Scale-dependent rotating BTZ black hole

This work presents a generalization of the rotating black hole in two plus one dimensions, in the light of scale-dependent gravitational couplings. In particular, the gravitational coupling κ0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\kappa _0$$\end{document} and the cosmological term Λ0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varLambda _0$$\end{document} are not forced to be constants anymore. Instead, κ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\kappa $$\end{document} and Λ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varLambda $$\end{document} are allowed to change along the radial scale r. The effective Einstein field equations of this problem are solved by assuming static rotational symmetry and by maintaining the usual structure of the line element. For this generalized solution, the asymptotic behavior, the horizon structure, and the thermodynamic properties are analyzed.


Introduction
To formulate a consistent and predictive quantum theory of gravity (QG) is one of the mayor challenges for the community seeking a unified description of the known fundamental interactions. Currently, at least 16 major approaches to quantum gravity have been proposed in the literature (see [1] and references therein), but none of these approaches have reached the goal in a completely satisfactory way.
In this paper we contribute to the topic of quantum gravity by studying black hole solutions of effective scale-dependent gravity in 2+1 dimensions. We thus, combine three different aspects, namely, scale dependence, gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions and black holes. Each of those aspects hast a motivation of its own, but all of those aspects have an important motivation from the perspective of quantum gravity: • Black holes (BHs): Black Holes are objects of paramount importance in gravitational theories [2]. They allow to study gravitational systems at the transition between a quantum and a classical regime as for example through the the famously prea e-mail: arrincon@uc.cl b e-mail: bkoch@fis.puc.cl dicted Hawking radiation [3,4]. BHs are thus excellent laboratories to investigate and understand several aspects of general relativity at the transition between a classical and quantum regime [5]. • 2 + 1 dimensions: It can be expected that the features of a successful solution of the problem of quantum gravity are universal for gravitational theories of different dimensionality. Since gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions is mathematically less involved than in 3 + 1 dimensions, this lower dimensional theory is a good toy model if one aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of full quantum gravity in 3 + 1 dimensions. Apart from this motivation by quantum gravity, the study of gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions is of interest because of its deep connection to Chern-Simons theory [6,7] and because of its applications in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence [8][9][10][11][12]. Within this lower dimensional gravitation theory the black hole solution found by Bañados, Teitelboim, and Zanelli (BTZ) [13,14] plays a crucial role. • Scale dependence (SD): Before actually attacking the whole problem of QG with all its different, and up to now limited, realizations, one can begin with a more modest approach and concentrate on generic common features, which are expected from such a theory. One feature which is shared by most of the candidate theories for quantum gravity (actually by most quantum field theories) is that they predict a scale dependence of the coupling constants in the corresponding effective action. Luckily there is a well defined formalism which allows to deduce background solutions from a given effective action. We will follow those techniques which have been previously probed with a variety of problems [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In this paper we aim to study the dominant effects such a scale dependence could have on the BTZ black hole in the Einstein Hilbert truncation of the effective action of gravity in 2+1 dimensions. By using a well defined method which is based on the variational principle one can explore leading local effects of quantum gravity on a rotationally sym- The important connection of those three ingredients with the underlying topic of QG is shown in Fig. 1, showing clearly that the study of corrections to the classical BTZ solution, as those derived in this paper, are a key test for any theory of QG.
This paper is organized as follows: after this introduction, we present the action and the classical BTZ solution in the next section. Then, the general framework of this work is introduced in Sect. 3. The scale dependence for a rotating BTZ black hole is presented in Sect. 4. The bevaviour of the Ricci scalar, the asymptotic space-time as well as the thermodynamics is investigated in Sects. 5 and 6 respectively. The discussion of this result and remarks are shown in Sect. 7. The main ideas and results are summarized in the conclusion Sect. 8. Note that throughout the paper we will use natural units with (c =h = k B = 1).

