specific k σ ), which is massless in the bulk, appears to be a scalar field with mass 'k σ ' [15] with an effective on brane scale factor a(η)/b(η). Thus different k σ modes, if excited, may be interpreted as particles with different masses on the brane as such. Moving ahead, we note that, Eq. 13 admits WKB solutions of the form [24,26], with a further restriction,φ where α q and β q are the Bogoliubov coefficients.
Corresponding initial conditions are, where, η 0 is a suitably chosen initial time of a chosen adiabatic vacuum 1 . Then the number of particles thus created in mode q is given by, Following Zel'dovich and Starobinsky [26], Eqs. (18) and (19), with the initial conditions (20), can be recast in the form, where, are the ZS variables which obey the following initial conditions, Thus s q (η) represents the particle number density and is related to the energy density in the η → ∞ or the adiabatic limit. Similarly, u q (η) and τ q (η) are essentially related to the pressure and current density components of the EMT of the created particles 2 .
To get the number of particles created in mode q one has to solve the first order system of differential equations (22)(23)(24) with initial conditions (26) and determine s q when η → ∞.
These equations can be evolved numerically using standard codes, in cases where one is unable to find an analytic solution [9,33]. In the following, we solve Eqs. 22-24 analytically using the adiabatic approximation. In the adiabatic or quasi classical regime |Ω q | << |Ω q | 2 .
This means if we expand the ZS variables in adiabatic series as where, 'r' denotes the adiabatic order 3 , in the adiabatic limit e.g. s (r) q is suppressed as << 1. If we replace Eq. 27 in Eqs. 22, 23 and 24, we get the following recursion relations among the terms of different adiabatic orders of s q , u q and τ q , where r = 2, 4, .. and Using these results back in Eqs 28, 29 and 30, we get, The higher order terms can be derived in a straightforward manner, upto arbitrary order, from Eqs 28, 29 and 30 (see Appendix B).

III. ENERGY MOMENTUM TENSOR
The energy momentum tensor of a conformally coupled field is given by [26,27] where G AB is the Einstein tensor and = g AB ∇ A ∇ B . For metric (1)  evolution of warped cosmological braneworlds is given by, where we have defined where Using equations 16, 17 and 25, Eq. 35 can be written as Note that the 1/2-factors appearing in Eq. 38 (and in the following equations) represent the vacuum contributions (which will later be subtracted for regularization). The above expression for energy density does contain features of a dynamic warped extra dimension.
In the limit a(η) = b(η) and f (σ) = 0, we have γ = 0 and Ω 2 q = 0 Ω 2 q = k 2 + k 2 σ , which would make all the terms in Eq. 38 vanish to recover the standard result that no particles would be created from a massless scalar field in a conformally flat spacetime.
Similarly, the other components of the energy momentum tensor can be written, e.g. the pressure density along the on-brane spatial directions, as where, and The pressure density along the extra spatial direction 'σ' is given by where, and The only off-diagonal element of EMT, which is a distinguishing feature of such warped spacetimes is given by After getting the expression of bulk EMT we note that these components of bulk EMT are functions of both time and the extra dimension as expected. In the following we explore what these dependencies physically mean.

A. Localisation of matter density
The functional dependence of the EMT components on time and extra dimension can be studied as a two dimensional surface in T, t, σ space. So, these components can be analyzed graphically. However, these surfaces, in general, will have complicated shapes. Further, it would be difficult to carry out the integration over k σ to find how T AB (or its renormalized version) varies along σ. Note that, the σ-dependence in T 00 , for example, comes from an over all factor of |G|/e f and 0 Ω q (σ) (which carries K 2 0 (k σ , σ)). For simplicity, let us look how these factors depend on σ, for few fixed values of k σ . This will let us compare, e.g. how much matter is created at different location along the extra dimension due to the bulk scalar field. We can do this even before the adiabatic subtraction as regularization will only effect Z-S variables which do not depend on σ.

Firstly, we look at what happens to the factors K 2
A (k σ , σ) at the location of the brane. Eq. 11, near σ = 0, in presence of a growing warp factor, reduces to i.e. G(σ) behaves like a plane wave around σ = 0. Eq. 50 further implies that, near σ = 0 Thus near σ = 0, A Ω q (σ) may be considered as independent of σ. Similar σ-dependence (or independence) is found for T ii as the pre-factor is same. In T σσ , there is an extra factor of e −2f present which does not change any qualitative behavior of the pre-factor in any significant manner near σ = 0. This simple analysis tells us it is enough to analyze the pre-factor in order to understand the spatial variation of EMT components.
In the following, we have graphically presented the behaviour of the pre-factor in the integrand of T 00 i.e. |G| 2 e −2f as a function of σ (for suitable lowest values of k σ ). In order to do that, we have solved Eq. 11 numerically (with initial conditions G(0) = 1 and G (0) = 0.1) for two different functional forms of the warp factor, namely f (σ) = ± log(cosh κσ), where 1/κ represents a length scale along the extra dimension and the '+' sign ('-' sign) represents the so-called growing (decaying) warp factor in thick brane models. We have set κ = 1 for all numerical computations.
The numerical values of k σ are chosen 4 such that the curves show one, three and five minima or maxima in Fig. 1. The left graph with the decaying warp factor implies that most of the energy density is created away from the brane location (σ = 0). Further, density increases indefinitely in the σ → ±∞ limit. Thus this scenario is not physically interesting as it may only be interpreted as creation of two physical branes, formed due to accumulation of infinite amount of matter, separated by infinite distance. On the other hand, the right graph with the growing warp factor implies that most of the created energy density is localised near σ = 0. Thus a thick brane is formed with localised matter with masses k σ . Thickness of this brane may be quantified by the 'width' of the envelope of all the pre-factor curves for all k σ modes (the zero-mode curve itself looks like such an envelope!). This scenario is physically more appealing. Therefore we carry on our analysis on braneworlds with growing warp factor only. Note that the central maxima for non-zero k σ modes lie on or near σ = 0, however, the zero mode seems to be little off. The location of this peak depends on the initial conditions used. To verify how sensitive the location of central maxima is to initial conditions, we have retraced these curves with significantly different initial conditions namely with G (0) = 1 (left) and G (0) = −1 (right) in Fig. 2. Right: The overall pre-factor in presence of growing warp factor for G(0) = 1 and G (0) = −1.

