On light-like deformations of the Poincaré algebra

We investigate the observational consequences of the light-like deformations of the Poincaré algebra induced by the jordanian and the extended jordanian classes of Drinfel’d twists. Twist-deformed generators belonging to a Universal Enveloping Algebra close nonlinear algebras. In some cases the nonlinear algebra is responsible for the existence of bounded domains of the deformed generators. The Hopf algebra coproduct implies associative nonlinear additivity of the multi-particle states. A subalgebra of twist-deformed observables is recovered whenever the twist-deformed generators are either hermitian or pseudo-hermitian with respect to a common invertible hermitian operator.


Introduction
This paper addresses the problem of the observational consequences of twist-deforming the Poincaré algebra. We work within a quantization scheme which has been previously applied to Drinfel'd twist deformations of quantum theories in a non-relativistic setting. Open questions are investigated. We mention, in particular, the nature of the observables: which of them are consistently maintained in the deformed theory either as hermitian or pseudo-hermitian operators? To be specific, in the large class of deformed Poincaré theories (which include, e.g., κ-Poincaré theories [1][2][3], deformed special relativity theories [4,5], light-like noncommutativity in Very special relativity [6,7] and many other examples [8][9][10]) we focus on the Drinfel'd twist [11][12][13][14] deformations of a light-like direction. Due to this reason the deformations we consider here are based on the jordanian [15][16][17] and on the extended jordanian [18] twist (for physical applications of the Jordanian twist see [19,20] and, for the extended Jordanian twist, [21][22][23][24][25][26]). a e-mail: zhanna.kuznetsova@ufabc.edu.br b e-mail: toppan@cbpf.br The deformations (see Appendix B for a more detailed discussion) can be encoded in twist-deformed generators which, essentially, correspond to twist-covariant generalizations of the Bopp-shift [27]. The operators which in the undeformed case are associated with generators of the Lie algebra are, under a twist, mapped into given elements of the Universal Enveloping Algebra.
Observables in connection with deformed generators were addressed in [28] for twist deformations of the Poincaré-Weyl algebra with the dilatation operator entering the twist. In our work the twist is defined in terms of Poincaré generators only. The framework we are using in this paper is based on [29][30][31][32]. Its presentation is quickly summarized in Appendix B.
Different deformed theories are obtained from the original twist and its flipped version (obtained by a permutation of the tensor space).
It is worth mentioning that quantum deformations of the Poincaré algebra were classified in [33] in terms of classical r -matrices for Poincaré Poisson structures. The connection with twist-deformations was presented in [34]. The extended Jordanian twist discussed below is recovered from the second case of Table 1 given in [34] by setting equal to zero two of the three deformation parameters.
A common feature of the deformed theories is that the deformed generators define a closed nonlinear algebra (antisymmetry and Jacobi identities are respected, but the right hand side is a nonlinear combination of the generators). Furthermore, the deformation modifies the domain of the physical parameters. For instance, in the simplest non-trivial case, the jordanian deformation implies the introduction of a maximal momentum along a light-cone direction. Induced by the coproduct (see [32]), nonlinear addition formulas are obtained for multi-particle states. The nonlinear addition formulas satisfy the associativity condition. Their main raison d'être is that they allow to respect the domain of validity of the physical quantities (in the example above, the composite momentum along the light-cone direction is bounded by the maximal value). We postpone to the Conclusions a more detailed discussion of the implications of our results.
The scheme of the paper is as follows. The jordanian and the extended jordanian twists are recalled in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3 twist-deformed generators are introduced. In Sect. 4 the (pseudo)-hermiticity property of twist-deformed generators is discussed. The arising of a nonlinear algebra is investigated in Sect. 5. The bounded domains of deformed physical observables and nonlinear additive formulas are discussed in Sect. 6. For completeness in the Appendix A the (undeformed) Poincaré algebra in the light-cone basis is presented and in Appendix B the framework of twist-deformation of Hopf algebra used in this paper is succinctly explained.