Classical BTZ solution with
This section reminds of some key features of the classical BTZ black hole solution [13,14], such as line element, event horizons, and thermodynamics. Besides, the contribution of angular momentum will be considered focussing on the extremal black hole case. The minimal coupling between gravity and matter is described by the the Einstein Hilbert action where g μν is the metric field, R is the Ricci scalar, κ 0 ≡ 8π G 0 is the gravitational coupling, Λ 0 is the cosmological constant, L M is the matter Lagrangian, and g is the determi-nant of the metric field. The classical Einstein field equations are obtained from (1) by varying the action with respect to the metric field where T μν is the energy momentum tensor associated to a matter source For the case of rotational symmetry without any matter contribution, the metric solution of (2) takes the form Here, f 0 (r ) and N 0 (r ) are the lapse function and the shift function respectively, which are given by where 0 is defined by Λ 0 ≡ −1/ 2 0 . The two constants of integration M 0 and J 0 are the conserved charges associated to asymptotic invariance under time shifts (mass) and rotations (angular momentum) respectively. The horizons are defined through the condition f (r ± 0 ) = 0. Here, the parameter Δ encodes the impact of the rotational contribution on the event horizon The positive root r + 0 is the black hole's outer horizon. One can express the lapse function in terms of the event horizons It is important to note that, the parameters must satisfy in order to get physical solutions. When the classical angular momentum takes a maximum value given by the solution is called an extremal black hole. Regarding black hole thermodynamics, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is given by The corresponding Hawking temperature is where A H (r 0 ) is the horizon area which is given by

Scale dependent couplings and scale setting
This section resumes the implementation of scale dependence that was used for the present work. The notation and procedures follow [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In this framework the scale dependence is implemented at the level of an effective action as a generalization of the classical action. For the case of (1), the truncated effective action takes the form As shown in [19], this action is consistent at the classical level if one sets the arbitrary scale based on a variational principle, which means that the scale k considered as a non-dynamical field instead of a global constant. A variation of (15) with respect to the metric field g μν gives the modified Einstein equations Here, the effective stress energy tensor is defined as which consists of the usual stress energy of the matter Lagrangian T M μν and an additional contribution due to the scale dependence of the gravitational coupling For the vacuum solution presented in this paper, the pure matter contribution is absent T M μν = 0. Varying the action (15) with respect to the scale-field k(x) gives The above equations of motion are consistently complemented by the Bianchi identity, reflecting invariance under coordinate transformations 4 Scale dependence BTZ solution with J 0 = 0 The line element consistent with a static space-time, with rotational symmetry is given by where f (r ), g(r ) N (r ), and k(r ) are functions that must be determined from the equations of motion (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). When the functional scale dependence of the couplings G k and Λ k is known, the system closes into itself and the equations (16)(17)(18)(19)(20) allow, at least numerically to determine the functions f (r ), g(r ) N (r ), and k(r ) [16]. In certain truncations and functional approaches such as the functional renormalization group approach it is indeed possible to study scale dependence and approximate improvement of classical black hole solutions [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. However, those approximation scenarios are subject to theoretical uncertainties related to the truncations used to calculate the beta functions. Further, due to the implicit assumption of improvement of classical solutions, they typically do not solve the whole selfconsistent system of equations (16)(17)(18)(19)(20) anymore. The idea is to avoid the theoretical uncertainties inflicted with the usage of given functions G k and Λ k , and instead to learn about the radial dependence of the functions G(r ) and Λ(r ) directly from the selfconsistent system of equations (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Thus, instead of trying to solve for the four functions { f (r ), g(r ), N (r ), k(r )} for given, but uncertain, G k and Λ k one can try to solve the equations (16)(17)(18)(19)(20) directly for the five functions { f (r ), g(r ), Λ(r ), G(r ), N (r )}. Here, G(r ) and Λ(r ) have inherited their radial dependence from k(r ). The problem for this elegant workaround is that there are now five unknown functions in a system which only has four independent equations. Thus, one additional condition is needed in order to be able to fully solve this system of equations. Following previous findings [16,18,20,21,27,32] this additional condition is that we restrict to solutions which fulfill the socalled Schwarzschild relation, namely that g(r ) ≡ f (r ) −1 . Therefore, the corresponding line element is (22) and the equations of motion can be solved for the four func-