B. Adiabatic regularization of bulk EMT
Let us now turn to the regularization of the components of T AB which obviously contains ultra-violet divergences, coming from the large modes, apart from the usual Minkowski space divergence. According to the adiabatic subtraction algorithm, the REMT is found after subtracting the vacuum contributions and the terms upto the fourth adiabatic order from the adiabatic series expansion of EMT. Note that as the adiabatic regularization is done mode by mode, components of REMT of different adiabatic order and of each mode totally decouple from each other and are covariantly conserved by definition.
In our case, let us define the on-brane conformal Hubble parameter to be h =ȧ/a. Note that, as long as ak σ /b << h, the adiabatic corrections (which go as powers of |Ω q /Ω 2 q |) are much smaller than the zeroth order ones even for the k = 0 mode making the adiabatic expansion legitimate for all k-modes. On the other hand, for k σ = 0 mode, the adiabatic expansion fails for modes with k < h (i.e. for on-brane superhorizon modes). However, the expansion is still valid for the mode functions satisfying k >> h (i.e. for on-brane subhorizon modes). Thus the momentum integrals can be performed in the interval (k * , ∞), for some k * >> h. Since the divergences are essentially caused by large modes we expect the adiabatic regularization to be valid in this case. Subtracting terms upto fourth adiabatic order from the diverging energy density, we get the renormalized energy density to be, In the last line we have approximated the renormalized quantity by neglecting terms of order higher than the sixth in the adiabatic series (see Appendix B). Similarly, the other REMT components can be written as Using the expressions of s (6) q , u (6) q and τ (5) as given in Appendix B, one gets analytic expressions for all the non-vanishing components of the REMT of a massless bulk quantized scalar field in cosmological braneworld background.
The projected renormalised energy density on the cosmological brane at σ = 0 (in case of growing warp factor) is given by Similarly, the renormalized pressure densities are In the conformally flat limit (which implies k i = k σ ) the above expressions leads to usual five dimensional renormalised EMT for massless scalar field. To get physically interesting outputs from the above complicated expressions one needs to look at specific examples of viable cosmological braneworld scenarios as such. A detailed study of such various models will be reported elsewhere.

IV. DISCUSSION
In this article we have used the adiabatic regularization method to study the effect of particle creation due to a massless bulk scalar field in a warped cosmological braneworld scenario. Our main goal was to uncover the distinguishing effects of the key components of the geometry of such models, i.e. the warping factor, the cosmological expansion factor and the dynamic scale of the extra dimension. It is found that the warping factor plays key role in deciding how much of the created matter would be localised at different locations along the extra dimension, thus providing us a guiding principle to locate where a four dimensional thick brane may be formed. In our case, it is found that presence of a decaying warp factor is not suitable for such matter brane to form. On the other hand, a growing warp factor helps matter to accumulate near the minimum of the warp factor which may be considered as the four dimensional thick brane we live in. This further suggests that as many parallel branewrolds will be formed as the number of minima in the warp factor.
Adiabatic regularization is performed on the EMT by subtracting diverging terms upto fourth adiabatic order from the formal vacuum EMT. This gives us a finite bulk REMT which carry the effect of dynamic nature of the extra dimension. It would be an interesting exercise to compare the matter density projected on the brane with the background onbrane critical energy density to test the viability of various models. However, it will depend on the exact dynamic nature of a(η) and b(η). Note that, for brane dynamics the ratio a(η)/b(η) plays the role of effective cosmological scale factor. A large class of cosmological braneworld solutions with various combinations of a(η) and b(η) were found in [14]. Based on the formalism developed here, a detailed quantitative study of how adiabatically regularized EMT components depend on these expansion factors and effects the braneworld cosmology will be reported in a separate article.
in Randall-Sundrum braneworld background has been reported in literature [34][35][36]. It will be interesting to carry out an analysis on quantum spinor fields in warped cosmological background, as we have done for a bulk scalar field in this article. We hope to report on that in a future communication.