Jordanian versus extended Jordanian twist
We recall, see [35,36] for details, that a Drinfel'd twist deformation of a Hopf Algebra A is induced by an invertible element F ∈ A ⊗ A which satisfies the cocycle condition In Sweedler's notation [37] F can be expanded according to For A = U(G), the Universal Enveloping Algebra of a Lie algebra G, the elements of F are taken from an evendimensional subalgebra of G. Therefore the simplest cases of twist are found for two-dimensional subalgebras.
There are (over C) two inequivalent two-dimensional Lie algebras (we denote the generators as a, b): (i) the abelian algebra [a, b] = 0 and (ii) the non-abelian algebra [a, b] = ib.
In this paper we focus on the second case. The non-abelian algebra ii) is, for example, the Borel subalgebra of sl (2). The sl(2) generators can be presented as D, H, K , satisfying the commutation relations We can identify D ≡ a and H ≡ b. This leads, see [31], to non-commutativity of Snyder type. We can also regard ii) as the subalgebra of a d-dimensional Poincaré algebra P(d). From its generators P 0 , P 1 , M 01 , whose commutators are one can identify the ii) subalgebra from the positions a ≡ −M 01 , b ≡ P + = P 0 + P 1 .
The abelian algebra i) induces the abelian twist where α is the (dimensional) deformation parameter. The non-abelian algebra ii) induces the non-abelian (jordanian) twist [15][16][17] where α is the (dimensional) deformation parameter. Under the transposition operator τ (τ (v ⊗ w) = w ⊗ v), the transposed twist still satisfies the cocycle condition (1). We are using both F and F τ in our paper. The jordanian and the extended jordanian twist of the ddimensional Poincaré algebra can be expressed, in terms of light-cone coordinates (see the Appendix for the d = 4 case) and Einstein's convention, through the position (see, e.g., [22]) The jordanian case is recovered for = 0; the extended jordanian case is recovered for = 1. In two dimensions the two twists coincide since there are no transverse directions. Under transposition, the F τ twist is given by The following four kinds of twist-deformations can be considered: the jordanian deformations ( = 0) based on F (case I ) and F τ (case I I ) and the extended jordanian deformations ( = 1) based on F (case I I I ) and F τ (case I V ).

Twist-deformed generators
A twist deformation can be expressed in terms of the twistdeformed generators (see [29,38,39]). To make the paper self-consistent, the framework we are using is succinctly described in Appendix B. Under deformation, a Lie algebra generator g ∈ G is mapped into the Universal Enveloping Algebra element g F ∈ U(G), given by In this paper we consider the Hopf algebras U(G) and U(P). They are defined over the Universal Enveloping Algebras of, respectively, the Lie algebra G = {P μ , M μν , x μ ,h} and its subalgebra P = {P μ , M μν }, which is the d-dimensional Poincaré algebra (see Appendix A for the explicit presentation of G and P for the ordinary d = 4 spacetime). We point out thath is a central element of G and is a primitive element of the Hopf algebra structure defined on the Universal Enveloping Algebra U(G) (for details and motivations of the construction see, e.g., [32]).
We present the twist deformations for the previous Section cases I , I I and I V , whose twist deformed generators can be presented in closed form.
In the case I (F twist with = 0) we have and h F =h, The undeformed generators can be expressed in terms of the deformed generators on the basis of inverse formulas. In particular we have The twist-deformed generators for the transposed twists F τ , with = 0, 1, are and h F =h, The bullet • denotes ±, j (all translation generators are undeformed). The summation over repeated indices is understood.

The hermiticity and pseudo-hermiticity condition for twist-deformed generators
For an operator the hermiticity condition is † = .
The pseudohermiticity condition [40] for some invertible hermitian operator η = η † . For the jordanian twist the pseudo-hermiticity properties of the deformed generators are the following.
In case I (jordanian F twist with = 0): together with for the hermitian operator η = 1 + α P + . One can observe that, in this case, the subset of hermitian (λ = 0) deformed operators is given by In the case I I (jordanian F τ twist with = 0) we have together with for the hermitian operator η = 1+α P + 1+2α P + . Unlike the other deformed generators, M F − j , x F − do not satisfy the pseudo-hermiticity condition for any choice of η.
It is worth pointing out that, by taking the choice λ = 1, we formally obtain the same set of j ,h F deformed generators as in the previous case. They are now, of course, different operators which satisfy a pseudo-hermiticity condition. As we shall see, they close a nonlinear algebra.
For the extended jordanian twist, cases I I I and I V , one can verify by explicit computation through a Taylor expansion in the deformation parameter α, that most of the deformed generators are neither hermitian nor pseudohermitian.