Solution
Based on the ansatz (22) one finds that the equations (16) are solved by where This solution involves five constants of integration, which are labeled {G 0 , J 0 , M 0 , Λ 0 = −1/ 2 0 , and }. Their naming and physical meaning is given from their interpretation in two complementary limits. First, the constant J 0 → 0 does not appear in the scale dependent but non-rotating case [19]. Thus, one imposes that for J 0 → 0 the solution (23) reduces to the solution reported in [19], namely lim The second limit is the rotating classical solution (referring to constant couplings as in (5)), which is obtained when the running paramter is taken to be zero,  (47).
Since corrections due to quantum scale dependence should be small, it is useful to expand the solutions around ≈ 0 Making this expansion one assumes that the dimensionfull quantity is much smaller than any other dimensionfull quantity, such as r , G 0 , J 0 , or Λ 0 . In order to get an intuition on the radial dependence of the lapse function f (r ) and the corresponding asymptotic behavior one can also refer to a graphical analysis, which is done in Fig. 2 which shows the lapse function f (r ) for different values of in comparison to the classical BTZ solution.
One observes that the lapse function f (r ) presents two real valued horizons after the inclusion of non-zero angular momentum, just like the classical case. However, the location of those two horizons changes due to the inclusion of scale dependence. Thus, for non vanishing J 0 , there are two horizons independent of the presence ( = 0) or absence ( = 0) of scale dependence. One remembers that for vanishing angular momentum, there is only a single horizon for the BTZ black hole which also gets shifted to lower values if one allows for scale dependence > 0 [19]. In the scale dependent case there does not exist any finite value for which the black hole becomes extremal. This will be discussed in more detail in Sect. 6. However, if one considers the limit → ∞, the lapse function approaches that of an extremal black hole.
It is important to note that, some relevant quantities, such as the black hole radius r H , depend on the scale dependence parameter . However, the asymptotic space-time for r → ∞ does not show this dependence. This important fact will be discussed in more detail in Sect. 5.

Horizon structure
The appearance of horizons is the defining criterium justifying that solution can be called black hole solution. The event horizons are defined by f (r H ) = 0, which can be written as the solutions of the equation where Δ remains the same definition given in Eq. (8) Unfortunately, this condition has no closed analytical solution for the scale-dependent lapse function (25). Therefore, one has to restrict to a numerical analysis of the black hole horizons and of the related subjects. Figure 3 shows the dependence of the horizons r H on the classical mass parameter M 0 . One observes that for vanishing angular momentum J 0 = 0 there is only one real valued horizon with and without scale dependence . For finite angular momentum J 0 = 0 there appears a second inner horizon. In all studied cases, the effect of the scale dependence > 0 was to reduce the outer horizon radius with respect to the non-scale dependent case = 0. Even though the analytical solution for the horizon is not obtained, one still can analyze the lapse function in a regime when the correction is small. The event horizon, up to leading order, is where one indeed observes the expected deviation of the horizon with respect the classical case. One notes that in the scale-dependent scenario the event horizon decreases when > 0 or increases when < 0. This feature reveals that the black hole thermodynamics is directly affected.
For the inner horizon and for large values of M 0 , the lapse function takes an simplified form, which allows to express the horizon as where one recovers the classical horizon in the limit → 0.

Invariants and asymptotic space-times
This section discusses different asymptotic limits. In particular, we will focus on the asymptotic line element and the behavior of the the Ricci scalar R.

Behaviuor when r → 0
When we are close to the horizon, the lapse and shift functions suffer deviations respect the classical solution. In order to emphasize that, we expand our result around r up to first order to get with where we only are considering terms up to linear order in . Given these expressions, it is very obvious that the lapse and shift functions decreases if > 0, respect the usual solution.

Behaviuor when r → ∞
The asymptotic line element is expressed in terms of asymptotic lapse and shift function (at large radii respect to the inverse of scale dependent parameter), i.e.
where the aforementioned functions are shown below It is important to note that the asymptotic lapse function mimics at leading order an Ad S 3 behavior. Going further, we observe that the lapse function given in Eq. (47), at subleading order, reflects the effect of the scale-dependent scenario through a factor 1/( r ). For the shift function, the scale dependent effect is dominant at leading order in r (which is given in Eq. (48)), which means that asymptotically the running of the gravitational coupling modifies the classical behavior. In addition, the quantum correction in both functions appear as a term ∼ 1/(r ). Regarding the lapse function, if one remains only the dominant term in the large radius limit, the asymptotic structure does not change, therefore, it is equivalent to Ad S 3 , which is consistent with our previous work [19]. When studying the sub-leading corrections one has to be carefull with the two competing limits → 0 and r → ∞, which can not be commuted. In this context we note that the naming of the integration constants (J 0 , M 0 , . . . ) and thus of their physical interpretation was based on the classical limit → 0.

Asymptotic Invariants
For the study of coordinate independent properties of a solution it is useful to refer to invariants. For the given metric (22) the Ricci scalar is given below which, after explicit insertion, reads as follows From Eq. (50) we get the classical solution after demand that → 0, which reads

Behaviuor when r → 0
For small r the invariant expansion of Eq. (50) gives One observes that the presence of scale-dependent couplings ( = 0) produces a singularity at r = 0. This finding is somewhat surprising since one might have hoped that quantum induced scale dependence would help with singularity problems of the classical theory and not make them worse. However, the implementation of scale dependence that was used here is clear and determinating the solution under the given assumptions. Thus, one has to conclude that the solution of the singularity problem shown in (52) has to come from a framework that falls outside of our assumptions such as a line element with different structure, or the addition of non-local or higher order terms in the effective action.

Behaviuor when r → ∞
The other asymptotic regime of interest is the large radius expansion r → ∞. In this regime one can approximate the logarithm contribution according to ln(1 + z) ≈ z − z 2 /2 (using z = 1/ r ). In this limit the Ricci scalar is given by Please note that the Ricci is asymptotically finite independent of the order one takes the competing limits r → ∞ and → 0. However, due to the expansion of the logarithms, the expression (53) is only valid if r 1/ . As we know, the Ricci scalar is constant in the classical case (51) and therefore for certain values of the parameter , asymptotically the Ricci scalar is well-behaved take the classical value (51).

Thermodynamic properties
The (numerical) knowledge of the horizons allows to study the thermodynamic properties of the scale dependent rotating black hole solution (25).

Hawking temperature
The Hawking temperature of a black hole assuming a circularly symmetric line element (22), is defined by Please, note that this formula coincides with the classical expression, if one replaces G 0 by G(r H ) in Eq. (13). As it can be seen from (55), the Hawking temperature vanishes for Δ = 0. The extremal black hole is given when M 0 0 , which is the same extremality condition as in the classical case (11). Figure 4 shows the temperature which takes into account the running coupling effect in comparison to the "classical" temperature, as a function of the parameter M 0 . We notes that indeed the curves with ( = 0) and without scale dependence ( = 0) coincide at the same minimal mass Since scale dependence is motivated by quantum corrections and since those corrections are typically small, it can be expected that the integration constant , which parametrizes the scale dependence, is small. Under this assumption one can expand for r 1 to get the well-known Hawking temperature (at leading order) i.e.
where r 0 + is the classical horizon r H which is a solution of (5) evaluated when r is close to zero. We wish to remark that this approximation is used because we always assume a weak coupling . Besides, the classical Hawking temperature T 0 (r 0 + ) is computed following the usual procedure for the lapse function (5) when r is small. The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is also valid for theories in which the gravitational coupling is variable [49][50][51][52]. For black hole solutions in D + 1 dimensions with varying Newton's coupling the entropy is given by where h i j is the induced metric at the horizon r = r H . For the present circularly symmetric solution the aforementioned integral is straightforward. The induced line element for constant t and r slices is simply ds = r dθ and moreover G H = G(r H ) is constant along the horizon. Therefore, the entropy for the solution (25) is (58) Figure 5 shows the entropy for our BTZ rotating scaledependent black hole as a function of M 0 . We observe that when J 0 = 0 both, the classical entropy ( = 0) and the scale-dependent entropy ( = 0) tend to zero for M 0 → 0, whereas for J 0 = 0 both, the classical and the scaledependent solution, present a cut-off for the critical mass M 0 = J 0 / 0 . An analytic expression can be can be obtained in certain limit. By considering small values of it is possible to expand this expression Thus, the quantum effect increases the entropy respect the classical solution.