Deformed algebras as nonlinear algebras
In the case I (the jordanian F twist with = 0) the deformed generators induce nonlinear (at most quadratic) algebras recovered from their commutators (see the comments in Appendix B). The basis of deformed generators defining the G d f r nonlinear algebra is given by The deformed generators are obtained from the G = {P μ , M μν , x μ ,h} set of Lie algebra generators after applying the (10) mapping. Some of its relevant subalgebras are the deformed Poincaré subalgebra P d f r , with basis of deformed generators given by as well as the subalgebra of mutually consistent observables (generators with the same hermiticity/pseudo-hermiticity property). The G obs and the P obs subalgebras of observables are respectively given by and The non-vanishing commutation relations of the G d f r nonlinear algebra are explicitly given by From the above formulas one can check that P d f r , G obs and P obs close as nonlinear subalgebras. It follows from the last formula of the (25) algebra that the associated non-commutative space-time belongs to the class of Lie-deformed space-times, see e.g. [41], with light-like deformation.
In case I I (the jordanian F τ twist) the algebra of the deformed observables, given by the operatorsh F , (14) and (15) with = 0, also closes as a nonlinear algebra. In this class of operators the only one which differs from its undeformed counterpart is M F , given by It turns out that the commutators with nonlinear right hand side are the following ones: All the remaining commutators are linear and coincide with the ones (see the Appendix A) for the undeformed generators.

Bounded domains and nonlinear additivity in deformed systems
The second order (mass-term) Casimir of the Poincaré algebra remains undeformed under the twist-deformations I, I I, I V introduced in Sect. 2. We get All ten twisted generators (collectively denoted as g F I , I = 1, . . . , 10) entering their respective deformed Poincaré algebras, commute with C 2 : To analyze the physical consequences of the deformation we consider here the simplest setting, namely the case I (the F jordanian twist with = 0). We will discuss the properties of the deformed momenta and their nonlinear addition formulas.
Let's set, for simplicity, the transverse momenta P j ≡ 0. For convenience we introduce new variables, defined as Since P ± = P 0 ± P 1 , we have with e representing the energy of the system. For a massive representation we get, on shell, Let's set, without loss of generality, m = 1. Therefore In order to have a positive energy e, r should be non-negative.
The rest condition for the P 1 momentum corresponds to p = 0 obtained at r = 1. For this value the energy is minimal (e = 1). The twist-deformed variables will be denoted with a bar, the deformation parameter being α. We have The condition α ≥ 0 (37) has to be imposed to avoid singularities.
On-shell we have The rest condition p = 0 for the deformed P 1 momentum is obtained for Since r should be positive, one finds the restriction α < 1. Therefore, the range of the deformation parameter α is 0 ≤ α < 1.
As a consequence, the domains of the deformed operators are modified with respect to their undeformed counterparts. We get Following [32] (see also the explanations in Appendix B) the additive formulas of the deformed momenta are induced by their deformed coproducts. In particular, the 2-particle addition formula for the deformed P + momenta r 1 , r 2 of, respectively, the first and the second particle reads, in terms of the undeformed momenta, as Closely expressed in terms of the deformed momenta it is given by The binary operation defined by Eq. (43) is a group operation with r = 0 as identity element and inverse element given by r −1 = − r 1−2αr . The associativity is satisfied due to the relation It should be noted, however, that the physical requirement of r belonging to the domain in Eq. (41) excludes the identity and the inverse element from the physical values. Thus, on physical states, the addition formula (43) only satisfies the properties of a semigroup operation. It is useful to compare the formula (43) with the nonlinear addition of velocities in special relativity. Let us change variables once more and set r 1, In the above jordanian deformation we get Both nonlinear addition formulas are symmetric in the v 1 ↔ v 2 exchange and associative.
They can also be defined in the interval 0 ≤ v 1,2 ≤ c, so that the nonlinear additive velocities belong to the [0, c] The main difference is that in special relativity the formula can be nicely extended to negative velocities belonging to the −c ≤ v 1,2 ≤ c interval. This is not the case for the nonlinear addition formula based on the jordanian deformation.
It is worth to point out that an important feature of the nonlinear additivity consists in respecting the physical domain of the variables defining the multi-particle state.
For completeness and as an example we present the coproducts for the twist-deformed translation generators P F ± , P F j induced by the case I twist. The nonlinear addition formulas are recovered as a consequence. In principle one should use the twist-deformed coproduct F . However, as recalled in Appendix B, the application of the ordinary coproduct (whose computations are easier) produces unitarily equivalent results.
We set, for convenience, The coproducts are which implies the nonlinear additive formula (43), which implies the nonlinear additive formula which gives, since the transverse momenta are undeformed,