Discussion
Effective quantum corrections can be systematically introduced to the BTZ black hole by assuming a scale-dependent framework. This implies non-trivial deviations from classical black hole solutions. In this work, one of the integration constants ( ) of the generalized field equations is used as a control parameter, which allows to regulate the strength of scale dependence, such that for → 0, the well-know classical BTZ background is recovered. This article discusses the BTZ black hole taking into account angular momentum in the context of scale dependent couplings. A solution of the corresponding field equations is presented and compared it with three different known cases: the classical case ( = 0) without angular momentum, the classical case ( = 0) with angular momentum, and the scale dependent case ( = 0) without angular momentum.
The new scale-dependent solution has some interesting features, for instance the lapse function increases rapidly when r → ∞ (which is present in the classical case) but now the effect is deeper, see Fig. 2 and compare the black curve ( = 0) with red curve ( = 1). By comparing Eq. (5) with Eq. (47) and with Eq. 44, we observe the deviation given by the scale-dependent framework respect to the classical solution. It is remarkable that when we are close to the origin the lapse function suffers a shift, while when we are far from the origin it shows a decrease by a factor of 1/ r . In both cases the solution is affected.
Furthermore, according to Fig, 3, the outer horizons decrease when increases. The effect of the scale dependent approach is thus that it produces smaller horizons, when compared to the usual case. Interestingly this decrease does not come with a change of the critical mass, where the two outer horizons merge.
An analysis of the Ricci scalar reveals that a singularity appears at r → 0 which is absent in the corresponding classical BTZ solution. Indeed, the BTZ black hole has a constant scalar, according to Eq. (51), whereas in the scale dependent case ( = 0) the singularity at r = 0 is always present according with Eq. (52). This is a consequence of the scale-dependent scenario.
Regarding the Hawking temperature, it is interesting that the scale dependent formula and the corresponding classical counterpart, coincide, under the replacement G 0 → G(r H ) = G 0 /(1 + r H ) (23). It is further remarkable that the extreme black hole condition is also maintained and, therefore, the Hawking temperature is equal to zero when M min 0 = J 0 / 0 , independent of the strength of scale dependence . Moreover, we note that in presence of scaledependent couplings the temperature is lowered with respect to the classic BTZ solution for large values of M 0 . Whereas when M 0 is close to zero (for J 0 = 0) and when M 0 is close to M min 0 (for J 0 = 0), the classical and the scale dependent solu-tion are very similar. One notes that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is increased by the scale dependence = 0 and that for large values of M 0 the solutions with and without angular momentum match for a given value of , but they differ for different values of . Throughout the numeric analysis we also have used a relatively "small" value of , a choice which can be motivated by the assumption of relatively weak quantum effects provoking scale dependence at the level of the effective action (15). Lets mention in this context that the integration constant can be made dimensionless for example by defining =¯ M 0 , in which case the graphical and analytical results with respect to¯ would have to be rescaled correspondingly.
Finally, lets comment on the ansatz (22). This type of ansatz also works for the spherically symmetric case. However, inspired by the ideas presented by Jacobson [53] it was possible to show that, for spherically symmetric static black holes, this type of ansatz is actually a consequence of a simple Null Energy Condition (NEC) [19][20][21].
This condition allows the avoidance of pathologies such as tachyons, instabilities, and ghosts [54][55][56]. Further, the NEC plays a crucial role in the Penrose singularity theorem [57]. However, a straight forward implementation of a generalized NEC to the rotating BH was not achieved, since the appearance of angular momentum reduces the symmetry of the problem. One would first have to generalize the arguments given in [53] to the rotational symmetry, before one can try to build an argument deriving the ansatz (22), as a consequence of some kind of NEC. Thus, at this point the use of the ansatz (22) is well justified, since it agrees with the NEC for vanishing rotation and since it further implements the structure of the line element for the case of the classical (not scale-dependent) counterpart.

Conclusion
In this work we have studied the scale dependence of the rotating BTZ black hole assuming a finite cosmological term in the action. After presenting the models and the classical black hole solutions, we have allowed for a scale dependence of the cosmological "constant" as well as the gravitational coupling, and we have solved the corresponding generalized field equations with static circular symmetry. We have compared the classical solutions distinguishing two different cases, i.e. with and without angular momentum, with the corresponding scale dependent solution for same values of angular momentum. In addition, the horizon structure, the asymptotic spacetime and the thermodynamics were analyzed. In particular, the analysis of the Hawking temperature allowed to find a extremal black hole which coincides with the classical counterpart.