Conclusions
In this paper we investigated the observational consequences of the light-like deformations of the Poincaré algebra induced by the jordanian and the extended jordanian twists (which both belong to the class of Drinfel'd twist deformations). We used the framework of [29][30][31][32] where, in particular, the deformed quantum theory is recovered from deformed twistgenerators belonging to a Universal Enveloping Algebra. The Hopf algebra structure of the twist-deformation controls the physical properties of the theory. The deformed generators induce nonlinear algebras, while the coproduct implies associative nonlinear additivity of the multi-particle states. In the simplest setting of the jordanian deformation along a lightcone direction, these nonlinearities consistently imply the existence of a maximal light-cone momentum. The undeformed theory is recovered by allowing the maximal lightcone momentum to go to infinity. This situation finds a parallelism, as we noted, with the light velocity as the maximal speed in special relativity. A question that we raised regards the status, as observables of a quantum theory, of the deformed generators. It is rewarding that for the jordanian deformation a large subset of the deformed Poincaré generators are pseudo-hermitian for the same choice of an invertible hermitian η operator, see e.g. formula (19). Therefore, they are observable with respect to the η-modified inner product [40]. This subset of observables close a nonlinear algebra as a consistent deformation of a Poincaré subalgebra.
The picture is different for the extended jordanian twist. One can explicitly check, by Taylor-expanding in power series of the deformation parameter, that most of the Poincaré deformed generators are neither hermitian nor pseudohermitian. It is still an open question the status as observables of the extended jordanian twist-deformed generators.
We point out that, so far, no systematic study has been conducted to investigate the physical consequences of all 21 classes of Poincaré twist deformations given in [34]. The case we are addressing here is particularly relevant because, according to [34], each twist can be obtained as the product of factorized twists. The three-parameter twist entering the second case of Table 1 is the product of three factorized twists, two of them being abelian, while the third one is our extended jordanian twist. Setting to zero the two extra deformation parameters as done in this paper corresponds to analyze the "pure" extended jordanian twist. The two extra abelian deformations are easier to be investigated.
The non-vanishing commutators of the Poincaré generators with the light-cone coordinates x ± , x j are Appendix B: comments on the Drinfel'd twist deformation of Hopf algebras.
In this paper we investigated Drinfel'd twist deformations of Hopf algebras. We summarize here, for self-consistency, the main features of our approach. Our framework has been detailed before, e.g. in Ref. [30]. It is based on the construction discussed in [39].
We point out at first that the cocycles (8) and (9) are counitary 2-cocycles satisfying Any Universal Enveloping Lie Algebra U(G Lie ) = A over, let's say, the complex field C, is a Hopf algebra endowed with multiplication m, unit η, coproduct , counit ε, antipode S. A twist-deformation satisfying properties i,ii,iii), see [30,39], maps the original Hopf algebra into a new Hopf algebra with structures and costructures given by [11][12][13] (A, m, η, , ε, S) → (A, m, η, F , ε, S F ), where, ∀a ∈ A, for χ = m((id ⊗ S)F). For simplicity the new deformed Hopf algebra is denoted as A F . As a vector space A F = A is identified with the original algebra A. As a vector space A = U(G Lie ) can be spanned both by the original Lie algebra generators g i ∈ G Lie or by its twist-deformed generators obtained from (10), namely This formula was derived in [39] on the basis of the [42] construction. In this paper, following the above prescriptions, we constructed the twist-deformed algebras U F (G), U F (P), respectively obtained from the Lie algebra G = {P μ , M μν , x μ ,h} and its P = {P μ , M μν } Poincaré subalgebra. They are both Hopf algebras. Following the construction of [29,30,32], once the twistdeformed generators are expressed as elements of the Universal Enveloping algebra, relevant information about the twist-deformed Hopf algebra is encoded in their commutators.
To obtain the nonlinear addition formulas of Sect. 6 one needs to use a co-structure, given by the twisted coproduct F (g F ). There is an important remark; for practical purposes it is more convenient to compute just (g F ), see the explanation given in ref. [4]. Indeed, when applied to a Hilbert space, F ≡ F becomes a unitary operator, so that F (g F ) = F (g F )F −1 . Therefore, the operators F (g F ) and (g F ) are unitarily equivalent. The non-linearity of the addition formulas is nevertheless guaranteed by the fact that the deformed generators from Eq. (61) are not unitarily equivalent to the undeformed generators.